Results of the Energy Doubler Experiment at SLAC

Results of the Energy Doubler Experiment at SLAC Mark Hogan 22nd Particle Accelerator Conference 2007 June 27, 2007 Work supported by Department of Energy contracts DE-AC02-76SF00515 (SLAC), DE-FG03-92ER40745, DE-FG03-98DP00211, DE- FG03-92ER40727, DE-AC-0376SF0098, and National Science Foundation grants No. ECS-9632735, DMS-9722121 and PHY-0078715.

Why Plasma Accelerators? Laser Wake Field Accelerator A single short-pulse of photons T. Tajima and J. M. Dawson Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 267-270 (1979) Plasma Wake Field Accelerator A high energy electron bunch P. Chen et.al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 693-696 (1985) V gr Drive beam Large wake for: laser amplitude a o =ee o /mω o c ~ 1 or beam density n b ~ n o Accelerating Field: 30GeV/m(10 17 /n o ) 1/2 Trailing beam Wake: phase velocity = driver velocity

Plasma Accelerators Showing Great Promise! Laser Driven Plasma Accelerators: Accelerating Gradients > 100GeV/m (measured) Narrow Energy Spread Bunches Interaction Length limited to cm s Beam Driven Plasma Accelerators: CERN COURIER Doubling energy in a plasma wake ASTRONOMY LHC FOCUS COSMIC RAYS Large Gradients: Accelerating Gradients > 50 GeV/m (measured!) Focusing Gradients > MT/m Interaction Length not limited Unique SLAC Facilities: FFTB High Beam Energy Short Bunch Length High Peak Current Power Density e- & e+ Scientific Question: Can one make & sustain high gradients in plasmas for lengths that give significant energy gain?

Plasma Accelerators Showing Great Promise! 10 11 10 10 E 167 E 164XX Laser Driven Plasma Accelerators: Accelerating Gradients > 100GeV/m (measured) Narrow Energy Spread Bunches Interaction Length limited to mm s Particle Energy / ev 10 9 10 8 10 7 UCLA KEK ILE RAL E 164X L OASIS E 162 (e ) LOA LOA L OASIS RAL E 162 (e+) LLNL 10 6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Beam Driven Plasma Accelerators: Large Gradients: Accelerating Gradients > 30 GeV/m (measured!) Focusing Gradients > MT/m Interaction Length not limited Unique SLAC Facilities: FFTB High Beam Energy Short Bunch Length High Peak Current Power Density e- & e+ Scientific Question: Can one make & sustain high gradients in plasmas for lengths that give significant energy gain?

1 Beam Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator Defocusing PLASMA WAKEFIELD (e ) Focusing (E r ) Accelerating Decelerating (E z ) --- -- - - - - - - - - ---- - -- -------- -- -- - ---- - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - -- - -- -- - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- - - - - -- ------- - -- --- - - - - - - - -- - - --- -- - -- --- - electron beam Plasma wave/wake excited by a relativistic particle bunch Plasma e - expelled by space charge forces => energy loss (ion channel formation r c!(n b /n e ) 1/2! r + focusing Plasma e - rush back on axis => energy gain Linear scaling: E acc!110(mev / m) @ k pe! z!"2 N 2 "10 10 # z / 0.6mm ( ) 2! 1/! z 2 Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) = Transformer Booster for high energy accelerator + + ++ + + + + drive (>MT/m) (>GeV/m) U C

1 Beam Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator Defocusing PLASMA WAKEFIELD (e ) Focusing (E r ) Accelerating Decelerating (E z ) --- -- - - - - - - - - ---- - -- -------- -- -- - ---- - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - -- - -- -- - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + single + bunch drive -+ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- - - - - -- ------- - -- --- - - - - - - - -- - - --- -- - -- --- - electron beam Plasma wave/wake excited by a relativistic particle bunch Plasma e - expelled by space charge forces => energy loss (ion channel formation r c!(n b /n e ) 1/2! r + focusing Plasma e - rush back on axis => energy gain Linear scaling: E acc!110(mev / m) @ k pe! z!"2 N 2 "10 10 # z / 0.6mm ( ) 2! 1/! z 2 Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) = Transformer Booster for high energy accelerator + + ++ + + + (>MT/m) (>GeV/m) U C

