A New Species of Fuscopannaria with a Green Photobiont, and Other Taxonomic Innovations and New Records of Lichenized-Fungi from Alaska

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1 The Bryologist 107(2), pp Copyright 2004 by the American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. A New Species of Fuscopannaria with a Green Photobiont, and Other Taxonomic Innovations and New Records of Lichenized-Fungi from Alaska ALAN M. FRYDAY Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI , U.S.A. fryday@msu.edu Abstract. The new species, Fuscopannaria globigera Fryday & P. M. Jørg, is described, Catillaria jemtlandica is transferred to Megalaria with Lecidea sublimosa included as a synonym, and Pyrenocollema bryospilum is transferred to Collemopsidium. Epigloea medioincrassata and Lecidea haerjedalica are recorded for the first time from North America and Arthonia lapidicola, Caloplaca spitsbergensis, C. variabilis, Dactylospora deminuta, and Rhizocarpon lecanorinum are documented for the first time from Alaska. Keywords. Alaska, Anaptychia bryorum, Dactylospora deminuta, Lecanora semipallida, lichenized fungi, Rhizocarpon lecanorinum. In the summer of 2001, the author was invited by the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) to spend 10 days in Barrow and Atqasuk on the North Slope of Alaska. During that period 380 lichen collections were made: 276 from Barrow and 104 from Atqasuk. The lichen flora of the Barrow area, which is situated on the north coast, has previously been investigated by Thomson and co-workers (Thomson 1979) and a complete list of the species recorded from the area published by Murray and Murray (1978). Atqasuk, which is approximately 100 km south of Barrow, appears not to have been previously visited by a lichenologist. The collections made during the present visit have added numerous records to the lichen floras of both areas, and a revised list is in preparation and will be published elsewhere. The climate of the north slope of Alaska is generally continental with low precipitation and wide, seasonal temperature variation. Annual precipitation for Barrow is estimated at 170 mm, with 37% of this occurring between July October, while mean monthly temperatures range from 28 C in February to 3.7 C in July, with an annual mean of 12.6 C (Dingman et al. 1980). Atqasuk is warmer with a mean July temperature of 8.7 C, but there is not a marked difference in amount of precipitation (Haugen & Brown 1980). In spite of the low precipitation, the soils of the area are generally waterlogged because of the presence of permafrost a few decimeters below the surface that prevents drainage. However, banks and ridges provide locally drier areas, and it is these that support the greatest lichen diversity. The soils around Barrow are also reported to be uniformly acidic, ranging from ph (Gersper et al. 1980) although localized areas with higher ph are reported from the Atqasuk area (Everett 1980). However, even in Barrow, the presence of lichen species such as Gyalecta foveolaris (Ach.) Schaer. and Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. suggests that small, isolated pockets of soils with a higher ph do occur. MATERIALS AND METHODS Material was studied using standard light microscope techniques. All collections are housed in the herbarium of Michigan State University (MSC) unless otherwise stated. NEW SPECIES AND COMBINATIONS FUSCOPANNARIA GLOBIGERA Fryday & P. M. Jørgensen, sp. nov. Fuscopannariae leucophaeae similis, sed terricola et thallo algis viridis continens; sporae subglobosae, m. TYPE: U.S.A. ALASKA. North Slope Borough, Barrow, low bank beside track on way in to ITEX site, sea level, 17 July 2001, A. Fryday 8343 (MSC, holotype). U.S.A. ALASKA. Barrow, low bank beside track on way in to ITEX site, sea level, 17.vii.2001, Fryday 8348, 8353 (MSC, paratypes). Thallus fuscous- to green-brown, minutely squamulose-granulose, granules mm diam. (Fig. 1); effuse, up to 2 cm across in a mosaic with other crustose lichens, prothallus not observed; cortical cells dilute red-brown, 5 8 m diam. Photobiont green; cells thick-walled, ca (8.5 )10 15 m diam. Apothecia frequent, lecideine, ( 0.8) mm diam., sessile, flat with red-brown disc and thin (0.05 mm across), barely raised, dark brown proper margin when young, becoming adnate, darker brown, convex, and immarginate when old. Hy /04/$0.85/0

