GCSE Astronomy 2016 17 Course Guide Each Tuesday after school 3.30 5.00 Exam Board Edexcel Controlled Assessment Deadline - 4 th April 2017. Exam Wednesday 7 th June 2017, 1.30pm
Edexcel GCSE Astronomy 1 13 th Sept An introduction to the night sky Stars and constellations Clusters of stars Observing constellations Pointers Seasonal constellations Celestial co-ordinates Right ascension and declination Star charts To be able to describe the appearance of stars, double stars, nebulae and clusters, asterisms and constellations. To be able to recognise and draw familiar asterisms and constellations. To know how stars in a constellation are labelled. To appreciate how the list of constellations was established. To know how pointer stars can be used to locate celestial objects. To explain why some constellations are visible all year and some are not. To use and understand celestial co-ordinates. To explain why Polaris remains fixed in the sky at an elevation equal to latitude. 2 20 th Sept Circumpolar stars Analysis of star trail photographs Practical observing Planning and carrying out naked eye observing sessions To explain the apparent motion of stars around Polaris. To understand the conditions for a star to be circumpolar from a given latitude. To be able to use a planisphere, star chart or computer software to predict what planets and constellations can be observed on a particular date. To understand the significance of ecliptic and zodiac on a star chart. To appreciate the need for suitable equipment and warm clothing in a practical observing session. Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 1
3 27 th Sept The Solar System Size and scale of the Solar System Planets, asteroids, dwarf planets, Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) Orbits Elliptical orbits, perihelion and aphelion The ecliptic and Zodiacal Band To appreciate the scale and size of our Solar System, with reference to models on a variety of scales. To distinguish between planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets and TNOs. To know that planets etc. move in elliptical orbits around the Sun. To understand named terminology with respect to planetary orbits. To be able to identify and explain the apparent motion of the Sun and planets on a star chart, and appreciate the most favourable points at which planets can be observed. 4 4 th Oct Exploring the Solar System How have space probes provided us with information about the planets etc? Satellites and ring systems Origin of moons Planetary ring systems Comets Structure and orbits of comets The Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud To describe the main features of planets. To appreciate the significance of Venus atmosphere with respect to extreme global warming on Earth. Describe the use of space probes to gain data on various members of the Solar System. To appreciate some of the problems that would be encountered on manned space missions. To understand that some planets have satellite systems. To contrast the likely origins of the major moons of Mars and Neptune To distinguish between the orbits of planets and those of comets. To describe the likely origins of short-period and long-period comets. To describe the structure of a typical comet and account for its tails. 2 Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work
5 11 th Oct Meteors Meteoroids and meteorites Micrometeorites Collision course! Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHOs) and their threats to Earth To distinguish between meteoroids and meteorites. To understand that meteors (shooting stars), meteor showers and fireballs are visual effects and explain the mechanisms that cause these. To relate meteor showers to comets and explain why meteors appear to diverge from a radiant point. To describe the orbits and nature of PHOs. To appreciate the need to monitor how PHOs move. To appreciate the potential consequences to life on Earth of a collision between a large PHO and our planet. To describe some of the evidence of past collisions within our Solar System. 6 18 th Oct Controlled assessment Preparatory work and purpose of task 1 To have a clear understanding of the nature of the observations that pupils plan to make. 7 1 st Nov Controlled assessment Methods of carrying out observations for task 1 To decide on and prepare the methods of carrying out the observations under a high level of control. Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 3
8 8 th Nov Planet Earth The Earth from space Size and shape of the Earth The Earth s rotation Describe the features of Earth that distinguish it from the other planets in the Solar System. To know the size and shape of the Earth and understand how the Earth s size was calculated by Eratosthenes. To understand the relevant terminology used to describe locations on the Earth. To recall the times taken for the Earth to rotate through given angles. 9 15 th Nov The Earth as an observatory Earth s atmosphere Electromagnetic radiation from space Telescopes and observatories Van Allen Belts Observing the Moon The Moon s surface features The Moon s rotation To understand that the Earth s atmosphere is transparent to some electromagnetic radiation and opaque to others. To distinguish between refracting and reflecting telescopes. To appreciate that most optical and infra-red observatories are located on high mountains or in space. To describe the nature of the Van Allen Belts and relate their discovery to early space missions. To identify the Moon s principal features. To know the size of, and distance to, the Moon. To know the values of the Moon s orbital and rotation periods, and explain why these prevent us from seeing the Moon s far side. 4 Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work
