Nature and Science 2014;12(9)

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1 Economic Valuation of NPK and Vgtation Intrrlationship in Thr Forst Typs of Dhradun. Tahir Nazir and Ningthoujam Ntajini Dolphin P.G. Institut of Biomdical and Natural Scincs. Manduwala, nar Suddhowala, Dhradun, Uttrakhand, India (2487). Mobil No Abstract: Thr forst typs i., sal (Shora robusta), tak (Tctona grandis) and shisham (Dalbrgia sissoo) wr analysd for physio-chmical proprtis and conomic analysis. sampls from ths forsts wr analyzd for txtur, watr holding capacity, ph, availabl potassium, availabl phosphorus, total nitrogn and organic carbon. Avrag availabl potassium was maximum (147ppm) in Shora robusta forst followd by tak and shisham with 12ppm and 32ppm rspctivly. Similarly, availabl phosphorus was highst in tak (19.33ppm) followd by sal and shisham 18.17ppm and 2.75ppm, rspctivly. Organic carbon and total nitrogn wr maximum undr tak plantation. Th soil ph undr tak was nutral, whras it was almost nutral in sal and it was slightly acidic in shisham. By applying a markt pric mthod, th valus of all nutrints of th studid sits was stimatd. Th valus wr drivd by multiplying th amount of availabl nutrints (kgha -1 ) by th markt pric of th nutrints (skg -1 ). Th avrag valu of NPK nutrints in on hctar of tak was calculatd s 297,733 ha -1 (N), s 1,353ha -1 (P) and s 7,14 ha -1 (K) and in cas of sal it was s 125,767 ha -1 (N), s 1,272 ha -1 (P), and s 1,29 ha -1 (K). Similarly in cas of shisham th conomic valu of NPK was stimatd s 74,8 ha -1, s 193 ha -1 and s 2,241 ha - 1, rspctivly. Th maximum basal ara of 14,741 m 2 ha -1 was rcordd in tak plantation whras it was 13,225 m 2 /ha -1 and 1, 532 m 2 ha -1 in sal and shisham vgtation, rspctivly. Th highst tr dnsity was 733 trs ha -1 in shisham plantation, dclining to 433 trs ha -1 and 183 trs ha -1 in tak and sal vgtation, rspctivly. [Tahir Nazir and Ningthoujam Ntajini. Economic Valuation of NPK and Vgtation Intrrlationship in Thr Forst Typs of Dhradun. Nat Sci 214;12(9):8-87]. (ISSN: ) Kywords:, physico-chmical, sal, tak, shisham nutrints status, conomic analysis. Introduction is on of th basic natural rsourcs on which all forms of trrstrial lif co-xist. Th vgtation of forsts has a pronouncd baring on th structur and functions of th undrlying soils. Each yar, trs add larg quantitis of organic mattr in th form of littr, most of which gradually forms part of th soil and also supplis its constitunts to th layrs lying blow. Th littrd soil of forst provids a uniqu micronvironmnt as it has a wid rang of microbs to dcompos littr and rcycl it back to vgtation. Th downward movmnt i.. laching of nutrints and humus dpnds upon th typs of vgtation and soils, and to som xtnt th topography (Allison 1973). Bsids modrating th watr cycl th soil provids srvics such as shltring of sds, rtaining nutrints, dcomposition of organic wasts, rturning th inorganic nutrints to plants and rgulating lmntary cycls (Srja 29). and vgtation, thrfor, hav a complx rlationship bcaus thy dvlop togthr ovr a long priod of tim. Th slctiv absorption of nutrint lmnts by diffrnt tr spcis and thir capacity to rturn thm to soil brings about changs in soil proprtis (Singh t al., 1986). Th yarly contribution of surfac