2 174 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 107 FIGURE 1. Thallus and apothecia of Fuscopannaria globigera (holotype). Scale 0.5 mm. menium m high, hyaline, I blue becoming yellow-brown; epihymenium dilute red-brown, 5 8 m high; paraphyses thick ( m), simple, rarely branching above, septate, appearing moniliform in Lugol s iodine, apices scarcely swollen (to 3.0 m) and only lightly pigmented. Asci cylindric m, with amyloid apical sheets (I blue). Ascospores hyaline, simple, subglobose m, usually with single large oil droplet, mostly uniseriate in ascus. Hypothecium hyaline, m high, composed of randomly orientated hyphae. Excipulum cupular, although poorly developed below hypothecium, composed of orbicular cells ( 1.0) m diam., outer cells with dark red-brown pigmented walls, inner cells mostly hyaline although some with pigmented walls resulting in streaked appearance. Conidiomata not observed. Chemistry. Thallus C, K, KC, Pd, UV. Not tested by TLC. The presence of amyloid sheets in the asci of this new species clearly places it in subgenus Micropannaria (Jørgensen 1994). Fuscopannaria globigera appears most closely related to F. leucophaea (Vahl) P. M. Jørg. and is not closely related to F. viridescens P. M. Jørg., the only other species of the genus so far described that has a green photobiont (Jørgensen & Zhurbenko 2002). It is surprising that the only two described species of Fuscopannaria with a green photobiont are known only from the Arctic, because it is generally believed that the presence of cyanobacteria as the photobiont would be advantageous in nitrogen-poor communities, such as that of alpine-arctic terrestrial ecosystems. There are, however, other factors to be considered, especially ph because cyanobacteria operate more efficiently at high ph levels (e.g., Fogg et al. 1973). The tundra generally has a low ph (Everett 1980), and this is most probably the reason why F. globigera and F. viridescens occur FIGURE 2. Type locality of Fuscopannaria globigera. only in these habitats. A similar situation occurs in Nephroma, with N. arcticum (L.) Torss., which has a green photobiont (although cyanobacteria are present in cephalodia), being confined to the Arctic, whereas most other species of the genus have a cyanobacterium as photobiont and occur outside the Arctic. The new species is known only from the type locality a damp, low, west-facing bank on the north coast of Alaska (Fig. 2) where it grows over soil and bryophytes and is associated with Salix rotundifolia Trautv. Lichen species associated with the three collections are Fuscopannaria praetermissa, Lecanora epibryon, Lecidella wulfenii, Physconia muscorum, and Schadonia fecunda. Although the area is generally acidic, the presence of species such as Gyalecta foveolaris and Solorina saccata elsewhere on the same bank, suggest that, at least, pockets of isolated base-enrichment do occur. COLLEMOPSIDIUM BRYOSPILUM (Nyl.) Coppins, comb. nov. Verrucaria bryospila Nyl., Flora 47: TYPE: NORWAY. Finmark Alten, Mt. over Kaafjord, 1863, I. Carroll (isotypes, DBN, UPS). Arthopyrenia bryospila (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 53: Pyrenocollema bryospilum (Nyl.) Coppins ex H. F. Fox in

3 2004] FRYDAY: FUSCOPANNARIA 175 H. F. Fox & M. J. P. Scannell, Glasra 4: [ 2001 ]. This taxon was described and illustrated by Grube and Hafellner (1990) as Didymella bryospila. They discussed its systematic position, but did not make a formal combination. The name Pyrenocollema bryospilum was used by Coppins (1992c), but this name was not validated until 2000 (Fox & Scannell 2000). Type material could not be located in H-Nyl (O. Vitikanen, pers. comm.), so it will be necessary to select one of Carroll s original collections (in DBN and UPS) that were examined by Nylander as the lectotype. This is best done by a monographer during a critical review of the group, and so is not done here. Although this species does not appear in any recent North American lichen checklist (e.g., Esslinger 1997, Esslinger & Egan 1995), Zahlbruckner (1921) gave its distribution (as Arthopyrenia bryospila) as Europa borealis et occidentalis, America septentrionalis, and Grube and Halfellner (1990) cited a specimen (as Didymella bryospila) from U.S.A., Alaska, Fretum Behring, Port Clarence, Exped. Vega, 1879 (H-Nyl 815). Species associated with the present collection included Collema ceraniscum, Lecanora epibryon, and Lecidella wulfenii. Borough, Barrow, track on way to ITEX site, N, W, 0 m, mound on ridge at S end of wet site, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8256 (MSC). MEGALARIA JEMTLANDICA (Th. Fr. & Almq.) Fryday, comb. nov. Catillaria jemtlandica Th. Fr. & Almq. in Th. Fr., Lichenogr. Scandin. 2: TYPE: SWEDEN. JÄMTLAND. Åre Handöl S. Almquist (UPS, holotype!). Lecidea sublimosa Nyl., in Flora 1885: syn. nov. TYPE: RUSSIA. SIBERIA. Fretum Beringii, St. Lawrence Bay, 1879, S. Almqvist (S, holotype!; H-Nyl, isotype!). Lecidea jemtlandica (Th. Fr. & Almq.) Nyl., in Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Ser. 4, 1: The combination of relatively large, broadly ellipsoid (0 )1-septate ascospores ( m), Biatora/Lecanora-type asci and unbranched paraphyses clearly place this species in Megalaria Hafellner. Until recently Megalaria comprised only corticolous species (Ekman & Tønsberg 1996), although M. grossa (Nyl.) Hafellner has been recorded from dead moss cushions (Hitch 2002) and directly on rocks (Coppins 1992b). However, Fryday (2004) has described two new saxicolous species in the genus from Campbell Island, New Zealand, and mentioned a further undescribed species, from Iles Kerguelen, that occurred over bryophytes on the ground. Megalaria jemtlandicum is readily distinguished from occasional specimens of M. grossa that occur over mosses on rocks or on the ground (see above) by its smaller, especially narrower ascospores, and by its hyaline hypothecium. The original collections of Lecidea sublimosa differ from Megalaria jemtlandica only in having a higher than usual percentage of simple ascospores, but this character is extremely variable and the two taxa are clearly con-specific. There is considerable variation in thallus thickness within the original collections of the two taxa, but this appears to be correlated with substrate rather than spore septation. From the limited number of specimens available for study, the thallus appears to be immersed when directly on soil, thin and varnish-like when on compacted bryophytes (Gymnomitrium spp.), and thick and white when on more loosely packed bryophytes. Species associated with the current collections from Alaska include Lopadium coralloideum, L. pezizoideum, Ochrolechia geminipara, Protothelenella sphinctrinoides, and Rinodina turfacea. Additional specimens examined. RUSSIA. SIBERIA. Peninsula Jinretlen, 1878, Almqvist (S-L ); Pitlekai, 1878, Almqvist (S-L33263, L33270); Insula Tajmyr, Portus Actiniae, 1878 Almqvist (S-L ); Insula Minin, 1878, Almqvist (S-L33267); Koljutschim-viken, 1878, Almqvist (S-L33269). SWEDEN. TORNE LAPPMARK. Jukkasjärvi, Abisko, 1919, Magnusson 2731 (UPS); Nuolja, Björkliden, 1915, Häyrén (UPS). U.S.A. ALASKA. North Slope Borough, Barrow, 2001, Fryday 8301, 8370, 8383, 8402 (MSC). NEW TO NORTH AMERICA EPIGLOEA MEDIOINCRASSATA (Grumm.) Döbb., Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: Vorarlbergia medioincrassata Grumm. Sydowia 22: TYPE: AUSTRIA. VORARLBERG. Vorarlberger Alpen, Seeweg des Lünersees, 1,924 m, auf Racomitrium microcarpon (Hedw.) Brid., 31.vii.1961, Grummann 5573/5 (B, holotype). The genus Epigloea Zukal was only recently identified as occurring in North America (Buck & Harris 2002). However, the species of this genus are extremely inconspicuous and easily overlooked, so more records and species are certainly to be expected. Epigloea medioincrassata differs from the two other species of the genus so far identified from North America in having 3-septate ascospores (24 33 m long). The only other species of Epigloea with 3-septate ascospores are E. tortuosa Döbb. that has sigmoid ascospores, and E. biciliata Döbb., that has shorter ascospores measuring m long (Döbbeler 1984). Species associated with the Alaskan material included Micarea crassipes.

