Unit 1-September -Chemistry of Life (2-3 Weeks) What are the atoms found in living things? How does atomic structure determines the behavior of an element. How does a molecules shape relates to its function? How does the polarity of water results in hydrogen bonding. How does water moderate the temperature of the earth? How are organisms sensitive to changes in ph? How the do the functional groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life? Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in compounds. An element s properties depend on the structure of the atom. Formation and function of molecules depend on the chemical bonding between atoms. Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Hydrogen bonding in water is caused by the polarity of water. The properties of water that contribute to Earth s fitness for life. Water dissociation leads to acids and bases in living organisms. Bonding between carbon atoms forms the backbone of organic molecules. Most of the compounds in living things are a combination of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Functional groups determine reactions in living things. Macromolecules as polymers built from monomers. Lipids are a varied group of hydrophobic molecules. Proteins have multiple structures which complement their multiple functions. Nucleic acids transmit and store inherited information. SWBAT name the atoms found in living things. SWBAT explain how atomic structure determines the behavior of an element. SWBAT explain how a molecules shape relates to its function. SWBAT how the polarity of water results in hydrogen bonding. SWBAT explain how water moderates the temperature of the earth. SWBAT how organisms are sensitive to changes in ph. SWBAT demonstrate the variation in carbon skeletons. SWBAT explain how the functional groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A1-6,B1-2,C1-2,D2,4,5 5.3.12 A1-3,6,B1-6,D1 5.4.12 B1-3,C2,E1 Chapter tests, summer reading, laboratory reports, online investigations, and chapter quizzes Unit 2 Late September/October -The Cell (5-6 Weeks) How are the organelles in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar and different?. What is the anatomy and physiology of membranes. How do materials move into and out of cell? How does an organism s metabolism transform matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics? How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers? How do catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels? How does cell division result in genetically identical daughter cells? How is the cell cycle regulated by a molecular control system? How does fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles? How do offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes? Tools used by biologists to study cells and biochemistry. Compartmentalization of Eukaryotic cells by internal membranes. Structure and function of nucleus and ribosomes. Endomembrane system. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Cytoskeleton. Extracellular components. Fluid mosaic model. Membrane selective permeability. 1
Passive transport. Active transport. Bulk transport endocytosis and exocytosis. Chemical reactions in living things are subject to the laws of thermodynamics. Free energy change predicting spontaneous reactions. ATP coupling drives endergonic reactions. Enzymes lower activation energy. Enzyme regulation as a way to control metabolism. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Catabolic pathways releasing energy from organic compounds by oxidation. Glycolysis. Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation. Fermentation Glycolysis and citric acid cycle and their links to other metabolic pathways. Photosynthesis and the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. Light reactions. Calvin cycle. C 4 Plants. CAM plants. Reception of signals. Transduction. Response. Cell division creates cells with the same genetic material. Phases of mitosis. Regulation of the cell cycle by molecular control SWBAT compare and contrast the organelle on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. SWBAT explain the anatomy and physiology of membranes. SWBAT explain how materials move into and out of cells. SWBAT investigate the processes of diffusion and osmosis in a model of a membrane system. SWBAT investigate the effect of solute concentration on water potential as it relates to living plant tissues. SWBAT explain how an organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics. SWBAT how enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers. SWBAT explain how catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels. SWBAT explain cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells. SWBAT explain how the cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A6,B2-3,C1-2,D4-5 5.3.12 A1-6,B1,2,5-6,E1-4 5.4.12 B1-3,E2 2
Unit 3 November/Early December - Genetics (6-7 Weeks) How does cell division result in genetically identical daughter cells? How does fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles? How do offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes? How do you apply the laws of probability to Mendelian inheritance? Can you explain how inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics? How do linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome? How do sex linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance? What experiments led to the discovery of DNA s molecular structure? How does DNA replicate? How do genes specify proteins via transcription and translation? How do genes specify proteins via transcription and translation? Explain RNA s multiple roles in cells. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression. How does a virus with a genome reproduce within a host cell? How does an individual bacteria respond to changes in the environment? How is gene expression regulated? How does DNA cloning permit production of multiple copies of a specific gene or other DNA segment? How does restriction fragment analysis detect DNA differences that affect restriction sites? How does DNA technology affects our lives? Genes carried on chromosomal to offspring. Fertilization and meiosis related to life cycles. Stages and steps of meiosis. Sexual reproduction as an advantage for a species. Mendel s experiments and ideas. Probability and Mendelian genetics. Inheritance patterns which do follow Mendelian genetics. Human traits which follow Mendelian genetics. The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis determines Mendelian inheritance. Linked genes. Sex-linked genes. Chromosomal based abnormalities. Unusual inheritance patterns. DNA proved as the genetic material. DNA and RNA Structure. Proteins interactions with DNA replication and repair. DNA Replication. Genes specify proteins. Transcription. Eukaryotic posttranscriptional processing. Translation. RNA other roles in the cell. Comparing gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Point mutations. Lysogenic and lytic cycles. Retrovirus (HIV) reproductive cycle. Viruses, viroids, and prions. Causes of genetic diversity of bacteria. Bacteria response to environmental change by regulating gene expression. Control of gene expression Control of transcription Post-transcriptional control mechanisms Cancer and the genetic changes that affect cell cycle control. Noncoding DNA sequences in eukaryotic genomes. Duplications, rearrangements, and mutations. 3
DNA cloning. Restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment analysis. Gel electrophoresis of DNA. Mapping entire genomes at the DNA level. Practical applications of DNA technology. DNA fingerprinting. Embryonic development Specialized cell types and differential gene Comparative studies of evolution explains morphological diversity SWBAT explain cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells. SWBAT explain how the cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system. SWBAT explain how fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles. SWBAT explain how offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes. SWBAT apply the laws of probability to Mendelian inheritance. SWBAT explain the inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics. SWBAT explain how linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome. SWBAT explain how sex linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance. SWBAT explain the experiments that led to the discovery of DNA s molecular structure. SWBAT explain the replication of DNA. SWBAT explain how genes specify proteins via transcription and translation. SWBAT explain how fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles. SWBAT explain how offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes. SWBAT explain how genes specify proteins via transcription and translation. SWBAT explain RNA multiple roles in cells. SWBAT compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression. SWBAT how a virus has a genome but can only reproduce within a host cell. SWBAT explain how individual bacteria respond to changes in the environment. SWBAT explain how chromatin structure is based on successive levels of DNA packaging. SWBAT explain the regulation of gene expression. SWBAT explain hw DNA cloning permits production of multiple copies of a specific gene or other DNA segment. SWBAT explain how restriction fragment analysis detects DNA differences that affect restriction sites. SWBAT explain how DNA technology affects our lives. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A5-6,B1-3,C2,D2,5 5.3.12 A1,3-6, D1-3,E1-4 5.4.12 B1 4
Unit 4 Late December/1 st Week of January - Evolution (3 Weeks) What was the historical context of Darwinian evolution? What is Lamarck s theory of evolution? Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures. What is Darwin s theory of evolution? How do mutation, selection and drift change gene frequencies? How does the biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation? How can speciation can occur with or without geographic isolation? What is punctuated equilibrium? How did the conditions on early Earth make the origin of life possible? How does the fossil record chronicle life on Earth? What are the origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and multicellular organisms? Darwinian challenged traditional views. Origin of species. Darwin and the Galápagos Islands. Darwin's theory explains a wide range of observations. Population genetics Calculating frequency of allele. Causes of evolutionary change. Mutation and sexual. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection and adaptive evolution. The biological species concept. Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation. Reproductive barriers. Macroevolutionary changes can accumulate through many speciation events. Allometric Growth. Fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence infer common ancestries which theorize phylogenies. Classification schemes. Organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome. SWBAT explain the historical context of Darwinian evolution. SWBAT explain Lamarck s theory of evolution. SWBAT compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures. SWBAT explain Darwin s theory of evolution. SWBAT explain mutation, selection and drift as mechanisms which change gene frequencies. SWBAT explain how the biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation. SWBAT explain how speciation can occur with or without geographic isolation. SWBAT explain punctuated equilibrium. SWBAT explain how the conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible. SWBAT explain how the fossil record chronicles life on Earth. SWBAT explain the origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and multicellular organisms. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A6,B2 5.3.12 A1,B1-2,5,C1-2,D1-3,E1-4 5.4.12 A2,B1-3,C2,D1,E2 5
