Tuesday 15 May 2012 Afternoon

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1 Tuesday 15 May 2012 Afternoon AS GCE CHEMISTRY A F321 Atoms, Bonds and Groups *F * Candidates answer on the Question Paper. OCR supplied materials: Data Sheet for Chemistry A (inserted) Other materials required: Scientific calculator Duration: 1 hour * F * INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES The Insert will be found in the centre of this document. Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters. Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Answer all the questions. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. Additional paper may be used if necessary but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s). Do not write in the bar codes. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer. This means for example you should: ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate so that meaning is clear; organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate. You may use a scientific calculator. A copy of the Data Sheet for Chemistry A is provided as an insert with this question paper. You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations. The total number of marks for this paper is 60. This document consists of 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. OCR 2012 [D/500/7833] DC (NF/SW) 40582/2 OCR is an exempt Charity Turn over

2 2 Answer all the questions. 1 Sulfur, atomic number 16, is found within the Earth s crust. Sulfur is released into the atmosphere at times of volcanic activity. A sample of sulfur from a volcano was analysed to give the following composition of isotopes. isotope abundance (%) 32 S S S 4.22 (a) Define the term relative atomic mass [3] (b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of sulfur. Give your answer to two decimal places. answer =... [2] (c) John Dalton, an early 19th century scientist, believed that elements were made up of tiny particles called atoms which could not be divided. Nowadays, chemists know of the existence of sub-atomic particles in atoms and in ions. Complete the table to show the number of sub-atomic particles in the 33 S atom and 34 S 2 ion. 33 S 2 protons neutrons electrons 34 S 2 [2] OCR 2012

3 3 (d) Solid sulfur exists as a lattice of S 8 molecules. Each S 8 molecule is a ring of eight atoms. How many atoms of sulfur are there in mol of S 8 molecules? (e) The only intermolecular forces in solid sulfur are van der Waals. answer =... atoms [2] (i) Describe how van der Waals forces arise.... [3] (ii) Suggest why there are no other intermolecular forces in solid sulfur.... [1] (f) Sodium thiosulfate is a compound of sulfur used to develop photographs. Hydrated sodium thiosulfate has the formula Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O. What is the oxidation number of sulfur in Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O?.. [1] OCR 2012 Turn over

4 4 (g) A student heats g of hydrated sodium thiosulfate, Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O, to remove the water of crystallisation. A white powder called anhydrous sodium thiosulfate forms. (i) What does the term anhydrous mean?... [1] (ii) What is the relative formula mass of Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O?... [1] (iii) Calculate the expected mass of anhydrous sodium thiosulfate that forms. mass =... g [2] (h) Sulfur hexafluoride, SF 6, exists as non-polar covalent molecules with an octahedral shape. (i) Explain why a molecule of SF 6 has an octahedral shape.... [2] (ii) Fluorine has a higher electronegativity than sulfur, yet SF 6 molecules are non-polar. Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity and suggest why SF 6 molecules are non-polar.... [3] [Total: 23] OCR 2012

5 5 BLANK PAGE PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 2 OCR 2012 Turn over

6 6 2 Chemists can use the Periodic Table to predict the behaviour of elements. (a) What is the name of the term used to describe the repeating patterns in the Periodic Table?.. [1] (b) Melting points show a trend across a period. The table below shows the melting points of three elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. element aluminium silicon phosphorus melting point / C Explain the trend shown in terms of bonding and structure. In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelled correctly [6] OCR 2012

7 (c) Scientists use sketch graphs to show trends. 7 (i) Draw a sketch graph to show the general trend in ionisation energy across Period 3. ionisation energy Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar [1] (ii) Draw a sketch graph to show the general trend in atomic radius across Period 3. atomic radius Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar [1] [Total: 9] OCR 2012 Turn over

8 8 3 Magnesium and strontium are typical Group 2 metals. (a) Complete the electron configuration of a magnesium atom. 1s 2... [1] (b) The second ionisation energy of magnesium is 1064 kj mol 1. (i) Write an equation to represent the second ionisation energy of magnesium. Include state symbols.... [2] (ii) Magnesium has a greater second ionisation energy than strontium. Explain why. In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelled correctly.... [3] OCR 2012