Plasma Wakefield Acceleration at SLAC Experiments Located in the FFTB FFTB e - N=1.8 10 10 σ z > 12µm E=28.5 or 42 GeV Energy Spectrum X-ray Coherent Transition Radiation and Interferometer Li Plasma n e 0-10 18 cm -3 L 10-120 cm Plasma light Optical Transition Radiators y x z Imaging Cherenkov Spectrometer Radiator 25m Cdt X-Ray Diagnostic, e-/e + Production Dump FFTB

E-157/162 Beam-Plasma Experimental Results 300 σ 0 Plasma Entrance =50 µm Focusing e - X-ray Generation Wakefield Acceleration e - σ X DS OTR (µm) 250 200 150 100 ε N =12 10-5 (m rad) β 0 =1.16m 50 05160cedFIT.graph 0-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 ψ=k*l n 1/2 e L Phase Advance Ψ n e 1/2 L Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 154801 (2002) Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 135004 (2002) Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 014802 (2004) σ x (µm) 600 500 400 300 Matching e - L=1.4 m σ 0 =14 µm ε N =18 10-5 m-rad β 0 =6.1 cm α 0 =-0.6 Plasma OFF Plasma ON Envelope Electron Beam Refraction at the Gas Plasma Boundary θ 1/sinφ Wakefield Acceleration e + 200 100 0 BetatronFitShortBetaXPSI.graph 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Phase Advance Ψ n 1/2 e L Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 014802 (2004) θ φ Nature 411, 43 (3 May 2001) o BPM Data Model Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 214801 (2003)

Short Bunch Generation in the SLAC Linac 50 ps RTL Damping Ring SLAC Linac FFTB 1 GeV 9 ps 0.4 ps 20-50 GeV <100 fs Add 12-meter chicane compressor in linac at 1/3-point (9 GeV) Existing bends compress to <100 fsec 1.5% Plasma 30 kamps 28.5 GeV 80 fsec FWHM

Short Bunch Generation in the SLAC Linac 50 ps Damping Ring RTL SLAC Linac FFTB 1 GeV 9 ps 0.4 ps 20-50 GeV <100 fs Add 12-meter chicane compressor in linac at 1/3-point (9 GeV) Existing bends compress to <100 fsec 1.5% Plasma 30 kamps 2.2 2 R56 = 1.4 mm 2! : 20 28.5 GeV 80 fsec FWHM Autocorrelator Value (arb) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 " : 26.2 µm Asym : 0.54 Poles: 3 # : 0.21 THz 0.8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 FRPMS063 Ian Blumenfeld Distance in autocorrelator (mm)

Plasma Source Starts with Metal Vapor in a Heat-Pipe Oven Optical Window Heater Wick Optical Window Boundary Layers He Li He He Cooling Jacket Insulation Cooling Jacket Boundary Layers Pump 0 0 z L Peak Field For A Gaussian Bunch: E = 6GV /m N 2x10 10 20µ σ r 100µ σ z Ionization Rate for Li: See D. Bruhwiler et al, Physics of Plasmas 2003 Space charge fields are high enough to field (tunnel) ionize - no laser! - No timing or alignment issues - However, can t just turn it off! - Plasma recombination not an issue - Ablation of the head

E-167: Energy Doubling with a Plasma Wakefield Accelerator in the FFTB Linac running all out to deliver compressed 42GeV Electron Bunches to the plasma Record Energy Gain Highest Energy Electrons Ever Produced @ SLAC Significant Advance in Demonstrating Potential of Plasma Accelerators Some electrons double their energy in 84cm! Nature 445 741 15-Feb-2007 FRPMS067 Rasmus Ischebeck

Can you just make the plasma longer? Plasma Length = 84cm Plasma Length = 113cm Energy [GeV] Energy [GeV] THPMS033 Patric Muggli THPMS040 Ian Blumenfeld

Energy Gain Limited by Head Erosion THPMS029 Miaomiao Zhou Near term solution will likely involve either a low density pre-ionization or integrated permanent magnet focusing. Longer term get a better emittance

New Phenomena: Trapped Particles Electrons Are Trapped at He Boundaries and Accelerated Out of the Plasma Mask Two Main Features 4 times more charge >10 4 more light! Li Oven Heaters Dipole Plasma Light Spectrograph Two energy populations (MeV & GeV) Note: Primary beam is also radiating!