vgtation to soil, in th form of ndls, lavs, cons, polln, branchs and twigs, gradually dcomposs and bcoms a part of th soil (Singh and Bhatnagar 1997). Th nutrints thus rturnd to th soil xrt strong influncs on cosystm procsss (Pastor t al. 1984). Plant tissus (abov and blow ground littr) ar th main sourc of soil organic mattr, and influnc th physico-chmical charactristics of soils, such as, txtur, watr holding capacity, ph and nutrint availability (Johnston 1986). Nutrint supply varis widly among cosystms (Binkly and Vitousk 1989), rsulting in diffrncs in plant community structur and productivity (uss and Innis 1977). Th prsnt study was carrid out to undrstand th impact of Tctona grandis (tak), Shora robusta (sal) and Dalbrga sissoo (shisham) forsts on th physicochmical proprtis of soils and to stimat th conomic valu of N, P, K in soils undr ths forsts. Matrials and mthods This study was carrid out in thr diffrnt vgtation typs at Dhradun city of Uttarakhand, which lis btwn 77 2'4" '3" E longitud, 29 58'4"-3 2'4" N latitud at an lvation of 64 m (a.m.s.l). It is surroundd by th outr Himalayas in th north, Shiwalik rangs in th south, rivr Yamuna in th wst and Gangs in th ast. Longitudinally, it 8

2 sprad from north-wst to south-ast, btwn Mussoori in th north and Mohan Shiwalik rangs in th south. Th study was conductd at thr diffrnt sits (Sit 1-Lachhiwala, Sit 2-Dhaulkot and Sit 3- Sidduwala) of Dhradun Forst Division. sampls wr collctd from thr prdtrmind dpths i.. -1, 1-3 and 3-6cm by opning pits. Th watr holding capacity (WHC) and moistur contnt of th soil sampls was dtrmind as pr Mishra (1968), whras th bulk dnsity was stimatd by th mthod of Wild t al. (1964). Porosity was xprssd in prcnt by volum calculatd from th bulk dnsity (BD) and particl dnsity (PD) of soil (Brady 1996). Munsll Colour Chart was usd to dtrmin th soil colour. Walkly and Black rapid titration mthod as modifid by Walkly (1947) was adoptd for organic carbon stimation and th organic mattr was stimatd by multiplying soil organic carbon by a factor of Th ph of soil was dtrmind dirctly with using a Control Dynamics digital ph mtr (modl AP + 175E/C). Total nitrogn was dtrmind by th colorimtric tchniqu. Availabl potassium was xtractd by nutral normal ammonium actat (Morwin and Pach; 1951). Availabl phosphorus was dtrmind in th soil by Olsn s mthod, (Olsn t al. 1954). Th vgtation analysis was don by laying out quadrats. On ach slctd sit 25 quadrats wr laid (ach 1 x 1 m) randomly to study tr componnts as dscribd by Curtis and McIntosh (195) and Mishra (1968). For conomic valuation of soil nutrints, th productivity mthod (drivd valu mthod) was adoptd. Th availabl form of NPK in th markt is ura which was s 25/kg, diammonium phosphat (DAP) was s 35/kg and potash was s 35/kg. Th conomic valu of nutrints (NPK) was stimatd pr kilogram on th basis of th currnt markt pric (s Kg -1 ), which was assurd from th local markt in th form of nutrints sold in th markt for th yar 21 (Srja t al. 29). sults In th tak forst th txtur of th soil was silty loam at -1 cm dpth and silty clay loam at 1-3 cm and 3-6 cm dpths. Th prcntag of clay was highr (4.