9 9 (c) A student watches a demonstration in which strontium is added to water. The equation for the reaction is shown below. Sr(s) + 2H 2 O(l) Sr(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) (i) Write the formulae of the aqueous ions formed when this reaction takes place.... [2] (ii) In terms of electron transfer, explain why strontium has been oxidised.... [1] (iii) Suggest two compounds which could be reacted together to produce Sr(OH) [1] (d) Sr(OH) 2 can react with an acid to form SrSO 3. (i) The systematic name for SrSO 3 is strontium sulfate(iv). Why does the number (IV) have to be used here rather than simply naming this compound as strontium sulfate?... [1] (ii) Suggest the formula of the acid used to form SrSO [1] [Total: 12] OCR 2012 Turn over

10 10 4 Chlorine and its compounds have wide uses in chemistry. (a) In drinking water, HClO kills bacteria. (i) Write an equation to show how HClO can form in drinking water.... [1] (ii) Some scientists believe that chlorine compounds should not be present in drinking water. Suggest one reason why scientists may be worried by the presence of these compounds.... [1] (b) Chlorine reacts directly with Group 2 elements to form chlorides that are very soluble in water. Aqueous chloride ions can be detected by adding aqueous silver nitrate. The appearance of solid silver chloride, AgCl, confirms the presence of chloride ions. (i) State the type of reaction that has taken place.... [1] (ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.... [1] (c) A student is given a sample of an unknown Group 2 chloride. The student dissolves 2.86 g of the chloride in water. The student adds excess aqueous silver nitrate g of solid silver chloride, AgCl, forms. (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of AgCl that forms. The molar mass of AgCl = g mol 1. answer =... mol [1] OCR 2012

11 (ii) 11 Deduce the amount, in moles, of the Group 2 chloride that the student dissolves. Hence deduce the relative atomic mass and the identity of the Group 2 metal. Give the relative atomic mass to one decimal place. You must show your working. relative atomic mass =... Group 2 metal =... [3] (d) Ammonium chloride, NH 4 Cl, is a salt which has covalent bonding, dative covalent (coordinate) bonding and ionic bonding. (i) What is a dative covalent (coordinate) bond?... [1] (ii) Give the formulae of the ions present in NH 4 Cl.... [1] (iii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in NH 4 Cl. Show the outer electrons only. [2] TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 4(e) OCR 2012 Turn over

12 (e) A teacher heats potassium chlorate(v), KClO 3. The equation is given below. 12 2KClO 3 (s) 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (g) (i) This is an example of a redox reaction. What other type of reaction takes place?... [1] (ii) The teacher heats g of KClO 3. Calculate the volume of oxygen produced, in cm 3, measured at room temperature and pressure. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. answer =... cm 3 [3] [Total: 16] END OF QUESTION PAPER Copyright Information OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website ( after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1GE. OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. OCR 2012

13 GCE Chemistry A Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups Mark Scheme for June 2012 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

14 OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, OCR Nationals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. OCR 2012 Any enquiries about publications should be addressed to: OCR Publications PO Box 5050 Annesley NOTTINGHAM NG15 0DL Telephone: Facsimile: publications@ocr.org.uk

15 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Annotations Annotation Meaning Benefit of doubt given Contradiction Incorrect response Error carried forward Ignore Not answered question Benefit of doubt not given Power of 10 error Omission mark Rounding error Error in number of significant figures Correct response 1

16 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Subject-specific Marking Instructions Abbreviations, annotations and conventions used in the detailed Mark Scheme (to include abbreviations and subject-specific conventions). Annotation Meaning DO NOT ALLOW Answers which are not worthy of credit IGNORE Statements which are irrelevant ALLOW Answers that can be accepted ( ) Words which are not essential to gain credit Underlined words must be present in answer to score a mark ECF Error carried forward AW Alternative wording ORA Or reverse argument The following questions should be annotated with ticks to show where marks have been awarded in the body of the text: 1(e)(i), 2(b), 3(b)(ii) 2