4 176 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 107 Borough, Barrow, track on way to ITEX site, N, W, 0 m, flat area E of ridge, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8232 (MSC). LECIDEA HAERJEDALICA H. Magn., Bot. Notiser 1948: TYPE: SWEDEN. HÄRJEDALEN. Tännäs, Rössvålen, at snowfree top of mountain, 5.iv.1947, Birgit Magnusson (UPS, holotype). This species, which belongs to Lecidea s.str., was collected twice from small pebbles embedded in gravelly soil near Barrow. It is well characterized by having a poorly developed thallus with an I mauve medulla (although this is often difficult to demonstrate because of the thin thallus), dark hooded paraphyses, and an exciple with a dark cortical layer and much paler, faintly purplish inner exciple that intensifies in K (Hertel 1995). However, the thallus is often thin and poorly developed, so the thalline characters are not always apparent. This species has previously been recorded from the Americas only from Greenland and the extreme tip of South America (Hertel 1997), but is probably much under recorded. Borough, Barrow, track on way to ITEX site, N, W, 0 m, small stones embedded in soil, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8171, 8174 (MSC). OTHER NOTABLE COLLECTIONS ANAPTYCHIA BRYORUM Poelt, THE BRYOLOGIST 74: TYPE: Arnold Lich. exs. 705 (M) as Parmelia aquila var. stippaea Ach., sterile über Moosen an der senkrechten Seite eines Granitblokes am Ufer des Baches unterhalb Rain, Taufers in Tirol, 23 Aug. 1877, Arnold (M, holotype). This rare species was reported from two locations in south central Alaska by Thomson and Ahti (1994). It has also been recorded from Colorado, the Central European mountains, and the Ukraine. The present record represents a considerable extension of its range northwards. It closely resembles Phaeophyscia constipata (Nyl. & Norrlin) Moberg, but is readily distinguished from that species by having an upper cortex composed of longitudinally arranged hyphae, which are clearly visible in longitudinal section. Specimens examined. U.S.A. ALASKA. Barrow, low bank beside track on way in to ITEX site, N, W, sea level, 17.vii.2001, Fryday 8349 (MSC). ARTHONIA LAPIDICOLA auct., non (Taylor) Branth & Rostr., Botan. Tidsskrift 3: Lecidea lapidicola Taylor in Mackay, Flora Hibernica 2: TYPE: not designated. New to Alaska. The Alaskan collection corresponds with the current concept of A. lapidicola (e.g., Coppins 1992a) in having 1-septate ascospores, ca m, with one cell elongated and the other rounded and swollen (soleiform). This species has a scattered distribution in North America; reported in the North American arctic from Bathurst, Somerset, and Ellesmere Islands (Thomson 1997), although its true distribution is uncertain due to confusion with A. muscigena Th. Fr. (see below). See Lecanora semipallida for associated species. Taylor (1836) cited two specimens in the protologue of Lecidea lapidicola: On slate rock, County of Down, Mr. Templeton, and On stones, on the bridge wall at Cappermore, near Dunkerron, Kerry. The Templeton collection could not be found in BM, FH, or MANCH, but there are two collections from Kerry in BM, annotated Dr Taylor, Dunkerron and Cappermore Bridge, Kerry, Dr Taylor, that appear to be from Taylor s original collection. The Cappermore Bridge collection has also been annotated type-specimen in pencil, although this typification does not appear to have been published. Both specimens are on acidic rock, and have small, 1-septate ascospores (ca m) that are not constricted at the septum and with equal cells. They are both referable to the species currently known as A. muscigena [syn. A. leucodontis (Poelt & Döbb.) Coppins]. Strict application of the rules