Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes at early growth stage. under the effect of allelopatic leaf extract of Lantana (Lantana Camara L.

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1 INT J CURR SCI 2016, 19(3): E RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes at early growth stage under the effect of allelopatic leaf extract of Lantana (Lantana Camara L.) Itefa Degefa a *, Diriba Shanko a and Beka yadeta b a Bule Hora University Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology. Genetics program b Graduating student at Bule Hora University. Biology Department *Corresponding author: ittafaadaggafaa@gmail.com Abstract The ability of Lantana camara L. to germinate fast and to inhibit the growth of other neighboring plants smoothest way for its quicker growth in an ecosystem. This study was carried out at Bule Hora University in the biology laboratory to assess haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at early growth stage under the effects of allelochemical leaf extract from Lantana camara L at different concentration levels. L. camara leaf and seven genotypes of haricot bean were collected from the local farmer s farm land in Bule Hora Woreda with their local name. Experiment was carried out with completely randomized block design with three replications in traditional greenhouse where three seeds of haricot bean were planted in each 84 pots and 0 g/100 ml (control), 2 g/75 ml (treatment 1), 2 g/50 ml (treatment 2) and 2 g/25 ml (treatment 3) grinded powder of L. camara L: distilled water were applied to pots daily. Early growth stage parameters like Number of germinated seeds, shoot length, root length, total fresh weight, total dry weight, relative fresh weight and relative dry weight were measured. The result showed that there were variation responses of haricot bean genotypes parameters to each concentration levels of L. camara leaf extracts. All parameters showed highly significant variation to the influence of L. camara leaf extract except relative dry weight. The correlation between concentration and all parameters were negative and highly significant. Number of germinated seeds, shoot length, root length, total fresh weight, total dry weight, relative fresh weight and relative dry weight were highly decreased with the increasing of L. camara leaf extract at early growth stage. All parameters of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were decreased from control to treatment three for all genotypes except for Boya at treatment one. This might be however high invasive property of L. camara, there might be a genotype which can resist allelopathy of this weed which requires additional investigation through breeding approaches. Keywords: Lantana camara; Phaseolus vulgaris; concentration Received: 19 th January 2016; Revised: 27 th March; Accepted: 29 th June; IJCS New Liberty Group 2016 Introduction The Lantana camara L. is among the top ten aggressive weeds on earth (Sharma et al., 2005). The different parts of this weed contain allelochemicals (Ambika et al., 2003) which can interfere with seed germination and early growth of many plant species

2 (Sharma et al., 2005; Ahmed et al., 2007). It has influence one plant upon another plant growing in its area by the release of certain metabolic toxic products in the environment. Morphological changes in response to allelochemicals could be due to effects on cellular or molecular level. So, the establishment of primary action of allelochemicals is of great importance (Gniazdowska and Bogatek, 2005). Allelochemicals can adversely affect cell division, cell elongation, membrane permeability, enzyme activity etc. Cytogenetic analysis has been widely used to monitor effects of different toxic chemicals (Dibyendu, 2013). This study was carried out to see the influence of allelochemical leaf extracts of this species on agronomic crop haricot bean (Phaseoulus vulgaris L). Haricot bean (17%) is one of the cash crops next to faba beans (36%) accounts for the greatest portion of production in the world (Shahidur et al., 2010). It is considered as the main cash crop and protein source for farmers in many low lands and mid altitude zones of Ethiopia (Rahmeto Negash, 2007). The two major bean producing regions are Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and People s Region (SNNPR), which produce 70 and 60 thousand tones, respectively. These two regions make up 85% of the production (CSA, 2005). It is a principal food crop particularly in Southern and Eastern part of Ethiopia, where it is widely intercropped with maize and sorghum, respectively, to supplement farmer s income (EPPA, 2004). Any study that carried out on the ecological interference of L. camara on the growth and establishment of native plants, especially on agronomic crops such as haricot bean, is all most no in Ethiopia. Based up on this gap the objective of this study was to assess haricot bean (P. vulgaris L) genotypes at early growth stage under the effects of allelochemical leaf extract from L. camara L at different concentration levels. Materials and Methods Description of the Study area This study was conducted at Bule Hora University in the Biology Laboratory. Bule Hora is located on 467 km from Addis Ababa to south on the road of Moyale and its geographical extent ranges from 08045'15'' to 08046'45'' north latitude and form 38046'45'' to 39001'00'' east longitude. It has an altitude 1850 m a.s.l and hot to warm sub-humid climate. Plant material Fresh leaves of L. camara L. was collected from different farmers farm land and adjacent grazing lands in the Bule Hora Woreda, the area where is covered by L. camara species. The plant materials were chopped into small pieces with cutter. The materials were dried for about three days in oven dry. The well dried plant samples were gently ground and stored in a plastic container. Similarly dried seeds of seven haricot bean genotypes (Boya, Nasir, Sosiad, White, Black, Kenya and Canada) were collected from different kebeles of local farmers of Bule Hora Woreda with its local name and brought to Bule Hora University Biology laboratory. Preparation of extract from Lantana camara The ground powder of L. camara was diluted with distilled water to prepare different concentrations. 2gram of L. camara powder was diluted in 100, 75, 50 and 25 ml of distil water to generate 0, 25, 50 and 75 ml concentrations of L. camara respectively. Then, it was filtered by filter paper and ready for use.