10 22 nd Nov Exploring the Moon Seas and craters The Apollo project To understand the likely origin of lunar seas and craters. To interpret evidence for lunar seas being relatively young features. To describe the nature and purposes of the Apollo project and its experimental packages. Origin of the Moon Giant Impact Hypothesis To explain why the Giant Impact Hypothesis is the most likely theory of the origin of the Moon. To describe some of the scientific evidence for the likely origin of the Moon. 11 29 th Nov The Sun Photosphere, chromosphere and corona Sunspots Nature and appearance How can we calculate the Sun s rotation period? To know the size of, and distance to, the Sun. To know the temperature and describe the nature of the Sun s visible surface. To know the temperature and describe the nature of the Sun s atmosphere. To appreciate the dangers of observing the Sun and explain how the Sun can be observed safely. To demonstrate an understanding of the nature and cause of sunspots. To understand how observations of sunspots allow astronomers to study the Sun s rotation. 12 6 th Dec The Sun as a star Sunspot numbers and the solar cycle Nuclear fusion Observing the Sun Safe methods Solar observations at different wavelengths To interpret data on the locations and relative numbers of sunspots. To understand the sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun. To appreciate how astronomers make observations of the Sun at different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. To describe the appearance of the Sun at different wavelengths. Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 5
13 12 th Dec Lunar phases The Moon s orbit Phase cycle Eclipses Appearance and cause of solar eclipses Appearance and cause of lunar eclipses To explain why the Sun and Moon appear to be the same size when viewed from Earth. To understand the lunar phase cycle. To explain why the lunar phase cycle is 2.2 days longer that the orbital period of the Moon. To distinguish between lunar and solar eclipses and describe their mechanisms. To describe the appearance of the Sun and Moon during solar and lunar eclipses. To appreciate that eclipses do not occur every time the phase of the Moon is either full or new. 14 Jan 10th Time Solar and sidereal days Sundials The equation of time Aurorae The solar wind Appearance and cause of aurorae To distinguish between a solar day and a sidereal day. To explain and interpret data provided by shadow sticks. To describe how a sundial can be used to determine apparent solar time. To explain the seasonal variations in the times of sunrise and sunset. To perform simple calculations using the equation of time. To be able to describe the solar wind. To describe aurorae and relate their cause to the solar wind. To know the most likely locations on earth from which to observe aurorae. 6 Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work
15 Jan 17th 15 Jan 24th The heliocentric Solar System Copernicus and Tycho Brahe Kepler and the laws of planetary motion Galileo and his discoveries Gravity Nature of gravity and the inverse square law Discoveries of Ceres, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto Practice TEST To appreciate how our current understanding of the Solar System is based on the work of early astronomers. To understand Kepler s 2nd and 3rd laws of planetary motion. To perform simple calculations using Kepler s 3rd law. To describe the main astronomical discoveries of Galileo and how these provided evidence for the heliocentric Solar System. To appreciate the role of the force of gravity in maintaining orbits. To understand the inverse square nature of the force of gravity. To compare and contrast the methods of discovery of Ceres, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. 16 Jan 31st Exoplanets How are exoplanets discovered? To appreciate some of the techniques and difficulties associated with the discovery of extra-solar planets. Water on Earth Where did our water come from? To understand the significance of water as a requirement for life. To describe some of the current theories about the origin of water on Earth. To describe methods that astronomers and space scientists use to determine the likely origin of water on Earth. Are we alone in the Universe? Searching for life in the Universe Goldilocks zones / Drake To describe some of the methods used to search for extra-terrestrial life. To understand the individual factors contained in the Drake Equation and appreciate their uncertainties. To describe the existence of habitable ( Goldilocks ) zones around stars. To contemplate and discuss the benefits and dangers of discovering life elsewhere in the Universe. Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 7