%) at 3-6cm dpths, which indicatd that thr was movmnt of clay from th uppr to lowr horizons. Th prcnt watr holding capacity was highr (54.2%) at -1 cm dpth. Th soil colour varid from dark yllowish brown to yllowish brown. Th bulk dnsity was highr (.95%) at -1 cm dpth. Th soil porosity was highr (68.84%) at 1-3 cm dpth. ph was nutral and rangd from 7.6 to Total nitrogn was highr (.3%) at -1 cm dpth. Th prcnt organic carbon was highr (2.2%) in th uppr horizon and dcrasd with soil dpth. organic mattr was maximum (3.48%) at -1 cm dpth. Availabl phosphorus was maximum (22.5ppm) at 3-6 cm dpth and minimum (18.ppm) at -1 cm dpth. Availabl potassium was maximum (153 ppm) at -1 cm dpth (Tabl 1). Th soil txtur in th Sal forst was silty clay loam at -1 cm and 3-6 cm dpths and silty loam at 1-3 cm dpth. colour varid from pal brown to brownish yllow. Bulk dnsity incrasd with incrasing dpth. porosity dcrasd with dpth. moistur contnt (13.38%) and watr holding capacity (52.77%) was highr at 3-6cm dpth. ph was slightly acidic and rangd from 6.97 to 6.3. Organic carbon contnt was highr in th surfac horizon and dcrasd with incrasing dpth (i.; 1.6% at -1cm dpth,.34% at 1-3cm dpth and.78% at 3-6cm dpth rspctivly). Availabl phosphorus was maximum (25. ppm) at th uppr horizon dcrasd with incrasing dpth. potassium was maximum (168ppm) at th surfac of th soil and it also dcrasd with incrasing dpth. Similarly, total nitrogn was highr (.17) in th uppr surfac of th soil and dcrasd with incrasing dpth. txtur was loamy at 1-3cm dpth and silty loam at -1cm and 3-6cm dpths. Bulk dnsity incrasd with dpth whras porosity dcrasd with dpth. Watr holding capacity (WHC) was highr (46.66%) at -1cm dpth. WHC was highr whn th prcntag of clay was high (Tabl 2). Similarly in Dalbrgia sissoo plantation organic carbon was maximum (.72%) at th surfac horizon of th soil and dcrasd with dpth. ph was nar nutral and rangd from 5.66 to phosphorus was mximum (3.75ppm) at -1cm dpth. Potassium was also maximum (51 ppm) at th soil surfac and dcrasd with incrasing dpth. Total nitrogn was maximum (.98%) at th soil surfac and dcrasd with incrasing dpth. (Tabl 3) Avrag total nitrogn prcnt was highr (.27%) undr tak plantation (Tabl 1) and was lowr (.68%) in Shisham plantation (Tabl 3). Th avrag availabl potassium was highr (147ppm) in Sal forst (Tabl 2) and lowr (32ppm) in Shisham plantation (Tabl 3). Avrag phosphorus was highr (19.33ppm) in tak plantation (Tabl 1) and lowr (2.75ppm) in Shisham plantation (Tabl 3). In Tak plantation, a highly significant positiv corrlation was obsrvd btwn total nitrogn (TN) and organic carbon (OC) (.94); TN and soil organic mattr (SOM) (.94); SOM and WHC (.96); and btwn availabl potassium and OC (.94). Nonsignificant corrlation was obsrvd btwn ph and TN (-.9), ph and SOM (-.7), and bulk dnsity and ph (-.88) (Tabl 4). 81

3 In Sal forst, a highly significant positiv corrlation was obsrvd btwn availabl potassium (K) and OC (.93); ph and availabl phosphorus (P) (.94) and SOM and availabl K (.93), whras a nonsignificant corrlation was obsrvd btwn bulk dnsity (BD) and availabl P (-.95) and BD and ph (- 1.) (Tabl 5). In Shisham plantation, a highly significant positiv corrlation was obsrvd btwn total nitrogn and OC (.99); availabl K and TN (.97); WHC and OC (.91), and SOM and WHC (.91). Nonsignificant corrlation was rcordd btwn ph and TN (-.84), ph