of botanical nomenclature would result in A. muscigena being replaced with A. lapidicola, and a new name being found for A. lapidicola, which may be A. fusca (A. Massal.) Hepp. However, as this would cause considerable confusion, it is likely that Taylor s name will be proposed for formal rejection, thus retaining A. muscigena as the name for that species. Borough, Atqasuk, bank of Meade River, N, W, stone slab in disused sod house, 13.vii.2001, Fryday 8130 (MSC). CALOPLACA SPITSBERGENSIS H. Magn., Kongl. Götheborgska Wetensk. Samhällets., Wetensk. Afd. 60: TYPE: SVALBARD, Moffen, 1861, Malmgren (UPS, holotype). New to Alaska. This species was previously known in North America only from Richards Island at the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and Disko Island, Greenland (Thomson 1997). It occurs on old wood and lignum and is characterized by having crowded, dark-red to brown, convex, immarginate apothecia and ascospores m with a septum m wide.

5 2004] FRYDAY: FUSCOPANNARIA 177 Borough, Barrow, North Meadow Lake, N, W, 0 m, on old fence post, 19.vii.2001, Fryday 8385 (MSC). CALOPLACA cf. VARIABILIS (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 16: Lichen variabilis Pers., Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 1: TYPE: NORDDEUTSCHLAND. WESTFALEN. Kalksteine zu Büren, 1856, Lahm (B, neotype, fide Wunder, Bib. Lich 7: ). A collection on caribou bone has been provisionally referred to this species by C. M. Wetmore (St. Paul). It has a thallus of gray granules on a black prothallus; sessile apothecia with a prominent thalline margin and black, non-pruinose discs, a bluish-green (K violet) epihymenium, ascospores m with an isthmus m wide; and paraphyses with some branching and the upper 2 3 cells swollen. Species concepts are unclear in the C. variabilis group and the collection is referred here pending further investigation. Black-fruited species of Caloplaca are rare in the North American Arctic, and this is the first record of any black-fruited Caloplaca species from Alaska. The only species reported from the Arctic by Wetmore (1994) was a single collection of C. albovariegata (de Lesd.) Wetmore from northern Manitoba, but that species differs from C. variabilis in having a variegated thallus composed of stipitate areoles. Caloplaca variabilis was previously known in North America only from the mountains of the western United States (Colorado, Montana, and New Mexico) (Wetmore 1994). Borough, Atqasuk, N, W, 15 m, bone laying on dry ridge on tundra, 13.vii.2001, Fryday 8158 (MSC). DACTYLOSPORA DEMINUTA (Th. Fr.) Triebel, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35: Lecidea parasitica (var.) deminuta Th. Fr., Vet. Ak. Förb., TYPE: NORWAY. FINNMARK. Varanger, Mortensnes [auf Biatora cuprea], 1857, Th. Fries (UPS, neotype, fide Triebel, Bib. Lich. 34: ). New to Alaska. This species was reported for the first time from North America by Triebel et al. (1991) from Michigan. It is widespread in Scandinavia (Santesson 1993), but is here reported for the first time from the North American Arctic. At Barrow it was associated with Biatora subduplex, Bryonora castanea, Japewia tornoensis, Lecanora epibryon, Lopadium coralloideum, Micarea crassipes, Rinodina mniaraea, and R. turfacea. Borough, Barrow, (IBP site), N, W, over crustose lichens on soil, 11.vii.2001, Fryday 8047, 8050, 8062 (MSC). FUSCOPANNARIA VIRIDESCENS P. M. Jørg., THE BRY- OLOGIST 105: TYPE: U.S.A. ALASKA. Left bank of Middle Korbuk River, Korbuk River Wilderness, Waring Mts., just S of Great Korbuk Sand Dunes, ca 140 km E of Kotzebue, 31.vii.2000, Zhurbenko (LE, holotype; BG, US, isotypes). This recently described species, the first of the genus to contain a green algal