Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, Howrah rd th

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1 268 N E L U M B O N E L U M B O 56 : , 2014 PLAGIOCHILA GYMNOCLADA (MARCHANTIOPHYTA: PLAGIOCHILACEAE)- NEW TO INDIAN BRYOFLORA FROM EASTERN HIMALAYA WITH A NOTE ON DISTRIBUTION OF THE SECT. PLAGIOCHILA IN INDIA 1 2* SIDDHARTHA SINGH DEO AND D. K. SINGH 1 Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, Howrah rd th Botanical Survey of India, CGO Complex, 3 MSO Building, Block F (5 floor) Salt Lake Sector I, Kolkata singh_drdk@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT Plagiochila gymnoclada Sande Lac. a species widespread in East and Southeast Asia and Melanesia, belonging to section Plagiochila is recorded for the first time in Indian bryoflora from West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Himalaya. A note on the distribution of the section Plagiochila in India has been provided. Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, India, New Record, Plagiochila gymnoclada INTRODUCTION Section Plagiochila (Nees) Nees of the genus Plagiochila (Dumort.) Dumort. is characterized by oblongovate to broadly-ovate leaves with numerous teeth present on distal half of dorsal margin to base of ventral margin and obovoid to long-cylindric perianth. It is represented in India by nine species, viz. P. asplenioides (L.) Dumort., P. chinensis Steph., P. elegans Mitt., P. meghalayensis Rawat & S.C.Srivast., P. mundaliensis Steph., P. ovalifolia Mitt., P. porelloides (Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb. [= P. satoi S.Hatt. f. japonomontana (S.Hatt.) Inoue], P. secretifolia Mitt. and P. uniformis Mitt. (Kashyap, 1932; Herzog, 1939; Srivastava & Dixit, 1994; Manju & al., 2005, 2008; Singh & Singh, 2006, 2009; Rawat & Srivastava, 2007; Singh & Nath, 2007; Singh & al., 2008; Singh & al., 2010; Daniels, 2010; Barukial, 2011; Rashid & al., 2012; Asthana & Sahu, 2013). So and Grolle (2000) regarded all extra European records of P. asplenioides now regarded as a complex comprising several species, including the one described by Srivastava and Dixit (1994) from India, as doubtful. They (So & Grolle, l.c.), however, made no mention about the original report of the species from Kashmir by Gola (1914, p. 759). Therefore, P. asplenioides is retained here in Indian bryoflora till the taxonomic revision of the west Himalayan taxa of the genus is complete. Grolle and So (1997), So and Grolle (2000) and So (2001) included P. bischleriana Grolle & So also under sect. Plagiochila, but Rawat and Srivastava (2007) placed the species in sect. Ciliatae Schiffn. because of spinose-ciliate teeth present at apex and along ventral margin of leaves and leaf cells with small to indistinct trigones. The latter view has been followed here. During the course of the present study on liverworts and hornworts of the Eastern Himalaya, we came across another species of the section Plagiochila, i.e. P. gymnoclada Sande Lac., a species previously known from East and Southeast Asia and Melanesia. A detailed description and illustration of the same has been provided to facilitate its easy identification in Indian bryoflora. DESCRIPTION Plagiochila gymnoclada Sande Lac., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 4: Plants yellowish brown in herbarium, rigid in texture; shoot 4 6 cm long, 4 6 mm wide including leaves, branching lateral intercalary. Stem oval elliptical in outline in transverse section, ìm, cells across diameter; cortical cells in 2 3(-4) layers, polygonal rectangulate, ìm, moderately thick-walled, dark brown pigmented; medullary cells polygonal, subquadrate rectangulate, ìm, thin-walled, light brown yellowish. Paraphyllia absent. Rhizoids few, restricted to basal portion of shoots. Leaves imbricate, succubous, obliquely inserted, broadly ovate, mm long, mm wide, times as long as broad, dorsal margin straight, occasionally recurved, with few spinose teeth near the Date of publication: 30th December, 2014 Received : Accepted : Botanical Survey of India, 2014