17 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) The (weighted) mean mass of an atom (of an element) OR The (weighted) average mass of an atom (of an element) 3 ALLOW average atomic mass DO NOT ALLOW mean mass of an element ALLOW mean mass of isotopes OR average mass of isotopes DO NOT ALLOW the singular; isotope compared with 1/12th (the mass) of (one atom of) carbon-12 For second and third marking points ALLOW compared with (the mass of) carbon-12 which is 12 ALLOW mass of one mole of atoms compared to 1/12th (mass of) one mole OR 12g of carbon-12 ALLOW mass of one mole of atoms. 1/12th mass of one mole OR 12g of carbon-12 (b) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER LINE If answer = award 2 marks OR ALLOW one mark for ECF from transcription error in first sum provided final answer is to 2 decimal places and is between 32 and 34 and is a correct calculation of the transcription OR = (calculator value) (A r =) Answer must be 2 decimal places 3

18 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (c) 2 Mark by row protons neutrons electrons 33 S S (d) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER LINE If answer = award 2 marks 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to see if there is any ECF credit possible using working below (mol of atoms) = = (mol) OR (no. of molecules) = = x OR (no. of S atoms in 1 mole of S 8 ) = 8 x 6.02 x = x (e) (i) Correctly calculates (number of atoms) = = (atoms) Creating the dipole mark Uneven distribution of electrons Type of dipole mark Creates or causes an instantaneous dipole OR temporary dipole (in a molecule) Induction of a second dipole mark Causes induced dipoles in neighbouring molecules ALLOW 5.8 x up to calculator value of x ALLOW correct rounding of ECF to 2 significant figures or more up to calculator value ALLOW answers in non standard form such as correctly rounded to 2 or more significant figures 3 Use annotations with ticks, crosses, ECF etc for this part ALLOW movement of electrons ALLOW changing electron density ALLOW transient, oscillating momentary changing DO NOT ALLOW induces a temporary dipole for the second marking point ALLOW induces a dipole in neighbouring molecules ALLOW causes a resultant dipole in other molecules ALLOW atoms for molecules 4

19 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (e) (ii) Only one type of atom OR No (permanent) dipoles OR non-polar OR no polar bonds 1 ALLOW no difference in electronegativity IGNORE No hydrogen bonding IGNORE No lone pairs (f) ALLOW 2(+) (g) (i) There are no waters of crystallisation 1 ALLOW without water no water etc IGNORE dehydrated (ii) IGNORE units DO NOT ALLOW 248 (iii) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER LINE If answer = 7.91 (g) award 2 marks (amount of Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O) = 12.41/248.2 OR = 0.05(00) (mol) (mass of Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) = 0.05 x = 7.91 (g) 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to see if there is any ECF credit possible using working below ALLOW ECFs from answer to (g)(ii) for both marking points ALLOW ECF for calculated mol of Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O x correctly calculated for the 2nd mark ALLOW calculator value or rounding to 3 significant figures or more but IGNORE trailing zeroes, eg allowed as 0.2 5

20 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (h) (i) Sulfur has six bonded pairs (and no lone pairs) 2 ALLOW It has six bonded pairs ALLOW bonds for bonded pairs IGNORE regions OR areas of negative charge Electron pairs repel (one another equally) ALLOW bonds repel DO NOT ALLOW Atoms repel or electrons repel Lone pairs repel more than bonded pairs would score the second mark but would contradict the first mark if there is no reference to no lone pairs (ii) The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a (covalent) bond 3 (The octahedral shape) is symmetrical ALLOW dipoles cancel out IGNORE polar bonds repel IGNORE charges cancel Total 23 6