photobiont, was collected several times, mostly from relatively freedraining raised ridges and mounds, but also from damp banks. It is readily distinguished from all other members of the genus (except F. globigera, see above) by its green algal photobiont. It is readily separated from F. globigera by its wide marginal lobes, and Jørgensen and Zhurbenko (2002) discussed its separation from other squamulose lichens that occur in the same habitat. The wide marginal lobes and pale brown color also give it a superficial resemblance to Baeomyces placophyllus Ach., but it is readily distinguished from this species by the ascending lobules in older parts of the thallus and its complete lack of lichen substances. Species associated with the Alaskan material included Micarea sp., Biatora subduplex, Fuscopannaria praetermissa, Parmelia skultii, Protopannaria pezizoides, Rinodona turfacea, and Thamnolia vermicularis. Specimens examined. U.S.A. ALASKA North Slope Borough, Barrow, ITEX site, N, W, 0 m, top of low ridge, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8223, 8224; flat area east of ridge, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8234; mound on ridge at S end of wet site, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8242, 8303; low bank beside track on way in, 17.vii.2001, Fryday 8338; Atqasuk, disused airstrip, N, W, 13.vii.2001, Fryday 8164 (MSC). LECANORA SEMIPALLIDA H. Magn., Lichens from Central Asia I, p 89. In S. Hedin (ed.), Reports Scientific Exped. North-west. provinces of China (the Sino-Swedish expedition). 13, XI. Botany, 1. Aktiebolaget, Thule & Stockholm TYPE: CHINA. KANSU. Wai-chüan-ku, E of Yeh-ma-tachüan. ca 3,000 m, saxicolous, 13.xii.1931, Birger Bohlin 42d (S, holotype). A member of the Lecanora dispersa group, previously know only from Asia but recently recognized from several localities in North America (L. Sliwa, pers. comm.). This group of species is under investigation by L. Sliwa in her revision of the saxicolous species of the Lecanora dispersa group in North and Central America that is currently in preparation.

6 178 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 107 Species associated with the current collection included Arthonia lapidicola (see above), Lecidella stigmatea, Lepraria lobificans, Leptogium gelatinosum, Lecanora epibryon, Peltigera aphthosa, P. didactyla, P. elizabethae, and Physcia dubia. Borough, Atqasuk, bank of Meade River, N, W, stone slab in disused sod house, 13.vii.2001, Fryday 8130 (MSC). RHIZOCARPON LECANORINUM Anders, Hedwigia 64: TYPE: GERMANY. SACHSEN. Quedlinburg, Flörke, (L, lectotype, fide Runemark, Opera Bot. 2: ). Apparently new to Alaska, but probably overlooked for R. geographicum, from which it differs in having crescent-shaped areoles and containing stictic acid (K yellow) instead of psoromic acid (K ). Borough, Barrow, S end of ITEX wet site, N, W, 0 m, pebble in mound on ridge, 16.vii.2001, Fryday 8258 (MSC). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the Barrow Arctic Research Consortium for inviting me to Barrow, and Craig Tweedie and the rest of the Michigan State University team for providing logistic support during my stay. I also thank P. M. Jørgensen (Bergen) and B. J. Coppins (Edinburgh) for their assistance and contributions to this paper, L. Sliwa (St. Paul and Krakow) and C. M. Wetmore (St. Paul) for identifying my Lecanora dispersa group and Caloplaca vaiabilis collections, respectively, and the curators of BM, FH, and MANCH, and M. R. D. Seaward (Bradford) for their assistance in locating original material of Lecidea lapidicola. Jan Berge (Bergen) took the photograph of F. globigera used for Figure 1. LITERATURE CITED BUCK, W. R.