2 2014] SINGH DEO & SINGH : PLAGIOCHILA GYMNOCLADA (MARCHANTIOPHYTA: PLAGIOCHILACEAE) 269 apical region, base moderately decurrent, apex broadly rounded, occasionally subacute, ventral margin arched, dilated in basal region, overlapping with opposite leaf bases, strongly dentate throughout, base short decurrent; marginal teeth spinose, (4-)10 33 per leaf, (2-) 3 7 cells long, 2 4 cells wide at base, 3 5 cells uniseriate towards apex, 1 3 cells biseriate below; terminal cell ìm, triangular, acuminate; subterminal cells ìm, rectangulate; median leaf cells ìm, polygonal subquadrate; basal leaf cells ìm, long rectangulate, not forming vitta; apical and marginal cells slightly thick-walled, median and basal cells thin-walled, trigones distinctly nodulose, intermediate thickenings absent; surface smooth. Underleaves absent. Dioicous (?). Androecia not seen. Gynoecia terminal on main shoot, with one subfloral innovation; bracts in single pair, similar to main stem leaves, slightly larger, mm long, mm wide, dorsal margin strongly revolute than main stem leaves; perianth obovoid cylindric, mm long, mm wide, keels not winged, mouth spreading truncate, irregularly ciliate-dentate. Mature sporophytes not seen. Habitat: Lignicolous, growing on fallen logs in subtropical forests in association with Bazzania pearsonii Steph., B. tricrenata (Wahlenb.) Trevis., Herbertus dicranus (Taylor) Trevis., Metacalypogeia alternifolia (Nees) Grolle, Plagiochila semidecurrens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb., Plicanthus hirtellus (F.Weber) R.M.Schust., Spruceanthus semirepandus (Nees) Verd., Scapania griffithii Schiffn., and Frullania sp. Distribution: INDIA: [Eastern Himalaya (Arunachal Pradesh - present study)], CHINA, INDONESIA (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Moluccas, West Irian), MALAYSIA (Peninsular Malaya, Sabah), NEW CALEDONIA, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, PHILIPPINES, SOLOMON ISLANDS, SRI LANKA, TAIWAN, VANUATU (Grolle & Piippo, 1984; Tan & Engel, 1986; So, 2001; Zhu, 2006; Söderström & al., 2010; Chuah- Petiot, 2011; Thouvenot & al., 2011; Wang & al., 2011; Long & Rubasinghe, 2014) Table 1: Distribution of the species of section Plagiochila in India Sl. No. Species Distribution in India EH WH WG EH = Eastern Himalaya; WH = Western Himalaya; WG = Western Ghats References 1. P. asplenioides (L.) Dumort. + Jammu and Kashmir (Gola, 1914; Kashyap, 1932), Uttarakhand (Srivastava & Dixit, 1994) 2. P. chinensis Steph Assam (Barukial, 2011), Jammu and Kashmir (Rashid & al., 2012), Kerala (Manju & al., 2005, 2008), Sikkim (Singh & al., 2008) 3. P. elegans Mitt Assam, Karnataka, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (Rawat & Srivastava, 2007; Singh & Singh, 2009; Daniels, 2010), Himachal Pradesh (Singh & Singh, 2009), Kerala (Manju & al., 2008), Manipur (Singh & al., 2010) 4. P. gymnoclada Sande Lac. + Arunachal Pradesh (present study) 5. P. meghalayensis Rawat & S.C.Srivast. + Meghalaya (Rawat & Srivastava, 2007) 6. P. mundaliensis Steph. + + Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttarakhand (Hattori, 1966; Srivastava & Dixit, 1996; Singh & Singh, 2009) 7. P. ovalifolia Mitt Himachal Pradesh (Singh & Singh, 2006, 2009), Kerala (Manju & Madhusoodanan 2006), Meghalaya [Singh & Nath, 2007 as P. asplenioides subsp. ovalifolia (Mitt.) Inoue] 8. P. porelloides (Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb. + Meghalaya [Singh & Nath, 2007 as P. satoi S.Hatt. f. japonomontana (S.Hatt.) Inoue] 9. P. secretifolia Mitt. + Sikkim, West Bengal (Herzog, 1939; Rawat & Srivastava, 2007) 10. P. uniformis Mitt Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Rawat & Srivastava, 2007; Singh & Singh, 2009; Asthana & Sahu, 2013)

3 270 NELUMBO Fig. 1. Plagiochila gymnoclada Sande Lac. 1. a portion of plant in ventral view; 2. a portion of plant in dorsal view; 3. a portion of female plant bearing gynoecia in dorsal view; 4. transverse section of the stem; leaves; teeth along margin of leaf; 13. median leaf cells; 14. basal leaf cells; female bracts; 17. a perianth; 18. transverse section of perianth; 19. perianth mouth (All figures drawn by S. Singh Deo from D.K.Singh 415A).