3 Planting Plants on Soil Containing Pots For evaluation of early growth stage parameters of haricot bean under the effect of L. camara leaf extract, 84 plastic pots were filled with agricultural moist soil and arranged in traditional greenhouse with three replications accordingly with that of petridish arrangement in laboratory. Three seeds were carefully Total dry weight: it was calculated by measuring of the treated and non-treated plants in mg/gram separately after drying it in oven dry. Relative dry and fresh weight: The relative dry and fresh weights were calculated by using the equation below (Islam and Karim, 2010). planted in each pot containing soils. 50ml of each solution was applied to pots and control treatment was received 50ml of distilled water. Recording of seedling parameters was started from planting day to 12 th day. Data Collection Root length: The root length was measured from the tip of the primary root to base of hypocotyls in unit of Relative Elongation Ratio of Shoot (RERS): it was calculated according to the following formula: centimeter. Shoot length: The shoot length was measured form the tip of the primary leaf to the base of the hypocotyls in Relative Elongation Ratio of Root (RERR) unit of centimeter. Seedling shoot reduction: The seedling height reduction (SHR) was calculated using the equation below (Islam and Karim, 2010). Data analysis Data analysis will be carried out using SPSS and SAS (version 9.0) statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., USA) where two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be done. Whenever treatment Seedling root reduction: The seedling root reduction differences are significant, means will be separated by (SRR) was calculated using the equation below. using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 tests. Results Total fresh weight: The total fresh weight of the control and treated was measured separately by electronic balance and recorded and expressed in grams/milligram. The effects of aqueous extracts of Lantana camara L leaf on early growth stage of the seven haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes shown in table 1 had significant effects (p > 0.01) on all

4 Table 1. Analysis of variance showing each parameter of haricot bean genotypes under the effect of leaf extracts from Lantana camara L. at early growth stage NGS SHL RL TFW(g) TDW(g) Mean Sum of Squares 7.46** 40.65** ** ** 5.49** Mean Square St.devition Variance Sum Df RFW(g) RDW(g) RERS(g) RERR(g) Mean Sum of Squares ** ** ** Mean Square St.devition Variance Sum Df Table 2. Different levels leaf extract concentration of Lantana camara L on haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) at early growth stage Treatments NGS SHL RL TFW(g) TDW(g) Control (0 g/100ml Treatment 1(2 g/75 ml) Treatment 2(2 g/50 ml) Treatment 3(2 g/25 ml) Treatments RFW(g) RDW(g) RERS(g) RERR(g) Control (0 g/100 ml Treatment 1(2 g/75 ml) Treatment 2(2 g/50 ml) Treatment 3(2 g/25 ml) Table 3. Correlation analysis of the parameters of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes under the effect of leaf extracts of Lantana camara L. at early growth stage CONC NGS SHL RL TFW TDW RFW RDW RERS RERR CONC 1 NGS -0.65** 1 SHL -0.61** 0.87** 1 RL -0.62** 0.98** 0.88** 1 TFW -0.62** 0.69** 0.69** 0.65** 1 TDW -0.58** 0.66** 0.65** 0.63** 0.98** 1 RFW -0.57** 0.74** 0.75** 0.74** 0.75** 0.72** 1 RDW -0.53** 0.74** 0.63** 0.69** 0.68** 0.70** 0.88** 1 RERS -0.57** 0.77** 0.83** 0.78** 0.58** 0.54** 0.85** 0.78** 1 RERR -0.58** 0.74** 0.73** 0.73** 0.71** 0.72** 0.83** 0.86** 0.87** 1 *=significant at 0.05, **=significant at 0.01 parameters except relative dry weight. Number of dry weight, relative dry weight and relative elongation germinated seed, root length, total fresh weight, total ratio of root decreased from control to treatment three