Unit 5: January/Early February -The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity (5 Weeks) How did the conditions on early Earth made the origin of possible? How does the fossil record chronicles life on earth? How has new information has revised our understanding of the tree of life? How does the structural, functional, and genetic adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success? How do prokaryotes play a crucial role in the biosphere? How do prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial impact on humans? How did plants evolve from green algae? How do land plants posses a set of derived terrestrial adaptations? What are the major components of the life cycles of plants? What are the reproductive cycles and evolution of seed plants? What are the major phyla of invertebrates and what are their similarities and differences. How are homo sapiens similar and different to other hominid species? What are the shared derived characters of homo sapiens and when did each trait evolve? How are the phyla of vertebrates similar and different? How are the major groups of vertebrates similar and different? How did primates and homo sapiens evolve? Conditions on early earth. How did life begin on early Earth? The fossil record. Prokaryotes evolution and the impact on young Earth. Evolution of early eukaryotic cells. Symbioses and genetic exchanges between prokaryotes. Evolution of multicellularity. Structural, functional, and genetic adaptations of prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria. Diversity of nutritional and metabolic adaptations. Molecular systematics. Classification of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes roles in the biosphere. Prokaryotes impact on humans. Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes. Alveolates. Amoebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia. Red algae and green algae. Land plants evolution from green algae. Land plants and their derived terrestrial adaptations. Life cycles of mosses and other bryophytes. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants. The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains. Gymnosperms. Reproductive adaptations of angiosperms. Angiosperm life cycle. Human welfare and seed plants. Evolution of fungi. Fungi impact on ecosystems and human welfare. Embryonic layers. History of animals. Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates. "Body plans" of animals. Leading hypotheses on major features of the animal phylogenetic tree. Sponges. Cnidarians. Bilateral symmetry. Molluscs. Annelids are segmented worms. Arthropods. 6
Echinoderms and chordates. Chordates. Craniates. Vertebrates. Gnathostomes. Tetrapods. Amniotes. Origin of Birds. Mammals. Primate. Human Evolution. SWBAT explain how the conditions on early Earth made the origin of possible. SWBAT explain how the fossil record chronicles life on earth. SWBAT explain how new information has revised our understanding of the tree of life. SWBAT explain how structural, functional, and genetic adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success. SWBAT explain how prokaryotes play a crucial role in the biosphere. SWBAT explain how prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial impact on humans. SWBAT explain how plants evolved from green algae. SWBAT explain how land plants posses a set of derived terrestrial adaptations. SWBAT explain the life cycles of the plants. SWBAT explain the reproductive cycles and evolution of seed plants. SWBAT compare and contrast the major phyla of invertebrates. SWBAT compare and contrast homo sapiens with other hominid species. SWBAT explain the shared derived characters of homo sapiens. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A6,B2 5.3.12 A1,B1-2,5,C1-2,D1-3,E1-4 5.4.12 A2,B1-3,C2,D1,E2 7
Unit 6: End of February/March - Ecology What are the interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species? How do abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes? How does climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes? How do behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior? How does the environment, interacting with an animal s genetic makeup, influence the development of behaviors? How do behavioral traits evolve by natural selection? How does natural selection favor behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success? How are populations regulated by a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic influences? How has human population growth has slowed after centuries of exponential increase? How does a community s interactions include competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and disease? How do dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure? How do disturbances influence species diversity and composition? How do biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity? How does ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling? How do physical and chemical factors limit primary production in ecosystems? How is energy transferred between trophic levels? How do biological and geochemical processes move nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem? How have human population disrupted chemical cycles throughout the biosphere? How does and to what degree do human activities threaten Earth s biodiversity? How do population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat? How are humans attempting to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state? How can humans sustain development to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity? Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species. DDT. Abiotic and biotic factors. Climate and the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes. Proximate and ultimate causes of behavior. Behavioral genetics. Environment, interacting with an animal's genetic makeup, influences the development of behaviors. Behavioral traits and natural selection. Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success Inclusive fitness. Altruistic social behavior. Population density. Dispersion. Population. Carrying capacity. Populations are and biotic and abiotic influences. Human population growth. Cmpetition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and disease. Interspecific Interactions. Dominant and keystone. Food webs. Disturbance influences species diversity and composition. Primary succession. Biogeographic factors. Contrasting views of community structure. Ecosystem ecology. Energy flow. Chemical cycling. Physical and chemical factors limiting primary production in ecosystems. Energy transfer between trophic levels. 8