21 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 2 (a) Periodicity 1 ALLOW phonetic versions (b) Al bonding mark Al has metallic (bonding) OR has (electrostatic) attraction between positive ions and (delocalised) electrons Si bonding mark Si has covalent (bonding) OR has shared pairs of electrons between atoms P bonding mark P has induced dipoles OR has van der Waals forces (between molecules) Structure mark 1 Al AND Si are Giant Structure mark 2 P is Simple molecular OR simple covalent Bond strength mark Metallic AND covalent are stronger than vdws OR Bonds broken in Al AND in Si are stronger than the forces broken in P OR More energy is needed to overcome bonds in Al AND Si than the forces in P 6 Use annotations with ticks, crosses, ECF etc for this part DO NOT ALLOW marking point 1 if Al has dipoles OR intermolecular forces OR molecules OR atoms OR attraction between nuclei and electrons OR attraction between oppositely charged ions DO NOT ALLOW marking point 2 if Si has dipoles OR intermolecular forces OR molecules but IGNORE molecule Must be induced dipoles ALLOW vdw for van der Waals IGNORE P has covalent bonds for marking point 3 Quality of Written Communication: giant spelled correctly once and used in context for the fourth marking point DO NOT ALLOW covalent bonds are broken in phosphorus for marking point 6, but ALLOW answers that inform Al and Si are stronger than P, ignoring incorrect forces or bonds used above IGNORE heat but ALLOW heat energy 7

22 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 2 (c) (i) Increasing straight line OR curve from Na to Ar 1 ALLOW bar charts OR points IGNORE the standard of drawing as long as the trend is clear IGNORE decrease between Mg/Al and P/S Essentially the mark is for Na < Mg < Si < P < Cl < Ar AND Al < Si AND S< Cl (ii) Decreasing straight line OR curve from Na to Ar 1 ALLOW bar charts OR points IGNORE the standard of drawing as long as the trend is clear IGNORE Ar Essentially the mark is for Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl Total 9 8

23 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3 (a) (1s 2 ) 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 1 IGNORE 1s 2 seen twice ALLOW subscripts (b) (i) Mg + (g) Mg 2+ (g) + e Equation correct State symbols correct 2 ALLOW Mg + (g) e Mg 2+ (g) for 2 marks The second mark is dependent upon the first mark except for the following close attempts for the first mark: ALLOW the following for one mark as states are correct Mg(g) Mg 2+ (g) + 2e Mg(g) + e - Mg 2+ (g) + 2e ALLOW e for electron IGNORE states on electron (ii) Ionic radius mark Mg (+) has smaller (ionic) radius OR has less shells Shielding mark (outermost electron) of Mg (+) experience less shielding Nuclear attraction mark More nuclear attraction on (outermost electrons) OR Outer electrons are attracted more strongly (to the nucleus) ORA throughout 3 Use annotations with ticks, crosses, ECF etc for this part ALLOW Mg (+) has less energy levels ALLOW Mg (+) has electrons in lower energy level ALLOW Mg (+) has electrons closer to nucleus IGNORE Mg (+) has less orbitals OR less sub-shells IGNORE atomic for ionic IGNORE different shell ALLOW screening for shielding ALLOW Mg (+) has less electron repulsion from inner shells Quality of Written Communication: nuclear OR nucleus OR electron(s) spelled correctly once and used in context for the third marking point ALLOW Mg (+) has more nuclear pull IGNORE Mg (+) has more effective nuclear charge DO NOT ALLOW more nuclear charge for more nuclear attraction for the third mark 9

24 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3 (c) (i) Sr 2+ 2 ALLOW 2OH OH ALLOW 2 marks for Sr(OH) 2 Sr OH ALLOW 1 mark for Sr OH Sr(OH) 2 IGNORE H + (ii) Sr has lost (two) electrons 1 ALLOW Sr Sr e IGNORE references to oxidation numbers (iii) SrO AND H 2 O 1 ALLOW acceptable alternatives from Sr salts and alkalis eg SrCl 2 + NaOH (d) (i) It shows the oxidation number of the sulfur OR the name without the IV is ambiguous 1 DO NOT ALLOW the charge on sulfur DO NOT ALLOW shows the oxidation number of the sulfate ALLOW Otherwise it could be SrSO 4 ALLOW Sulfur has different oxidation numbers AW (ii) H 2 SO 3 1 Total 12 10