and OC (.75);,B.D and TN (-.85), and BD and WHC (-.97) (Tabl 6). A linar rlationship xistd btwn OC and TN; porosity and BD (Figs. 1-6) whras a non-linar rlationship xistd btwn WHC and clay contnt in all thr vgtation typs (Figs.7-9) Maximum basal ara (14,741.35m 2 ha -1 ) was rcordd in tak plantation, as compard to m 2 ha -1 in sal and m 2 ha -1 in shisham plantations. Maximum tr dnsity of 733 trs ha -1 was rcordd in Shisham plantation, followd by 433 trs/ha in tak and 183 trs/ha in sal plantation (Tabl 7-9). Th total amount of N was maximum in tak plantation (5413kgha -1 ), followd by 2287kgha -1 in sal and 136 kgha -1 in shisham plantation. Avrag availabl phosphorus was maximum (39 kgha -1 ) in tak plantation, followd by 36 kgha -1 in sal and 5.5 kgha -1 in shisham plantation. Avrag availabl potassium was maximum (294kgha -1 ) in sal forst, followd by tak (24 kgha -1 ) and shisham (64kgha -1 ) plantations (Tabl 1). By applying markt prics w stimatd th conomic valu of all nutrints of th study sits. Economic valus wr drivd by multiplying th amount of availabl nutrints (kgha -1 ) by th markt pric of th nutrints (skg -1 ). Th avrag valus of nutrints in on hctar of tak wr calculatd as s 297,733ha -1 (N), s 1,353ha -1 (P), and s 7,14ha -1 (K). In sal plantations, valus wr s 125,767ha -1 (N), s 1,272ha -1 (P) s 1,29ha -1 (K). In Shisham plantations, th valus wr s 74,8ha -1 (N), s 193ha -1 (P), and s 2,241ha -1 (K) (Tabl 1). Figs. 1 to 12 show th nutrints in kgha -1 and thir markt valus for tak, sal, and shisham plantation typs. Discussion txtur influncs productivity through its impacts on moistur availability, soil tmpratur, nutrint pools and th accssibility of soil organic mattr to microbial dcomposition (Schiml t al., 1996). Although soil txtur is on basic proprty that cannot b changd asily, th downward movmnt of soil particls along with watr rsults in prfrntial migration of finr soil particls to th lowr layrs du to th changs brought about by organic mattr and root activitis of plants undr a plantation (Gupta, 1987; Gupta and Sharma, 28). Clay layrs thrfor, mov to lowr horizons in th soil. In th prsnt study also th downward movmnt of clay from uppr to lowr horizons was noticd in all profils. Gis t al. (197) rportd acclratd movmnt of clay from A to B horizon undr diffrnt typs of forst vgtation. aina t al. (21) found that soils with gratr illuvation and thickr B horizon wr th dvlopd soils. In all forst plantations of th prsnt study th bulk dnsity incrasd with incrasing soil dpths, bcaus th lowr layrs wr mor compact undr th wight of uppr portion of soil and also du to th lowr amount of organic mattr in dpr layrs (as also rportd by Haans, 1977, Patil and Prasad, 24). But in cas of tak plantation thr was variation in th trnd i.., th bulk dnsity was found highr in th uppr horizon, which might hav bn du to th forst firs that wr noticd at th tim of sampling. During burning, th plant covr and littr layrs ar consumd and minral soil is hatd. This causs changs in soil bulk dnsity, porosity, txtur, colour, moistur contnt, and prmability (Wlls t al., 1979). Th watr holding capacity incrasd with incrasing clay contnt at all sits and was low on th sits whr prcntag of sand was highr. In th prsnt study th watr holding capacity