Veilleux! see MBW 10.4.3! 23! 24!
MBW pg 488-491! 25! But simple closed-box model works well for bulge of Milky Way! Outflow and/or accretion is needed to explain!!!metallicity distribution of stars in Milky Way disk!!mass-metallicity relation of local star-forming galaxies!! Metallicity-radius relation in disk galaxies!! Merger-induced starburst galaxies!!mass-metallicity relation in distant star-forming galaxies! Galactic bulge metallicity distributions of stars S&G fig 4.16- solid line is closed box model! 26!
Metallicity from gas! Veilleux! 27! New Results! see arxiv:1710.11135the mass-metallicity relations for gas and stars in star-forming galaxies: strong outflow vs variable IMF, Lian et al! Find that the dependence on metallicity vs stellar mass is different for the gas vs stars!! Lots of figures showing effects of outflow, inflow and varying IMF! Conclude "among all the parameters, only two scenarios fit the observations,! a strong metal outflow or! a steep IMF slope at early times! 28!
The mass-weighted stellar metallicities of starforming galaxies are much lower than their gas metallicities. With the difference increasing at low mass! Since gas metallicity represents the current metal abundance of a galaxy while stellar! metallicity carries information about metal enrichment at early epochs, this result implies significant metallicity evolution at early times at low metallicity! Lian et al 2017! Either enhanced metal outflows or steeper! IMF slopes at early times, are required! to match the observed difference! 29!! 30!
31! 32!
Magellanic Clouds! Satellites of the MW: potentially dynamics of SMC and LMC and the Magellanic stream can allow detailed measurement of mass of the MW.! Magellanic stream! -tidally removed gas??! LMC D~50kpc M gas ~ 0.6x10 9 M! (~10% of Milky Way)Supernova rate ~0.2 of Milky Way! Density if gas! velocity of gas 33!!! Magellanic Clouds! Position of LMC and SMC over time- in full up dynamical model;! no merger with MW in 2 Gyrs! Distance of LMC and! SMC from MW over time! R.C. Bruens! Separation of LMC and! SMC over time! 34!
Dynamical Friction MBW pg 553! When an object of mass M S (hereafter the subject mass) moves through a large collisionless system whose constituent particles (stars) have mass m <<M S, it experiences a drag force, called dynamical friction! This transfers energy and momentum from the subject mass to the field particles.! Fundamentally this can be related to the fact that two-body encounters cause particles to exchange energies in such a way that the system evolves towards thermodynamic equilibrium.! Thus, in a system with multiple populations, each with a different particle mass m i, two-body encounters drive the system towards equipartition, in which the mean kinetic energy per particle is locally the same for each population! Alternative explanation: moving subject mass perturbs the distribution of field particles causing a trailing enhancement (or wake ) and the gravitational force of this wake on the subject mass M S then slows it down.! 35! Why Important??! Accurate estimates of the effects of dynamical friction and the timescale for an orbiting satellite to lose its energy and angular momentum to merge with a host are essential for many astrophysical problems.! the growth of galaxies depends on their dynamical evolution within larger dark matter halos.! dynamical friction provides a critical link between dark matter halo mergers and the galaxy mergers that determine, e.g., stellar masses, supermassive black hole masses, galaxy colors, and galaxy morphologies. (Boylan-Kolchin et al 2007)! 36!
Analytic Estimate How Fast Will Local Group Merge?! Dynamical friction (S+G 7.1.1, MBW sec 12.3 )-occurs when an object has a relative velocity wrt to a "stationary set of masses". The moving stars are deflected slightly, producing a higher density 'downstream'- producing a net drag on the moving particles! Net force =Mdv/dt~ C G 2 M 2 ρ/v 2 for particles of equal mass -so time to 'lose' significant energy-timescale for dynamical friction-slower galaxy moves larger its deacceleration! t friction ~V/(dv/dt)~V 3 /4πG 2 MmρlnΛ$ Μ 10 10 Μ;m=1Μ; ρ 3x10 4 Μ/pc 3 Galactic density at distance of LMC (problem 7.6) $ $ putting in typical values t friction ~3Gyrs! 37! Dynamical Friction Derivation pg 285 S&G! As M moves past it gets a change in velocity in the perdicular direction! δv=2gm/bv (in the limit that b >>2G(M+m)/V 2! momentum is conserved so change in kinetic energy in the perpendicular direction is! δ(ke)=(m/2)(2gm/bv) 2 +(m/2)(2gm/ bv) 2 =! 2G 2 mm(m+m)/b 2 V 2 (eq 7.5 S&G)! δv~[2g 2 m(m+m)/b 2 V 3 ]! and dv/dt~4πg 2[ (M+m)/V 2 ]!! notice that the smaller object acquires the most energy which can only come from the forward motion of galaxy M! 38!
However Chandrasekar's derivation had to make certain assumptions which turn out not be be completely valid.! Recently Boylan-Kolchin et al (2007) showed that the timescales were too short by factors of 1.7-3.5 depending on the ratio of the masses.! Dynamical Friction! 39! Dynamical Friction-cont! basically this process allows the exchange of energy between a smaller 'incoming' mass and the larger host galaxy! The smaller object acquires more energy! -removes energy from the directed motion small particles (e.g. stars) and transfers it to random motion (heat) - incoming galaxy 'bloats' and it loses stars.! It is not identical to hydrodynamic drag in the low velocity limit the force is ~velocity, while in the high limit is goes as v -2! It is also independent of the mass of the particles but depends on their total densitye.g. massive satellite slowed more quickly than a small one! 40!