17 Feb 7th Collections of stars Open and globular clusters Double stars Stellar magnitudes Apparent and absolute magnitudes To understand that the stars in a constellation are not physically related to one another. To distinguish between binary stars and optical double stars. To relate the apparent magnitude scale to the brightness of stars. To perform simple calculations relating magnitude differences to brightness ratios. To distinguish between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. Stellar distances How do we determine the distances to stars? The parsec To describe the method of heliocentric parallax to determine distances to stars that are relatively close to us. To understand the distance modulus equation and perform simple calculations using stellar distances in parsecs. 18 Feb 14th 19 Feb 28th Variable stars Cepheid variables Binary stars Spectroscopy Classification of stars Temperatures and colours Birth of stars Emission and absorption nebulae The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram To identify Cepheid variable and binary stars from their light curves. To explain how Cepheid variables can be used to determine stellar distances. To explain the light curve of a binary star in terms of a primary and secondary star in common orbit. To show an understanding of how astronomers use spectroscopy to deduce information about stars and allow them to be classified. To be able to relate the colour of a star to its temperature. To associate the stages in the birth of stars with emission and absorption nebulae. To show an awareness of the main components of the HR diagram and relate these to stellar birth. 8 Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work
20 March 7th Death of stars Planetary nebulae and supernovae White dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes The Milky Way The appearance of the Milky Way Size, shape and constituents of our Galaxy 21 cm radio waves To associate the stages in the death of (i) solar-mass and (ii) heavier stars with planetary nebulae and supernovae. To show an awareness of the main components of the HR diagram and relate these to stellar death. To describe the end-products of stars: white dwarfs (for solar-mass stars); neutron stars (for heavier stars) and black holes (for even heavier stars!). To understand how astronomers provide evidence for neutron stars (pulsars) and black holes. To describe the appearance of the Milky Way in the night sky: (i) with the naked eye, (ii) with the aid of binoculars, and (iii) through a small telescope. To show an awareness that the observed Milky Way is the plane of our Galaxy. To understand the shape and size of our Galaxy. To understand how astronomers use radio waves to determine the structure and rotation of our Galaxy. 21 March 14th 22 Classification of galaxies Spiral, barred spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies Hubble s Tuning Fork diagram Controlled assessment Analysis of observations and evaluation of task 1 and 2 To be able to classify galaxies (including our own) according to their appearance. To be able to draw Hubble s Tuning Fork diagram. To write an analysis and evaluation of task 1 of the Controlled Assessment under a high level of control. March 21st 23 March 28th Consolidation and test: Peer, self or formal assessment of topics covered so far in the course. Controlled Assessment Catch up and finalising Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 9
24 April 4th Active galaxies Radio and Seyfert galaxies Nuclei of active galaxies (AGNs) To appreciate that some galaxies emit far more energy at some wavelengths that can be explained simply in terms of starlight. To recall the types of active galaxies. To show an understanding of the mechanism for producing large quantities of radiation from active galaxies. April 4th Quasars To describe the discovery of quasars. To understand and appreciate the cosmological significance of quasars. ALL CONTROLLED ASSESSMENTS DUE IN FINAL DEADLINE 25 April 25th Redshift The Doppler principle Hubble s Law Age of the Universe To understand the Doppler principle as responsible for redshift and blueshift. To perform simple calculations involving known and observed wavelengths of spectral lines and the radial velocity of a galaxy. To understand the relation between distance to, and radial velocity of, a galaxy. To perform simple calculations using the Hubble Law equation. To show an understanding that the Hubble Constant can be used to determine the age of the Universe. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation To show an understanding of the existence, discovery and significance of CMB radiation. To describe recent observations of CMB radiation and their significance to cosmologists. 10 Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work
26 Dark matter and dark energy To show an awareness of the existence and nature of dark matter. To understand the need for, and significance of, dark energy. May 2nd The Universe past and future The Big Bang Expansion of the Universe To recall the evidence for an expanding Universe. To recognise the evidence in favour of the Big Bang model of the (most likely) origin of the Universe. To appreciate that there are different models used to describe the past and future evolution of the Universe and that cosmologists find it difficult to agree on one definitive model. 27 May 9 th Revision for the EXAM on the 7 th of JUNE, 1.30 PM, 2 Hours duration Edexcel GCSE in Astronomy Scheme of work 11