was highr in th uppr horizons of all th forst typs, it was also highr in som lowr horizons, whr th prcntag of clay was highr. Th avrag soil ph (7.12) was highr undr tak forst. Th ph was ngativly corrlatd with organic carbon, organic mattr, whras it was positivly corrlatd with phosphorus Paudl and Sah (23) rportd similar rsults for soils in tropical sal (Shora robusta Gartn.) forsts in astrn Npal. Avrag nitrogn (.27%) and avrag SOC (1.6%) wr highr in th tak plantation. Total nitrogn incrasd with incrasing organic mattr. According to Jha t al. (1984), if th soil is rich in organic mattr, it is dfinitly rich in total nitrogn also. Haans (1977) also analysd that th availability of nitrogn dpnds upon th amount and proprtis of organic mattr. Potassium prforms vital procsss lik rgulation of transpiration and rspiration and also influnc nzym action, synthsis of carbohydrats and protins tc. (Brady, 1966). Potassium is not much influncd by soil organic mattr bcaus it is not th dirct supplir of potassium (Gupta and Sharma, 28). Maximum potassium was rcordd undr Sal forst, whras phosphorus was highr in th lowr horizons 82

4 of th tak forst, possibly du to th laching proprtis of th soils. In th prsnt study a positiv corrlation was found btwn organic carbon, total nitrogn, organic mattr and availabl phosphorus in all plantation typs. Gupta and Sharma (28) hav also obsrvd that nitrogn, organic carbon and phosphorus wr positivly corrlatd chifly bcaus all ths attributs wr intimatly linkd with soil humus. Th contribution of surfac vgtation to soil is significant in th form of branch, twigs, lavs which gradually dcompos and bcom part of th soil. Th nutrints thus rturnd to th soil provid strong fdback to cosystm procsss (Pastor t al., 1984). Th availability of NPK is dirctly rlatd to soil organic mattr contnt, which was supportd by th positiv corrlation btwn SOM and NPK. Thus, th highr availability of nitrogn and phosphorus (5413kgha -1 and 39kgha -1, rspctivly) rsultd in th occurrnc of highr basal ara in th Tctona grandis forst. Shikh and Kumar (21), whil valuating th conomic analysis hav rportd that th maximum contribution among th nutrints was of potassium, followd by phosphorus and nitrogn undr oak and pin forsts. In th prsnt study th maximum contribution among th nutrints was of nitrogn, followd by potassium and phosphorus in all thr forst plantations. Th avrag conomic valu of nitrogn was found highr in tak followd by sal and shisham. This might hav bn du to th highr basal ara in tak followd by sal and shisham. Dpth s WH C % porosit Tabl 1: Physico-chmical proprtis of soil undr Tctona grandis plantation Sit 1 Bulk Dnsit Moistu Cont nt % Txtur % Clayy Clayy Hu Colour Valu Chrom Colour a Dark 4/4 Yllowis h Brown 5/4 5/4 Yllowis h Brown Dark Yllowis h Brown Total Nitrog Organi c Carbo C/N ati o Availabl Phosphor us (ppm) Availabl Potassiu m (ppm) Man Dpth s WH C % porosit Tabl 2: Physico-chmical proprtis of soil undr Shora robusta forst Sit 2 Bulk Dnsit Moistu Contn t % Txtur % Clayy Calyy Laom Hu Colour Valu Chrom Colour a 6/3 7/3 6/6 Pal Brown Vry Pal Brown Brownis h Yllow Total Nitrog Organi c Carbo C/N ati o Availabl Phosphor us (ppm) Availabl Potassiu m (ppm) Man Dpth s WH C % porosit Tabl 3: Physico-chmical proprtis of soil undr Dalbrgia sissoo plantation Sit 3 Bulk Dnsit Moistu Cont nt % Txtur % Hu Colour Valu Chrom Colour a Vry 7/4 Pal Brown Vry 7/4 Pal Brown Light 6/4 Yllowis h Brown Total Nitrog Organi c Carbo C/N ati o Availabl Phosphor us (ppm) Availabl Potassiu m (ppm) Man ph ph ph