4 2014] SINGH DEO & SINGH : PLAGIOCHILA GYMNOCLADA (MARCHANTIOPHYTA: PLAGIOCHILACEAE) 271 Specimen examined: India, Eastern Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, West Siang District, on way to Yapik from Shikar, c m, , D.K.Singh 415A (ASSAM) DISCUSSION Plagiochila gymnoclada is characterized by broadly ovate to triangular-ovate leaves with strongly spinosedentate ventral margin (Fig. 1: 5 10), apical and marginal leaf cells thick-walled (Fig. 1: 11,12), large, nodulose trigones (Fig. 1: 11 14) and obovoid cylindric perianth (Fig. 1: 17). Amongst Indian taxa of section Plagiochila, P. gymnoclada compares well with Plagiochila ovalifolia Mitt., both having broadly ovate leaves, spinose-dentate ventral leaf margin and cylindric perianth. However, latter differs from the former in having comparatively slender stem, up to 21 cells across diameter with 3 4 layers of cortical cells as compared to up to 26 cells thick stem with usually 2 3-layered cortex in the former and smaller, mm leaves with uniformly thin-walled leaf cells throughout and small to medium sized, triangular trigones as compared to much larger, mm leaves with thick-walled apical and marginal cells and large, nodulose trigones in the former (see also Singh & Singh, 2006). The Indian species of sect. Plagiochila of the genus Plagiochila are distributed only in the Himalayas and the Western Ghats with all, but P. asplenioides, occurring in the Eastern Himalaya (Table 1). While, P. mundaliensis is restricted to Himalayan region in Indian bryoflora, P. gymnoclada, P. meghalayensis, P. porelloides and P. secretifolia are confined to East Himalayan bryo-geographical region alone in the country. P. asplenioides is known in India from Western Himalaya only, whereas remaining four species are distributed in the three bryogeographical regions of the country (Table 1). P. meghalayensis is endemic to India. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the Director, Botanical Survey of India for facilities and financial assistance to one of us (SSD) under 'Flora of India' project, the Chief Wildlife Warden, Arunachal Pradesh State Forest Department for facilitating the exploration work and the unknown reviewer for useful suggestions. We also thank Dr. Anders Hagborg, Field Museum, Chicago for help with relevant literature. REFERENCES ASTHANA, A.K. AND SAHU, V Bryophyte diversity in Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand): an overview. Arch. Bryol. 154: BARUKIAL, J A bryofloristic ecological assessment of Assam, India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 1(3): CHUAH-PETIOT, M.S A checklist of Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of Malaysia. Polish Bot. J. 56 (1): DANIELS, A.E.D Checklist of the bryophytes of Tamil Nadu, India. Arch. Bryol. 65: GOLA, G Epatiche del Kashmir raccolte dalla spedizione Piacenza. Atti R. Accad. delle Sc. di Torino. 49: GROLLE, R. AND M.L. SO Plagiochila bischleriana, a new species from Nepal. Cryptog. Bryol. 18(3): GROLLE, R. AND S. PIIPPO Annotated catalogue of Western Melanesian bryophytes. I. Acta Bot. Fenn. 125: HATTORI, S Anthocerotae and Hepaticae. In: Hara, H. (ed.) The Flora of Eastern Himalaya. University of Tokyo Press, Japan: HERZOG, T Zwei Bryophytensammlungen aus dem Sikkim-Himalaya. Ann. Bryol. 12: KASHYAP, S.R Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain. II. The University of the Panjab, Lahore. LONG, D.G. AND S.C.K. RUBASINGHE, Liverworts and hornworts of Sri Lanka: a revised checklist. Ceylon J. Sci. Biol. Sci., 43(1): MANJU, C.N., AND P.V. MADHUSOODANAN A preliminary survey of the bryophyte flora of Vellarimala in the Western Ghats of Kerala. Indian J. Forest. 29 (2): MANJU, C.N., K.P. RAJESH, AND P.V. MADHUSOODANAN Bryophytes of Wayanad in Western Ghats. Malabar Natural History Society. Kozhikode. MANJU, C.N., K.P. RAJESH, AND P.V. MADHUSOODANAN Checklist of the bryophytes of Kerala, India Trop. Bryol. Res. Rep. 7: RASHID, A., R. MISHRA AND A. SHARMA Bryoflora of District Rajouri - Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Arch. Bryol. 145: 1 11

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