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1 Breeding Triploid Hybrids of Shrub Willow with Improved Yield and Biomass Composition Larry Smart, Associate Professor Cornell University, Dept. of Horticulture New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Geneva, New York, USA h5p://willow.cals.cornell.edu
2 Willow biomass can be a feedstock for biopower, heat, and liquid biofuels Lyonsdale Biomass Power Plant, Lyons Falls, NY Photo: Catalyst Renewables VeraSun Station, Brookings, SD ACT Bioenergy Wood Boiler each with its own optimal biomass composition
3 Shrub Willow Breeding Goals: Yield, yield, yield Pest/disease resistance Density/composition Form: harvesting/cuttings Stress tolerance for marginal sites
4 Breeding Approach: Capture hybrid vigor and combine traits through controlled pollination and species hybridization
5 Breeding Strategy: Exploit the diversity of Salix through hybridization Subgenus Vetrix S. bebbiana Section Fulvae S. viminalis S. miyabeana 4X S. schwerinii S. sachalinensis 6X S. dasyclados S. koriyanagi S. purpurea S. integra S. suchowensis Section Vimen Section Helix S. eriocephala Section Cordatae Compilation of results from US, Canadian, and European breeding programs
6 Inter-specific Hybridizations ~10,000 seedling progeny produced in last 5 years at Cornell F 1 hybrids S. integra x S. purpurea S. cordata x S. eriocephala S. purpurea x S. eriocephala S. purpurea x S. viminalis S. purpurea x S. sachalinensis S. purpurea x S. gilgiana S. purpurea x S. suchowensis S. koriyanagi x S. purpurea S. koriyanagi x S. integra S. koriyanagi x S. miyabeana S. viminalis x S. miyabeana S. viminalis x S. eriocephala S. x dasyclados x S. miyabeana S. x dasyclados x S. eriocephala S. x dasyclados x S. viminalis S. eriocephala x S. purpurea S. matsudana x S. alba S. sachalinensis x S. eriocephala S. sericea x S. purpurea S. sericea x S. eriocephala S. sericea x S. sachalinensis S. discolor x S. cinerea S. discolor x S. eriocephala S. miyabeana x S. suchowensis S. miyabeana x S. dasyclados S. integra x S. suchowensis S. alberti x S. purpurea S. alberti x S. miyabeana S. alberti x S. viminalis Multi-species hybrids S. viminalis x (S. purpurea x S. miyabeana) S. viminalis x (S. viminalis x S. miyabeana) S. purpurea x (S. purpurea x S. miyabeana) S. purpurea x (S. viminalis x S. miyabeana) (S. viminalis x S. schwerinii) x S. cinerea S. miyabeana x (S. purpurea x S. miyabeana) (S. kori x S. pur) x S. miyabeana (S. kori x S. pur) x S. suchowensis (S. kori x S. pur) x (S. kori x S. pur) (S. pur x S. sach) x (S. pur x S. sach) (S. suchowensis x S. viminalis) x S. purpurea (S. suchowensis x S. viminalis) x S. miya S. miya x (S. vim x (S. schwerinii x S. vim)) (S. alberti x S. leocopithecia) x S. miya (S. alberti x (S. integra x S. such)) x S. miya (S. alberti x (S. integra x S. such)) x S. pur (S. integra x S. suchowensis) x S. purpurea (S. integra x S. suchowensis) x S. such (S. integra x S. suchowensis) x S. purpurea S. purpurea x ((S. kori x S. pur) x S. such) S. vim x (S. vim x (S. schw x S. vim)) x S. miya
7 Selection and Scale-up Strategy Controlled pollinations - start seeds in gr chamber - transplant to greenhouse Plant seedlings in field 1,000 s Single-plant plots in family rows 2-3 years Select, propagate Single site, replicated, multi-plant plots Select years Yield Trials
8 Selection and Scale-up Strategy Controlled pollinations - start seeds in chamber - transplant to greenhouse Plant seedlings in field Single-plant plots in family rows Propagate all in families 284 clones, 4 reps 3-plant plots 1085 clones, 4 reps 3-plant plots
9 2008 Genetic Selection Trial - Geneva, NY 24-plant plots, 3 replicates, 75 clones Biomass harvested from middle 8 plants in Dec. 2011
10 2008 Genetic Selection Trial - Geneva, NY 6 new genotypes ranked higher than SX61 Top genotype produced 21% greater yield 20 SX61 Dry biomass (Mg ha -1 yr -1 ) DIPLOIDS = 8.3 dry Mg ha -1 yr -1 (n=39) TRIPLOIDS = 12.7 dry Mg ha -1 yr -1 (n=26) TETRAPLOIDS = 12.5 dry Mg ha -1 yr -1 (n=9) PENTAPLOIDS (n=2) Serapiglia et al (2014) BMC Plant Biol. 14:74, doi: /
11 2008 Genetic Selection Trial - Geneva, NY Third-year cellulose content positively correlated with yield strongly negatively correlated with lignin and ash not significantly different by ploidy Diploid Triploid Tetraploid
12 2008 Genetic Selection Trial - Geneva, NY Third-year lignin content negatively correlated with yield and height negatively correlated with cellulose, positively with ash significantly lower in triploids and tetraploids Diploid Triploid Tetraploid
13 2008 Genetic Selection Trial - Geneva, NY Third-year lignin S:G ratio positively correlated with yield, height, density, cellulose negatively correlated with lignin and ash only one rep analyzed from year 3 due to cost Diploid Triploid Tetraploid
14 Mean of Top Five New vs. Current Cultivars = 15% increase Dry biomass (Mg ha -1 yr -1 ) NEW x = 16.0 CURRENT x = X X X X X SX67 SX61 SV1 SX64 Sherburne DIPLOIDS (2X) Genotype TRIPLOIDS (3X) TETRAPLOIDS (4X)
15 NEWBio Regional Trials Yield Trials (24 cultivars, 48 plant plots) - two sites are reclaimed mine land - one site paired amended/unamended
16 Long-term Triploid Breeding Strategy: Population improvement of diploids and tetraploids Crossing blocks, half-sib seed collected in the field Foundation Unimproved Improved, = unimproved tetraploids = unimproved tetraploids = unimproved diploids = improved tetraploids = improved diploids
17 Conclusions We can capture hybrid vigor in willow through hybridization of diverse species. Natural variation in ploidy among Salix spp. can be exploited to produce triploid progeny. Biomass composition traits vary significantly among diverse genotypes and are correlated with yield and height; some traits differ by ploidy. Most promising commercial cultivars are triploid and are essentially sterile.
18 Thanks to Michelle Serapiglia Fred Gouker Eric Fabio Craig Carlson Art Stipanovic (ESF) Shawn Mansfield (UBC) Ray Miller (MSU) Steve DiFazio (WVU) Tim Volk (ESF) Armen Kemanian (PSU) Marvin Hall (PSU) United States Department of Energy h"p:// h"p://willow.cals.cornell.edu
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