5 Tabl 4: Statistical corrlation btwn various paramtrs in Tctona grandis plantation T.N% OC% C/N AV.P AV.K ph WHC%.P% SOM B.D M. C % T.N% 1 OC%.94** 1. C/N.87.98** 1. AV.P AV.K * ph WHC% 1..96**.89* P% * SOM.94** 1..98** B.D M. C % *significant at 1% lvl & **significant at 5% lvl Tabl 5: Statistical Corrlation btwn various paramtrs in Shora robustra forst T.N% OC% C/N AV.P AV.K ph WHC%.P% SOM B.D M. C % T.N% 1. OC% C/N.99** AV.P.69.75* AV.K.96** ph ** WHC% P% SOM.99** * B.D M. C % *significant at 1% lvl & **significant at 5% lvl Tabl 6: Corrlation btwn various paramtrs in Dalbrgia sissoo plantation T.N% OC% C/N AV.P AV.K ph WHC%.P% SOM B.D M. C % T.N% 1. OC%.99** 1. C/N AV.P.99** AV.K.97**.99** ph WHC% *.92.86* P% * SOM ** B.D M. C % *significant at 1% lvl & **significant at 5% lvl T.N. = Total Nitrogn, OC = Organic carbon, C/N = Carbon Nitrogn ratio, AV.P = Availabl phosp, AV.K = Availabl potassium, WHC = Watr Holding Capacity,. P = Porosity, SOM = organic mattr, B.D. = Bulk dnsity, M.C. = Moistur contnt. Tabl7: Phyto-sociological attributs of sit -1 (Tctona grandis forst) S. Nam of Frquncy Dnsity Basal ara lativ lativ lativ Abundanc No Tr spp. % plants/ha m 2 Dominanc IVI /ha dominanc % dnsit frqunc 1. Tak Tabl 8: Phyto-sociological attributs of sit -2 (Shora robusta forst) S. Nam of Tr Basal ara lativ lativ lativ Frquncy Dnsity Abundanc No spp. m 2 Dominanc /ha dominanc % dnsit frqunc IVI 1. Sal Mallotus philppnnsis Jamun Total

6 Tabl 9: Phyto-sociological attributs of sit -3 (Dalbrgia sissoo plantation) S. No Nam of Tr spp. Frquncy % Dnsity plants/ha Abundanc Basal ara m 2 /ha Dominanc lativ dominanc % lativ dnsity % lativ frquncy % 1. Shisham IVI Tabl 1: Comparison of NPK pr hctar undr Tak, Sal and Shisham vgtation and thir markt cost S. No. Spcis N/ha (kg/ha) Markt Cost (s/ha) P/ha (kg/ha) Markt Cost (s/ha) K/ha (kg/ha) Markt Cost (s/ha) 1 Tak Sal Shisham y = x = y = 1.323x = y = 1.578x =.9942 Carbon% Carbo.4.3 Carbon% Total Nitrogn% Total Nitrogn% Fig.(1) Fig. (2) Fig. (3) Lin of rgrssion showing th linar rlationship btwn th carbon% and Total nitrogn in Tak, sal and shisham plantations Total Nitrogn% 85

7 Porosit y = Ln(x) = y = Ln(x) = Porosity% Porosity% y = x 2 = Dulk dnsity gm/cm Bulk dnsity gm/cm 3 Fig.(4) Fig.(5) Fig. (6) Lin of rgrssion showing th linar rlationship btwn th porosity% and Bulk dnsity gm/cm 3 in Tak, sal and shisham plantations Bulk Dnsity gm /cm3 WHC% y = -.183x =.9623 WHC% y = x =.7443 WHC% 53y = x = Clay contnt% 2 4 Clay contnt% Clay contnt% Fig. (7) Fig.(8) Fig.(9) Lin of rgrssion showing th linar rlationship btwn th WHC% and Clay contnt undr Tak, Sal and Shisham vgtation. Fig. (1) Fig. (11) Fig.(12) Th markt valu sha -1 and th nutrint status undr Tak, Sal and Shisham plantation. Acknowldgmnts Authors ar thankful to all th arlir rsarchrs involv in soil vgtation studis, for crating intrst to undrtak mor work in this disciplin. Thanks ar also du to sincr and dsirous rviwr for rfinmnt of this articl. 86