& R. C. HARRIS Epigloea (Epigloeaceae) new to North America. EVANSIA 19: COPPINS, B. J. 1992a. Arthonia Ach. (1806), pp In O. W. Purvis, B. J. Coppins, D. L. Hawksworth, P. W. James & D. M. Moore (eds.), The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum Publications, London b. Megalaria Hafellner (1984), pp In O. W. Purvis, B. J. Coppins, D. L. Hawksworth, P. W. James & D. M. Moore (eds.), The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum Publications, London c. Pyrenocollema Reinke (1885), pp In O. W. Purvis, B. J. Coppins, D. L. Hawksworth, P. W. James & D. M. Moore (eds.), The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum Publications, London. DINGMAN, S. L., R. G. BARRY, G.WELLER, C.BENSON, E. F. LEDREW & C. W. GOODWIN Climate, snow cover, microcilimate, and hydrology, pp In J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen & F. L. Bunnell (eds.), An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska. The Institute of Ecology, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg. DÖBBELER, P Symbiosen zwischen Gallertalgen und Gallertpilzen der Gattung Epigloea (Ascomycetes), pp In H. Hertel & F. Oberwinkler (eds.), Beitrage zur Lichenologie. Festscrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz. EKMAN, S.&T.TøNSBERG A new species of Megalaria from the North American west coast, and notes on the generic circumscription. THE BRYOLOGIST 99: ESSLINGER, T. L A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University: instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm (First Posted 1 December 1997, Most Recent Update 17 July 2002), Fargo, ND. &R.S.EGAN A sixth checklist for the lichen forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. THE BRYOLO- GIST 94: EVERETT, K. R Distribution and variability of soils near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12: FOGG, G. E., W. D. P. STEWART, P.FAY &A.E.WALSBY The Blue-Green Algae. Academic Press, NY. FOX, H. F. & M. J. P. SCANNELL [ 2001 ]. Isaac Carroll ( ): a catalogue of lichens collected in Scandinavia in 1863 housed in the Herbarium, National Botanic Gardens, Dublin. Glasra 4: FRYDAY, A. M New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: GERSPER, P. L., V. ALEXANDER, S. A. BARKLEY, R. J. BARS- DATE & P. S. FLINT The soils and their nutrients, pp In J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen & F. L. Bunnell (eds.), An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska. The Institute of Ecology, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg. GRUBE, M.& J. HAFELLNER Studien an flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen der Sammelgattung Didymella (Ascomycetes, Dothideales). Nova Hedwigia 51: HAUGEN, R. K.& J. BROWN Coastal-inland distributions of summer air temperature and precipitation in northern Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12: HERTEL, H Schlussel fur die Arten der Flechtenfamilie Lecideaceae in Europa, pp In E. E. Farkas, R. Lücking & V. Wirth (eds.), Scripta Lichenologica Lichenological Papers Dedicated to Antonin Vězda. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, J. Cramer, Berlin and Stuttgart On the genus Lecidea (Lecanorales) in southern Chile and Argentina. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32: HITCH, C. J. B Megalaria grossa, p. 59. In C. J. B. Hitch (ed.), New, Rare and Interesting British Lichen and Lichenicolous Fungi Records. British Lichen Society Bulletin 91. JøRGENSEN, P. M Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VI: the taxonomy and phytogeography of Pannaria Del. s. lat. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 76: & M. ZHURBENKO Two new, remarkable, arctic species in the lichen genus Fuscopannaria (Pan-

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