Opportunities Down Under How

Transcription

1 Opportunities Down Under How Mycorrhizal lfungi ican Benefit Nursery Propagation and Production Systems Fred Davies Dept. of Horticultural Sciences Texas A&M University College Station, Texas

2 Mycorrhiza "fungus root" The symbiotic association between specific fungi with the fine roots of higher plants. The majority of plants, strictly speaking, do not j y p, y p g, have roots; they have mycorrhizae.

3 Endomycorrhizal plants: Herbaceous plants, shrubs, many ornamental, fruit and nut trees, vegetable and agronomic crops, turf grasses Ectomycorrhizal plants: Conifers, pines, hardwoods such as beech, birch, eucalyptus, fir, oak, willow, magnolia

4 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

5 Field Production of Landscape Roses

6 Ectomycorrhiza

7 Sophora secundiflora Texas Mountain Laurel Rhizobium, N-fixer AMF Ectos

8 Texas Lignite Coal Industry Drag Line Coal Seam Non-AM +AM Disturbed Site

9 AMF Plants have: Greater Extraradical Hyphae formation Greater Soil Aggregation Improved Soil Tilth Glomalin hydrophobic protein

10 AMF Enhancement of Drought Stress-Bell Pepper AMF Peppers have: Leaf Chlorophyll Stomatal Conductance Photosynthesis Osmotic Adjustment Faster Drought Recovery Phosphorus & plant size not the limiting factor

11 Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa - Bush Morning Glory High Production Temperature Container Temps 113 F / 44.8 C Endos: Bioterra-Plus, MycorisePro OSRF Nitrell 5-3-4, ICRF Osmocote Growth greatest 50% & 100% ICRF 100% ICRF AMF + ICRF > AMF + OSRF AMF + 50% ICRF AMF + 100% OSRF or AMF + 50% ICRF (Carpio, Davies, Arnold, 2005)

12 Advantages in Utilizing Mycorrhizal Nursery Plants Produce more stress resistant plants during production & for landscape. Potentially less pesticide usage. More drought and nutrient tolerant plants in landscape. Potentially higher transplanting success & faster establishment. Vl Addd M k i hi h l i bl Value Added: Marketing higher-value, sustainable landscape plants.

13 Mycorrhizal Effects on Rooting of Cuttings Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi): increased percentage of rooted cuttings and root volumes with 13 different ectomycorrhize, i.e. Thelephora, Pisolithus, Hebeloma, Tih Tricholoma. Umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata): increased survival, callus development and rooting percentage with the endomycorrhizae Glomus intraradix. (Plus Auxin IBA)

14 Arrowwood Viburnum (Viburnum dentatum): increased number of root initials and root fresh weight with the endomycorrhizae Glomus fascicultum. Black spruce (Picea mariana): increased rooting percentage, number of roots and root length with the ectomycorrhizae Laccaria bicolor and Suillus cavipes

15 HOW TO APPLY MYCORRHIZA As a banded dlayer of spores, mycelium, colonized roots in the container media. In the dibble hole of the container prior to sticking the liner. (It is ideal to let the new roots grow into the mycorrhiza). Gel/liquid drench system. Injected or mixed with backfill. Endos and Ecto mycorrhiza can be incorporated with pelleted seed.

16 Most Efficient Time to Apply Mycorrhiza Propagation Liner production

17 200 varieties-oaks, hickories, hardwoods, natives RPM: use superior seed stock, air root pruning, special nutrition and soil, timing Plants stepped up p 3 times from seed prop flats, square band flat pot system final container At 210 days, well established RPM root mass (left) and that of a traditionally produced seedling

18 Mycorrhizal ROOTS An injectable form containing 17 species of endo and ectomycorrhizae & biostimulant. Use 16 oz./100 gal. Drenches seed flats Prop media bark rice hulls sand 50,000 seedlings in 30 x 96 ft quonset house ) 2 nd application at shifting up 2 application at shifting up seedling transplants to final container production

19 2000+ varieties Monrovia is the Largest Grower to Inoculate All its Plants with Beneficial Mycorrhizae Granular application, incorporated in propagation media, contains 13 isolates of endo and ectomycorrhiza. Preincorporated in propagation media (pinebark, peat, sand)

20 Retail Nursery Retail Nursery Media Products

21 SELECTED COMPANIES SELLING MYCORRHIZA in NORTH AMERICA AgBio Inc. Horticultural Alliance, Inc. Mikro-Tek Inc. (Ontario, Can) Mycorrhizal Applications Plant Health Care, Inc. Premier P i Tech h(québec, Canada) Reforestation Technologies Roots Inc Terra Tech, LLC TIPCO, Inc. Tree of Life Nursery Willis Orchard Company

22 FUNGICIDES & MYCORRHIZA Fungicides decrease development of mycorrhiza for a short time, depending on their persistence. Most foliar sprays [except systemics Triadimefon (Bayleton)] don t come in contact with mycorrhiza in soil. For optimum mycorrhizal development, delay fungiciding during the first 3 weeks of colonization. In general, insecticides and herbicides do not effect mycorrhiza.

23 Fungicidal Effects on Ectomycorrhiza. No Reported Effect Inhibitory Effect* Aliette (Fosotyl Al) Banrot* Benomyl (Benlate, Tersan-1991) Chlorothalonil* (Daconil, Bravo) Captan (Orthocide) Mancozeb* (Dithane) Carbamate (Fermate, Ferbam) PCNB* (Terraclor, Tri-PCNB) Carbendazim Triadimefon* (Bayleton) Dexon Zineb* (Ziram, Zerlate) Difolatan (Sulfonimide, Difosan) Fuberidizole Metalaxyl (Subdue, Ridomil) Thiophanate Methyl (Cleary 3336) Thiram (Arasan)

24 What Mycorrhizal Will Not Due Under high fertility, don't expect to see growth differences in nursery production systems.

25 Mycorrhizae are not a panacea or the silver bullet for solving all the nursery industries challenges. Use of mycorrhizae along with other improved cultural techniques can improve propagation and production efficiency, and enhance establishment of landscape plants.

26 Utilizing mycorrhizae can enable a nursery to be more ecologically friendly in propagating and producing plants. The challenge is for the nursery industry to educate the public, and to market, and command a higher price for improved mycorrhizal plants.

27 TAKE HOME MESSAGE Mycorrhiza work with a bark, peat, sand, vermiculite, perlite, calcined clay media components. Optimum results occur when media contain at least 10% mineral soil component. Best time to apply during propagation or when transplanting liners. Works best with slow release fertilizers - ICRF

28 TAKE HOME MESSAGE (con) Avoid using fungicides id during the first 3 weeks of mycorrhiza application. In general, insecticides i id and herbicides id do not effect mycorrhiza. With very fibrous rooted, herbaceous plants, mycorrhiza are not as critical. Greatest opportunity with coarse-rooted perennials, shrubs and trees.

29 Information on Mycorrhiza Mycorrhizal Information Exchange International Mycorrhiza Society INVAM International Culture Collection of Vesicular Ab Arbuscular Mycorrhizal lfungi / D th ti lt ls i f d d Fred Dept Horticultural Sci., f-davies@tamu.edu Webpage: horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/davies/research/mycorrhizae.html