Depends sensitively on LMC orbit and model of MW potential-! At the Clouds presentday position, a large fraction of their observed line of sight and proper motion speeds are due to the Sun s motion around the Galactic center!! The origin of the Magellanic Clouds is still an enigma as they are the only blue, gasrich irregulars in the local group.! LMC Merger??! K. Johnston! 41! Need distance to convert angular coordi to physical units! Dynamical friction vectors-! depend on shape and size of MW dark halo!! To get orbit of MCs need all 6! quantitites (x,y,z) and v x,v y,v z! measure positon and radial velocity easy! tangent velocity is hard! recent results differ a lo! v x,v y,v z [km/s] 41±44, -200±31, 169±37! 42!
Distance to LMC! LMC is unique in that many Cepheids can be detected in a galaxy with rather different metallicity with no effect of crowding! distance modulus, µ,(log d=1+µ/5) pc! LMC µ= 18.48 ± 0.04 mag; (49.65 Kpc)! absolute mag in each band! log Period (days)! Relative probability! LMC Distance Modulus! This sets the distance scale for! comparison with Cepheids in nearby! galaxies (Freedman+Madore 2010)! 43! LMC and SMC are only galaxies, other than MW, for which γ-ray images exist.! Look for correlations with sites of CR acceleration and/or for dense gas which the CRs interact with to produce γ-rays.! Spitzer Image of LMC Cosmic Rays and γ-rays! γ-ray Map of LMC! γ-ray intensity scale 44!!
LMC Cosmic Rays and γ-rays! γ-ray emission correlates with massive star forming regions and not with the gas distribution (simulated images if the γ-ray emission was distributed like the source)! Compactness of emission regions suggests little CR diffusion! 30 Doradus star forming region is a bright source of gamma rays and very likely a cosmic-ray accelerator! γ-ray emission poorly correlated with dense gas (!)! Dermer 2011! 45! Dwarf Galaxies! As we will discuss later one of the main problems with the present cold dark matter (CDM) paradigm for galaxy formation is the relative absence of small, low mass galaxies! It is only in the local group that such systems can be discovered and studied! they are the most dark matter dominated of all objects- and the smallest and least luminous galaxies known.! very faint and very low surface brightness, very hard to find (Walker 2012).! Many people believe that some dwarf spheroidals are 'relics' of the early universe! 46!
Number of Satellites around MW- Observed vs Theoretical! Number of satellites vs their circular velocity: theory - between black lines! red points observed objects (Klypin 2010)- order of magnitude discrepancy at low masses?!! Odd property that satellites all have same mass, but 10 5 range in luminosity! 47! Where are the Satellites of MW-Bullock 2010! Know satellites of MW within 100kpc-left! Right- CDM simulation of LG/ MW halo- cones show where sample of dwarfs is complete-sdss data, only in the north! 48!
Dwarfs! Have VERY low internal velocity dispersion~10km/sec, r scale ~50-1000pc! IF mass follows light- very dark matter dominated- but precise mass is not well determined even with ~3000 stars individually measured (!)! - using Jeans method: all solutions (different! shapes of the potential or orbital distributions) are ok!! 49! Dwarfs Have Very High Mass to Light Ratios! The lower the absolute luminosity of local group dwarfs the higher the mass to light ratio! (McConnachie 2012)! Since we know a lot about the stars this is not due to a strange stellar population!! Indicates extreme dark matter dominance! M V! 50!
Dwarfs! They are detected as overdensities of intrinsically bright red giant stars! which detectable as point sources with m V <21 mag out to distances of ~0.5 Mpc- (modern large telescopes can reach 4 mags fainter; - since red giants have a 'unique' luminosity can use them as distance selector)! the ultrafaint satellites discovered with SDSS data are not apparent to the eye, even in deep images- detected by correlating spatial overdensities with overdensities in colormagnitude space! the low surface densities of dsphs imply internal relaxation timescales of >10 3 Hubble times! 27 are known in M31! Image of Boo I! 51! Local Group Summary! What is important! local group enables detailed studies of objects which might be representative of the rest of the universe (e.g CMDs of individual stars to get SF history, spectra of stars to get metallicity, origin of cosmic rays etc)! wide variety of objects -2 giant spirals, lots of dwarfs! chemical composition of other galaxies in local group (focused on dwarfs and satellites of the MW) similar in gross terms, different in detail; indications of non-gravitational effects (winds); went thru 'closed box' and 'leaky box' approximations, allowed analytic estimate of chemical abundance distribution and its evolution.! dynamics of satellites of MW (Magellanic clouds) clues to their formation, history and amount of dark matter! dwarfs are the most dark matter dominated galaxies we know of- closeness allows detailed analysis.! dwarf galaxy 'problem' are there enough low mass dwarfs around MW??- leads to discussion later in class about galaxy formation and Cold dark matter models! 52!