Trapped Particles Have Short Time Structure Visible Light Spectrum Indicates Time Structure of Trapped Electrons τδω = 2π Bunch Spacing = cτ 70 µ, plasma wavelength, λ p = 64 µ. OSIRIS Simulations: He electrons in several buckets Spaced at plasma wavelength Bunch length ~fs

Trapped Particles Energy [GeV] 42 27 20 16 04042de #19 High Brightness Electron Source? Multi-GeV Energy fs pulse length Normalized Emittance 10 smaller than the drive beam Drive Beam log 10 (ε N [m]) 4.5 5 5.5 4.5 FRPMS070 Neil Kirby Contour Plot B dl = 0.27 Tm log 10 (ε N [m]) 5 5.5 Contour Plot B dl = 1.2 13 100 150 200 Trapped Electrons 6 Emittance Data Resolution Limit 6.5 10 15 20 Energy [GeV] 6.5 0 5 10 15 20 Energy [GeV] Designing next generation experiments to better understand and produce more of them! 6 Em Res

Study Trapped Particles with OSIRIS Simulations Can Be Optimized by Varying Beam and Plasma Parameters 2µm FWHM! Helium Lithium Trapped Particles Drive Beam THPMS035 Erdem Oz Ionization level Ionization Energy (ev) He Li Ar 1st 24.587 5.392 15.759 2nd 54.416 75.638 27.629 3rd 122.451 40.74

What s Next? Next generation experiments will focus on two major themes: Two Bunch Experiments Accelerate an electron bunch with narrow energy spread and preserved emittance not just particles High Gradient Positron Acceleration Need both for a collider Two bunch positron experiments will follow

Recall Why We Want Drive + Witness Bunch 1 Defocusing PLASMA WAKEFIELD (e ) Focusing (E r ) Accelerating Decelerating (E z ) --- -- - - - - - - - - ---- - -- -------- -- -- - ---- - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - -- - -- -- - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- - - - - -- ------- - -- --- - - - - - - - -- - - --- -- - -- --- - electron beam Plasma wave/wake excited by a relativistic particle bunch Plasma e - expelled by space charge forces => energy loss (ion channel formation r c!(n b /n e ) 1/2! r + focusing Plasma e - rush back on axis => energy gain Linear scaling: E acc!110(mev / m) @ k pe! z!"2 N 2 "10 10 # z / 0.6mm ( ) 2! 1/! z 2 Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) = Transformer Booster for high energy accelerator + + ++ + + + + drive U C

Recall Why We Want Drive + Witness Bunch 1 PLASMA WAKEFIELD (e ) Simulations by C. Huang, UCLA Defocusing Focusing (E r ) Accelerating Decelerating (E z ) --- -- - - - - - - - - ---- - -- -------- -- -- - ---- - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - -- - -- -- - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- - - - - -- ------- - -- --- - - - - - - - -- - - --- -- - -- --- - electron beam Plasma wave/wake excited by a relativistic particle bunch Plasma e - expelled by space charge forces => energy loss (ion channel formation r c!(n b /n e ) 1/2! r + focusing Plasma e - rush back on axis => energy gain Linear scaling: E acc!110(mev / m) @ k pe! z!"2 N 2 "10 10 # z / 0.6mm ( ) 2! 1/! z 2 Plasma Doubling Wakefield 500GeV Accelerator in 30m! (PWFA) (simulation) = Transformer Booster for high energy accelerator + + ++ + + + + drive THPAS053 Chengkun Huang U C