25 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 4 (a) (i) Cl 2 + H 2 O HClO + HCl 1 (ii) (Chlorine compounds are) carcinogenic OR (Chlorine compounds are) toxic OR poisonous 1 ALLOW they OR chlorinated hydrocarbons OR it for chlorine compounds IGNORE harmful OR dangerous IGNORE references to HCl or HClO IGNORE chlorine is toxic DO NOT ALLOW chlorine is carcinogenic (b) (i) Precipitation 1 (ii) Ag + (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) 1 Equation AND state symbols required for mark DO NOT ALLOW spectator ions (c) (i) 8.604/143.4 = 0.06(00) (mol) 1 11

26 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 4 (c) (ii) 3 DO NOT ALLOW 24.3 and Mg without appropriate working If a Group 2 chloride is used amount of Group 2 chloride = ½ OR = mol Check to see if there is any ECF credit possible using working below ALLOW calculator value or rounding to 2 significant figures or more but IGNORE trailing zeroes, eg allowed as 0.2 ALLOW ECF for correctly calculated ½ answer to (c)(i) Mass of 1 mol of Group 2 chloride = 2.86 = 95.3(3) [Relative atomic mass of M = 95.3(3) 71.0) = 24.3 (g mol 1 )] AND metal = Mg Must be at least 1 decimal place for second marking point ALLOW ECF for 2.86/mol of metal chloride seen above eg MCl will give mol of metal chloride and this will likely give 2.86/ = 47.7 eg MCl 3 will give mol of metal chloride and this will likely give 2.86/ = ALLOW ECF for mass of Group 2 chloride 71.0 provided it is not a negative value ALLOW ECF even if molar mass of chloride was given as a whole number above ALLOW ECF for mass of metal chloride 35.5 if amount of metal chloride = mol eg = 12.2 AND Be ALLOW ECF for mass of metal chloride if amount of metal chloride = mol eg = 36.5 AND Ca 12

27 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 4 (d) (i) A shared pair of electrons AND both electrons are donated by one atom 1 (ii) NH 4 + AND Cl 1 ALLOW NH 4 Cl NH Cl OR NH Cl NH 4 Cl (iii) Ammonium ion with three covalent dot-and-cross bonds AND one dative covalent bond 2 Chloride ion with 8e AND 1 of these electrons different ALLOW other symbols for dots and crosses eg triangles IGNORE charges IGNORE dative arrow within the lone pair of the N atom (e) (i) (Thermal) decomposition 1 13

28 F321 Mark Scheme June 2012 Question Answer Marks Guidance 4 (e) (ii) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER LINE If answer = 242 (cm 3 ) award 3 marks 3 IGNORE over rounding to two significant figures once DO NOT ALLOW over rounding to two significant figures twice eg ALLOW the following answer for 3 marks 241 (cm 3 ) ( was rounded to OR was rounded to 0.010) ALLOW the following answers for 2 marks 240 (cm 3 ) ( was rounded to AND was rounded to 0.010) 252 (cm 3 ) ( was rounded to 0.007) 161 cm 3 (no multiplying by 3/2) (amount of KClO 3 ) = 0.824/122.6 OR = (mol) If there is an alternative answer, check to see if there is any ECF credit possible using working below ALLOW up to correctly rounded calculator value of (amount O 2 ) = (mol of KClO 3 ) /2 OR = (mol) ALLOW up to correctly rounded calculator value ALLOW ECF for mol of KClO 3 3/2 for 2nd mark (volume of O 2 ) = = 242 (cm 3 ) ALLOW ECF for (mol of KClO 3 ) 3/ Total 16 14

29 OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) 1 Hills Road Cambridge CB1 2EU OCR Customer Contact Centre Education and Learning Telephone: Facsimile: general.qualifications@ocr.org.uk For staff training purposes and as part of our quality assurance programme your call may be recorded or monitored Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered in England Registered Office; 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU Registered Company Number: OCR is an exempt Charity OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) Head office Telephone: Facsimile: OCR 2012