1. oncept of Energy a) Energy: quantity that is often understood as the on a physical system. b) We observe only the effects of energy when something is happening. When energy is being, or when energy is being. g) Exercise: box rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. girl pushes on the box with a force of 18 N to the right and a boy pushes on the box with a force of 12 N to the left. The box moves 4.0 m to the right. Find the work done by (a) the girl, (b) the boy, and (c) the net force. 2. Work a) Definition of Work: Work = x, Formula:. Unit of work: or ( ). 1 kj = J, 1 J = J. b) Work is a quantity and it is independent of. c) Two ways to do work: 3. Work and Impulse omparison a) Impulse (J) = x. Impulse changes the of a system. Unit of impulse: b) Work (W) = x. Work changes the of a system. Unit of work: or. c) Work and Force with an ngle: (1) (2) d) Example: n 80 N force has been applied to a block and move it 20 m along the direction of the force. How much work has been done to the block? Work (W) =. d) Exercise: If 100 N force has 30 o angle pulling on 15 kg block for 5 m. What s the work? e) Exercise: alculate the work done when a 20-N force pushes a cart 3.5 m. f) Exercise: How much work is required to lift a 360 kilogram piano to a window whose height is 10 meters from the ground? e) Positive or Negative Work: an does work by lifting a box. an does work by lowering a box. Earth does work when the box is lowered. Earth does work when the box is raised. r. Lin 1
4. Power a) Definition of Power: h) Example: 500N force is applied to an object. If the object travels with a constant velocity of 20 meters per second, calculate the power expended on the object. Power = /, Formula:. Unit of power: or ( ). 1 kw = W, 1 W = W. i) Exercise: n elevator must lift 1000 kg a distance of 100 m at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the average power the elevator exerts during this trip? b) When W is in the equation, it means ; when W is in the unit, W means. c) In metric system of units, automobiles are rated in kilowatts; in the US, we rate engines in units of horsepower (hp). d) 1 hp = kw, or 134 hp = kw e) Example: alculate the power expended when a 500 N barbell is lifted 2.2 m in 2 s. 5. echanical Energy a) Two most common forms of mechanical energy: (1) ( ) (2) ( ) echanical energy can be in the form of either one, or the sum of the two. 6. Potential Energy a) Definition of potential energy: f) Exercise: n escalator is used to move 20 passengers every minute from the first floor of a department store to the second. The second floor is located 5-meters above the first floor. The average passenger's mass is 60 kg. Determine the power requirement of the escalator in order to move this number of passengers in this amount of time b) Examples of potential energy: c) Gravitational Potential Energy ( ): g) lternative Definition of Power: Power = x, Formula:. Proof: d) The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is equal to Gravitational Potential Energy = x GPE (or PE) = = r. Lin 2
e) The gravitation potential energy does not depends on. f) Unit of GPE: = ( ). g) Example: The floor of the basement of a house is 3.0 m below ground level, and the floor of the attic is 5.0 m above ground level. What is the change in potential energy if an 2.0 kg object in the attic is brought to the basement? c) Exercise: It requires a force of 594.55 N to stretch a certain linear spring 0.15 m. What is the constant for this spring? d) Spring Potential Energy ( ) h) Exercise: box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on a shelf. If the box gains 145J of Potential Energy (PE), how high is the shelf? Formula: Proof: i) Exercise: man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of potential energy. What is the mass of the man? e) Example: Vincent's mountain bike has a spring with a constant of 64 N/m in the front-wheel suspension, and it compressed 0.17m when she hit a bump. How much energy does the front spring now store? 7. Spring Potential Energy a) Hooke s Law: f) Exercise: spring has a potential energy of 22.14 J and a constant of 676.96 N/m. How far has it been stretched? Formula: k x b) Example: linear spring has a constant of 377.16 N/m. How much force is necessary to stretch it 0.39 m? 8. Kinetic Energy a) Definition of potential energy ( ) b) The kinetic energy of an object depends on the and of the object. KE = r. Lin 3
Proof: b) Example: skater of mass 60 kg has an initial velocity of 12 m/s. He slides on ice where the frictional force is 36 N. How far will the skater slide before he stops? c) Unit of KE: = ( ). d) Example: 3 kg ball is rolling 2 m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have? c) Exercise: When a small brass ball is dropped into soft clay, it makes a dent. If the ball hits with twice the speed, what the dent of the clay will be? e) Exercise: Determine the kinetic energy of a 500- kg roller coaster car that is moving with a speed of 20 m/s. If the roller coaster car were moving with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy? d) Exercise: When a small brass ball is dropped into soft clay, it makes a dent. If the ball hits with twice the speed, what the dent of the clay will be? f) Exercise: issy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling rother's ircus, had a kinetic energy of 12000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If issy's mass is 40 kg, then what is her speed? 10. onservation of Energy a) Law of conservation of energy: g) Exercise: If the speed of an object is doubled, its kinetic energy is. It takes the work to double the speed. It takes of work to stop a double-speed object. 9. Work-Energy Theorem: a) Definition: b) Total Energy at point = Total Energy at point + = + + = + c) Exercise: diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed 5.00 m above the water surface Formula: r. Lin 4