Creating Two Bunches: Use a Notch Collimator Courtesy P. Emma

Creating Two Bunches: Use a Notch Collimator Exploit Position-Time Correlation on e - bunch to create separate drive and witness bunch Access to time coordinate along bunch

Creating Two Bunches: Use a Notch Collimator Exploit Position-Time Correlation on e - bunch to create separate drive and witness bunch x ΔE/E t Access to time coordinate along bunch 1. Insert tantalum blade as notch collimator

Change Incoming Chirp to Change Bunches

Test of Notch Collimator - December 2005 Energy Spectrum Before Plasma: High Energy Low Energy Energy Spectrum After Plasma: Energy Gain Ta Blade 100-300µm Wide 1.6cm Long (4 X0) Energy Loss Shot # (Time) Acceleration correlates with collimator location (Energy) No signature of temporally narrow witness bunch - yet! Collimated spectra more complicated than anticipated Will be a major component of long term program @ SABER The only technique that will work for positrons too! M. J. Hogan PAC2007 June 27, 2007

Redesigned Collimator in Linac Chicane ELEGANT & SHOWER (EGS4) Simulations FFTB provided better access for test than the linac chicane (LBCC) 1D simulations not adequate 3D models using ELEGANT & SHOWER (EGS4) reproduce measured spectra from tests in 2005 Simulations show can create two bunches in the chicane! Only technique that will work for both e- & e+ Collimator optimization in progress Energy Energy FFTB LBCC Time Time drive bunch FFTB LBCC witness bunch THPMS034 Patric Muggli

PWFA Mechanism Different For A Positron Beam e - e + Z Z Blow-out electron Flow-in positron

PWFA Mechanism Different For A Positron Beam e - e + Z Z Blow-out electron Flow-in positron Positron Focusing varies with radius e - 50 100 150 200 250 n e =0 n e!10 14 cm -3 2mm 50 100 150 200 250 Ideal Plasma Lens in Blow-Out Regime 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 300 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 e + 50 100 150 200 2mm 50 100 150 200 Plasma Lens with Aberrations 250 250 300 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 E-162 Data

PWFA Mechanism Different For A Positron Beam e - e + Z Z Blow-out electron Flow-in positron Positron Focusing varies with radius and position along the bunch e - 50 100 150 200 250 n e =0 n e!10 14 cm -3 2mm 50 100 150 200 250 Ideal Plasma Lens in Blow-Out Regime 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 300 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 e + 50 100 150 200 2mm 50 100 150 200 Plasma Lens with Aberrations 250 250 300 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 E-162 Data

PWFA Mechanism Different For A Positron Beam Although the wakes are more complicated, have demonstrated positron acceleration with long bunches and low density (E-162)

PWFA Mechanism Different For A Positron Beam Although the wakes are more complicated, have demonstrated positron acceleration with long bunches and low density (E-162) A Compelling Question: Can the large amplitude wakes measured for electrons be created and sustained for a positron drive beam? Evolution of a positron beam/wakefield and final energy gain in a self-ionized plasma 5.7GeV in 39cm Will require iteration with plasma source development to minimize emittance growth (hollow channel plasma?) N b = 8.79 10 9, σ r =11µm, σ z =19.55µm, n p =1.8 10 17 cm 3

Future Experiments Require a New Facility: SABER Beam Transport Hall (previously FFTB*) Linac * Final Focus Test Beam Facing West B. Hall

Conclusions:

Conclusions: Exciting Time for Plasma Wakefield Experiments Plasma Wakefield Accelerators have demonstrated gradients >50GeV/m and energy gain >40GeV

Conclusions: Exciting Time for Plasma Wakefield Experiments Plasma Wakefield Accelerators have demonstrated gradients >50GeV/m and energy gain >40GeV Field-Ionized plasma production allows for long, uniform, high-density plasmas Interesting new phenomena: trapped particles etc Much more work to be done: Instabilities, Ion motion etc under extreme beams Accelerate a second bunch (not just particles) with narrow energy spread and good emittance High-gradient positron acceleration mitigating emittance growth