8 Corrsponding Author: 1. *Dr. Tahir Nazir: - Lcturr Dolphin P.G Institut of biomdical and Natural Scincs Manduwalla Dhradun Uttrakhand India Ph.No.: , - tahir_nazir@rdiffmail.com. 2. **Ningthoujam Ntajini: - Dolphin P.G Institut of biomdical and Natural Scincs Manduwalla Dhradun Ph.No: , - ningthoujamntajini@gmail.com frncs 1. Allison. (1973). F.A.. organic mattr and its rol in crop production. Amstrdam: Elsvir, 2. Binkly, D and Vitousk, P.M. (1989). nutrint availability. In: Pary W, J Ehlringr, HA Moony and PW undl (ds), Plant physiological cology: Fild mthods and instrumntation. London: Chapman and Hall,, p Gis, J.W., Boggss, W. and Alaxndr, J.O.. Early ffct of forst vgtation and topographic portion on dark colourd Parairi Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34: Gupta,M.K. and Sharma, S.D. (28). Effct of tr plantation on soil proprtis, profil morphology and productivity indx. 1. Poplar in Uttarakhand. Ann. For., 16 (2): Gupta, M.K.. Physico-chmical studis of soil in silvr fir and spruc forst of wstrn Himalayas managd undr diffrnt silviclutral systms. Ph.D. Thsis. Garhwal Univristy, Srinagar, Garhwal, Haan,.S. D.(1977). Humus, its formation, its rlation with th minral part of th soil and its significanc for th soil productivity. Organic Mattr Studis, IAEA Vinna, 1: Johnston, A.E. (1986). organic mattr; ffcts on soil and crops. Us Manag, 2: Mhraj A.S and Kumar, M. (21). Nutrint Status and Economic Analysis of s in Oak and Pin Forsts in Garhwal Himalaya Journal of Amrican Scinc, 6(2). 9. Morwin, H.D. and Pach, P.M.. (1951). Exchangability of soil potassium in and, silt and clay fractions as influncd by th natur of Complmntary xchangabl cations. Proc. Sci. Soc. Am., J;, 15: Olsn, S.., Col, C.V., Watanab, F.S., and Dan, L.A. (1954). Estimation of availabl phosphorus in s by xtraction with Sodium bicarbonat. U.S. Dpartmnt of Agricultur Circular Wild, S.A., Voig. G.K. and Iyr, J.G.. and plant Analysis for Tr Cultur. Qaford publishing Hous. Calcutta, India, Pastor, J., Abr, J.D., Mcclanghrty, C.A. and Mlillo, J.M. (1984). Abov ground production and N and P cycling along a nitrogn minralization gradint on Black hand Island, Wisconsin. Ecology, 65: aina, A.K., Jha, M.N and Pharasi, S.C.. (21).Forst soil: Vgtation rlationship in Mussori forst division Uttranchal. Ind. For., uss, J.O and Innis. G.S.. (1977). A grassland nitrogn flow simulation modl. Ecology., 58: Schiml, D.S., Barswll, B.H., Mckown,., Ojima, D.S., Parton, W.J and Pulliam, W. (1996). Climat and nitrogn controls on th gography and tim scals of trrstrial biogochmical cycling. Global Biogochmical Cycls, 1: Singh, A.K., Prasad, A. and Singh, B. (1986). Availability of Phosphorus and Potassium and its rlationship with som physico-chmical proprtis of som forst soils of Pali-rang, (Shahodol, M.P.). Ind. For.,112: Singh,.D and Bhatnagar, V.K.. (1997). Diffrnc in and laf littr nutrint status undr Pinus, Cdrus and Qurcus. Ind. J. For., 2(2): Srja, P., Gilna, V.V and Khall, K.M. (29). Economic Valuation of Nutrints from th Mangrov ich Wtlands of Kannur District. Botany sarch Intrnational, 2 (1): Walkly, A. (1947). An xamination of mthods for dtrmining organic Carbon and nitrogn in soils. Journal of Agricultural scinc, 25: /21/214 87