d) Exercise: diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed right above the water surface e) Exercise: skier slides down the frictionless slope as shown. What is the skier s speed at the bottom? h) mass,, is hung from a spring and reaches equilibrium at position. The mass is then raised to position and released. The mass oscillates between positions and. (a) t which position (,, or ) is mass located when the kinetic energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. (b) t which position is mass located when the gravitational potential energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. (c) t which position is mass located when the elastic potential energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. f) Exercise: Three identical balls are thrown from the top of a building with the same initial speed. Initially, all 1 moves horizontally. all 2 moves upward. all 3 moves downward. Neglecting air resistance, which ball has the fastest speed when it hits the ground? i) rollercoaster cart leaves point at a speed of 4 m/s, passes through point on the ground, and reaches point at a speed of 6 m/s. The total mass of the cart assembly and the passengers are 300 kg, (a) What is the speed of the cart at point? (b) What is the height of point? 4 m/s 6 m/s 4 m g) Exercise: Tarzan swings from a vine whose length is 12 m. If Tarzan starts at an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the vertical and has no initial speed, what is his speed at the bottom of the arc? j) The length of the ropes on a playground swing is 2.0 m. (a) What is the maximum speed attainable on the swing if the maximum value of θ is 60 o? (b) If a 50-kg person is playing the swing, what is the maximum kinetic energy he can attain? θ 2 m r. Lin 5
Show all work for the following questions, including the equation and substitution with units. 1. n 80 N force has been applied to a block and move it 20 m along the direction of the force. How much work has been done to the block? 10. The floor of the basement of a house is 3.0 m below ground level, and the floor of the attic is 5.0 m above ground level. What is the change in potential energy if a 2.0 kg object in the attic is brought to the basement? 2. alculate the work done when a 20-N force pushes a cart 3.5 m? 3. How much work is required to lift a 360 kilogram piano to a window whose height is 10 meters from the ground? 4. box rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. girl pushes on the box with a force of 18 N to the right and a boy pushes on the box with a force of 12 N to the left. The box moves 4.0 m to the right. Find the work done by (a) the girl, (b) the boy, and (c) the net force. 11. box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on a shelf. If the box gains 145J of Potential Energy (PE), how high is the shelf? 12. man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of potential energy. What is the mass of the man? 13. linear spring has a constant of 377.16 N/m. How much force is necessary to stretch it 0.39 m? 14. It requires a force of 594.55 N to stretch a certain linear spring 0.15 m. What is the constant for this spring? 5. If 100 N force has 30 o angle pulling on 15 kg block for 5 m. What s the work? 6. alculate the power expended when a 500 N barbell is lifted 2.2 m in 2 s. 15. Vincent's mountain bike has a spring with a constant of 64 N/m in the front-wheel suspension, and it compressed 0.17m when she hit a bump. How much energy does the front spring now store? 7. n escalator is used to move 20 passengers every minute from the first floor of a department store to the second. The second floor is located 5-meters above the first floor. The average passenger's mass is 60 kg. Determine the power requirement of the escalator in order to move this number of passengers in this amount of time. 16. spring has a potential energy of 22.14 J and a constant of 676.96 N/m. How far has it been stretched? 17. 3 kg ball is rolling 2 m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have? 8. 500N force is applied to an object. If the object travels with a constant velocity of 20 meters per second, calculate the power expended on the object. 18. (a) Determine the kinetic energy of a 500-kg roller coaster car that is moving with a speed of 20 m/s. (b) If the roller coaster car were moving with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy? 9. n elevator must lift 1000 kg a distance of 100 m at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the average power the elevator exerts during this trip? 19. issy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling rother's ircus, had a kinetic energy of 12000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If issy's mass is 40 kg, then what is her speed? r. Lin 6
20. skater of mass 60 kg has an initial velocity of 12 m/s. 27. 60-N force is applied to a 100-kg cart at rest for 5 He slides on ice where the frictional force is 36 N. How seconds on a frictionless surface. (a) What s the far will the skater slide before he stops? momentum change of the cart? (b) How much work has been done to the cart? (c) What s the average power in the first 20 seconds? (d) What s the kinetic energy of the cart after 20 seconds? 60 N 100 kg 21. diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed 5.00 m above the water surface. 22. diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed right above the water surface. 28. mass,, is hung from a spring and reaches equilibrium at position. The mass is then raised to position and released. The mass oscillates between positions and. (a) t which position (,, or ) is mass located when the kinetic energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. (b) t which position is mass located when the gravitational potential energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. (c) t which position is mass located when the elastic potential energy of the system is at a maximum? Explain it. 23. skier slides down the frictionless slope as shown. What is the skier s speed at the bottom? 24. Three identical balls are thrown from the top of a building with the same initial speed. Initially, all 1 moves horizontally all 2 moves upward. all 3 moves downward. Neglecting air resistance, which ball has the fastest speed when it hits the ground? 25. Tarzan swings from a vine whose length is 12 m. If Tarzan starts at an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the vertical and has no initial speed, what is his speed at the bottom of the arc? 26. certain car can go from 0 to 100 km/h in 10 s. If the engine delivered four-times the power to the wheel, how many seconds would it take? 29. rollercoaster cart leaves point at a speed of 4 m/s, passes through point on the ground, and reaches point at a speed of 6 m/s. The total mass of the cart assembly and the passengers are 300 kg, (a) What is the speed of the cart at point? (b) What is the height of point? 4 m/s 30. The length of the ropes on a playground swing is 2.0 m. (a) What is the maximum speed attainable on the swing if the maximum value of θ is 60 o? (b) If a 50-kg person is playing the swing, what is the maximum kinetic energy he can attain? 6 m/s 4 m θ 2 m r. Lin 7