Animal food production efficiency and food policy. The carbon cycle. The nitrogen cycle. Effects of the human population is on the biosphere. Human activities threatening Earth's biodiversity. Population conservation. Landscape and regional conservation. Restoration ecology. Sustainable development. Prospects for renewable energy. SWBAT explain how ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment SWBAT explain the interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species SWBAT compare and contrast abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes. SWBAT explain how climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes. SWBAT explain how behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior. SWBAT explain how the environment, interacting with an animal s genetic makeup, influences the development of behaviors. SWBAT explain how behavioral traits can evolve by natural selection. SWBAT explain how natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success. SWBAT explain how populations are regulated by a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic influences. SWBAT explain how human population growth has slowed after centuries of exponential increase SWBAT explain how a community s interactions include competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and disease. SWBAT explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure. SWBAT explain how disturbance influences species diversity and composition. SWBAT explain how biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity. SWBAT explain how ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling. SWBAT explain how physical and chemical factors limit primary production in ecosystems. SWBAT explain how energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20% efficient. SWBAT explain how biological and geochemical processes move nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem. SWBAT explain how the human population is disrupting chemical cycles throughout the biosphere. SWBAT explain how and in what degree human activities threaten Earth s biodiversity. SWBAT explain how population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat. SWBAT explain how restoration ecology attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state. SWBAT explain how sustainable development seeks to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity. 5.1.12 A1-3,B1-4,C1-3,D1-3 5.2.12 A1-6,B1-2,C1-2,D2,4,5 5.3.12 A1-3,6,B1-6,D1 5.4.12 B1-3,C2,E1 9
Unit 7: April/Early May - Plant Form and Function What physical processes drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances? How do the Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil? How are Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem? How do Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration? How does pollination enables gametes to come together within a flower? How is plant biotechnology is transforming agriculture? How does signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response? How are responses to light critical for plant success? Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Organs, tissues, and cells of plants. Meristems. Primary growth. Secondary growth. Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation in plants. Transport in Vascular Plants Physical processes drive the transport of materials. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem. Stomata. Organic nutrients are translocated through the phloem. Plant Nutrition Plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle. Soil quality and plant distribution and growth. Global soil degradation. The nitrogen cycle. Plant nutritional adaptations. Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Pollination. Angiosperm life cycle. Development of seeds and fruits. Asexual reproduction in plants. Plant biotechnology. Golden rice. Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Phototropism. Responses to light. Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light. Plants defense against herbivores and pathogens. SWBAT explain Transport in Vascular Plants SWBAT explain the Physical processes drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances SWBAT explain how Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil SWBAT explain how Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem SWBAT explain how Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration SWBAT explain how pollination enables gametes to come together within a flower SWBAT how plant biotechnology is transforming agriculture SWBAT explain how signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response SWBAT explain how responses to light are critical for plant success. 5.1 A,B 5.2 A,B 5.3 A,B,C,D 5.4 A,B,C, 5.5 A,B,C 5.6 A,B 5.7 A,B 5.8 A,B,C 5.9 A 5.10 A,B 10