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6 length, relative fresh weight and relative elongation ratio of shoot increased only on treatment one as shown in table 2. This result correlate with the study of Qasem (1995) and Tefera (2002) which says more sensitive and stronger responses of roots of the agricultural crops to lantana leaf extracts than the shoots might be due to close contact of the root with the extract solution.number of germinated seeds, shoot length, root length, total fresh weight, total dry weight, relative fresh weight and relative dry weight were highly negatively correlated with concentration of leaf extract from L. camara L in the following table 3. This shows that all these parameters were influenced with allelochemical in the leaf of L. camara as the study of (Abugre et al., 2011) which says allelochemicals in the extracts might prevent the growth of seed embryo and caused its death. Plants containing allelochemicals can affect germination and growth of other plants on concentration dependent manner; and the effects of these chemicals are selective and can vary with different plant species (Hossain and Alam, 2010). The result in the appendix (Fig. 1) also summarizes the seedling parameters of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes at the early growth stage where all the parameters decreased from control to treatment three for all genotypes except for Boya at treatment one. This might be Boya genotype has a resisting property than the other genotypes. Similarly, previous studies on allelopatic effects of Lantana camara showed its potential interference with seed germination and growth of many plant species including agricultural crops (Hossain and Alam, 2010). Discussion Present results showed that concentrated aqueous leaf extract of weed (L. camara L) inhibited early growth

7 stage of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Number of germinated seed (2.81) in control is high and low (1.83) in treatment three. This indicates that high amount of water dilutes the potential of the allelochemical as a result all seeds of haricot bean get probably to germinate. Keeping the above in view, it can be suggested that seeds of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) should not be planted close to the weed species due to adverse effect on their growth however the biomass of the weed can be used as compost, it needs further experimentation. The authors of the present study acknowledge Bule Hora University for its providing necessary materials both in traditional greenhouse for the completion of this work. References Ahmed R, Uddin BM, Khan AS, Mukul AS, Hossain KM (2007). Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara on germination and growth behavior of some agricultural crops in Bangladesh. J Forestry Res 18: Alam SM, Islam EU (2002). Effect of aqueous extract of leaf, stem and root of nettle leaf goosefoot and NaCl on germination and seedling growth of rice. Pakistan Journal of Science and Technology 1(2): Ali K, Gemechu AS, Beniwal MR, Makkouk S, Halila M (2003). Food and forage legumes of Ethiopia; Progress and prospects on food and forage legume proceeding of the workshop, September 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ambika SR, Poornima S, Palaniraj R, Sati SCS, Narwal SS (2003). Allelopathic plants. 10. Lantana camara L. Allelopathy J 12(2): Arpana M (2015). Allelopathic properties of Lantana camara. International Research Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies Vol. 3(1): pp Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot. Satna , Madhya Pradesh, India. Baars JR, Neser S (1999). Past and present initiatives on the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. In: Olckers T, Hill MP (Eds.), Biological controls control of weeds in South Africa ( ). African Entomology, Memoir No. 1. Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; pp.182. Batish DR, Lavanya K, Singh HP, Kohli RK (2007). Root-mediated allelopathic interference of nettleleaved goosefoot (Chenopodium murale) on wheat (Triticum aestivum). J. Agronomy and Crop Science 193: Bertholdsson NO (2012). Allelopathy-A Tool to Improve the Weed Competitive Ability of Wheat with Herbicide-Resistant Black-Grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.). Agronomy 2: Binggeli P, Desissa D (2002). Lantana camara-the invasive shrub that threatens to drive people out of their land. Newsletter of the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, April-June 2002, pp.4-6 cells. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 9(1): Choyal R, Sharma SK (2011). Evaluation of allelopathic effects of Lantana camara L. on regeneration of Pogonatum aloides in culture media. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research 1(3):

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