Unit 8: Late May/June -Animal Form and Function How do physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape? How does animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization? How do animals use the chemical energy in food to sustain form and function? How do animals regulate their internal environment within relatively narrow limits? How does thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior? How does each organ of the mammalian digestive system has specialized food-processing functions? How do the circulatory systems reflect phylogeny? How do physical principles govern blood circulation? How does innate immunity provides broad defenses against infection? How do lymphocytes provide specific defenses against infection? Compare and contrast humoral and cell-mediated immunity defend against different types of threats. How does osmoregulation balance the uptake and loss of water and solutes? How does an animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat? How does osmoregulation balance the uptake and loss of water and solutes? How does an animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat? How is the mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation? How does the endocrine system and the nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal's physiology? How do hormones and other chemical signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating pathways that culminate in specific cell responses? How do the hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system? Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. Animal tissues. Animals use the chemical energy in food to sustain form and function. Many animals regulate their internal environment within relatively narrow limits. Negative and positive Feedback. Thermoregulation. Animal Nutrition Feeding mechanisms of animals. Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal's energy budget. An animal's diet must supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients. Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Organs of the mammalian digestive. Hormonal control of digestion. Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems. Circulation and Gas Exchange Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny. Mammalian cardiovascular system structure. Physical principles governing blood circulation. Path of blood flow in mammals. Gas exchange across specialized respiratory surfaces. Breathing ventilates the lungs. Respiratory pigments bind and transport gases. The Immune System Innate immunity Acquired immunity Humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Distinguishing self from nonself. Exaggerated, self-directed, or diminished immune responses. Osmoregulation and Excretion Osmoregulation. 11
Animal's nitrogenous wastes. Diverse excretory systems. Nephrons and associated blood vessels. Structure of the human excretory system. Mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water. Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney. Hormones and the Endocrine System Endocrine system. Hormones. Target cell receptors. Initiating pathways. Cell responses. Hypothalamus and pituitary. Nonpituitary hormones. Invertebrate regulatory systems. Animal Reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction in the animal kingdom. Fertilization and mechanisms that help sperm meet eggs of the same species. Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes. Reproductive system of the human female. Reproductive system of the human male. Complex interplay of hormones regulates gametogenesis. Embryo growth in the mother's uterus. Animal Development Embryonic development. Cell morphogenesis in animals. Developmental fate of cells. Nervous Systems Neurons and supporting cells. Neuron structure. Ion pumps and ion channels. Resting potential of a neuron. Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons. Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses. Transmission at a chemical synapse. Vertebrate nervous system. Cerebral cortex. Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Sensory receptors. Mechanoreceptors. Senses of taste and smell. Vision throughout the animal kingdom. Structure and function of the eye. Animal skeletons. Human skeleton. Muscles. Skeletal muscle structure. Muscle contraction. Locomotion. SWBAT explain how physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape. SWBAT explain how animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. SWBAT explain how animals use the chemical energy in food to sustain form and function. SWBAT explain how animals regulate their internal environment within relatively narrow limits. SWBAT explain how thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior. SWBAT explain the main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. SWBAT explain how each organ of the mammalian digestive system has specialized food- 12
processing functions. SWBAT how the circulatory systems reflect phylogeny. SWBAT explain how physical principles govern blood circulation. SWBAT how innate immunity provides broad defenses against infection. SWBAT explain how lymphocytes provide specific defenses against infection. SWBAT compare and contrast humoral and cell-mediated immunity defend against different types of threats. SWBAT explain how osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes. SWBAT explain how an animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat. SWBAT explain how osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes. SWBAT explain how an animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat. SWBAT explain how the diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme. SWBAT explain how the mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation. SWBAT explain how the endocrine system and the nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal's physiology. SWBAT explain how hormones and other chemical signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating pathways that culminate in specific cell responses SWBAT explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system 5.1 A,B 5.2 A,B 5.3 A,B,C,D 5.4 A,B,C, 5.5 A,B,C 5.6 A,B 5.7 A,B 5.8 A,B,C 5.10 A,B 13