Quantum manipulation of NV centers in diamond 12.09.2014 The University of Virginia Physics Colloquium Alex Retzker Jianming Cai, Andreas Albrect, M. B. Plenio,Fedor Jelezko, P. London, R. Fisher,B. Nayedonov, L. Mcguiness, Guy Koplovitz, Shira Yochelis,Danny Porath, Yuval Nevo, Oded Shoseyov, Yossi Paltiel, Paz London. Ran Fischer NJP 15 013020 (2013), Nature Physics 9, 168 (2013) PRL. 111, 067601 (2013), NJP. 16 093002 (2014) B O S C H U N D S I E M E N S H A U S G E R Ä T E G R U P P E
Scanning probe magnetometer Quantum computing/simulations P. Neumann et al., Science 329, 542 (2010) Quantum devices and photonics G. Balasubramanian, et al. Nature 455, 648 (2008) J.Maze, et al, Nature 455, 644 (2008) R. Kolesov et al. Nat. Phys. 5, 470 (2009) NV in diamond Nanodiamonds for cellular imaging Biosensor technology & Molecular Spin sensors L. C. L. Hollenberg, et al, Nature Nanotec 6, 358 (2011).
Diamond 5 m The Color is given by the color centers Isotope: 99.998% 12 C Concentration of impurities: below 10 12 cm -3 (optical resolution) CVD reactor: University Paris XIII (Villtaneuse) J. Achard D. Twitchen, Element 6 Ltd Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 3
Color Centers Nitrogen-Vacancy color center excited state 3 E 1 A ground state 3 A m S = ±1 } e-spin m S = 0 Optical excitation: read out and initialization: 96% Early work: Manson, Glasbeek, Hemmer (ensembles) Single center detection Gruber A et al., Science 276 2012 (1997) Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 4
Fluorescence, a. u. Fluorescence [a.u.] Single spin deteciton A Ambient condition = Room temperature! No vacuum! Laser 30 % ESR of single N-V defect APD Single NV-Centers 2800 3000 MW frequency [MHz] MW frequency, MHz Diamond surface Microwave and Radiofrequency A Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 5
fluorescence intensity [a.u.] Coherent control I time /2 0,00 0,05 0,10 microwave pulselength [ s] m S =+1-1 m S =0 MW Jelezko et al., PRL 2004, Epstein Nat. Phys (2005), Childress Science (2006) up to GHz control, Fuchs et al., Science 326, 1520 (2009) figure of merit: Phase memory time T 2 *=110µs, T 2 =2.6 ms (e6) ultrapure CVD diamonds (no electron spins) 10 6 Rabi oscillations within T 2 Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 6
Single shot readout single nuclear spin Repetitive QND measurements reveal quantum jumps of a single nuclear spin (in diamond at room temperature) Neumann et al., Science 2010 Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 7
Ramsey magnetometer Zeeman Shift + e iwt Measurement error Total time Coherence time Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 8
NV center in diamond as a nano-scale quantum sensor o o o o Chemical and thermal stability Optical readout of spin state Coherent control with microwave Long coherence time: spin bath o Non-toxic: biological/medical application How to detect a single nucleus? o o Long measurement time: small magnetic moment Single out the target nucleus from environment noise J. R. Maze, et al, Nature 455, 644 (2008). G. Balasubramanian, et al, Nature 455, 648 (2008). Our proposal: Continuously driven diamond spin sensor Single molecule magnetic resonance spectroscopy Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 9
Decoherence of NV centers in diamond NV Center paramagnetic spin-1/2 nitrogen donors 13 C isotopic impurity spin-1/2 nuclear spins Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 12
SIGNAL NV in diamond
Measure position of a single nucleus: Idea r ˆr A = ( g 3r 2 z +1)ĥ q 0,f 0 ( ) Prob e Direction of the field Dipole - Dipole o Flip-flop process between NV sensor and target system S(t) = 1 2 + 1 4 ( ) éë 1+ cos Jt ù û ( ) J = 1 é 4 g(r) 3rz2 +1ù 1- ĥ ˆb ë û Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 14
Experimental setup and procedure Magnetic Field of 0.54T. Nuclear 13 C energy scale (Larmor frequency) at this field is ~6MHz. We apply the spin-locking sequence. The sequence is repeated ~10 5 times to average photons statistics. light Initialize NV center s spin Let the spins interact Readout NV center s spin Microwave
Experiment Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 16
Experiment Precision of 0.5 Angstrom Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 17
I PL (Rabi-normalized) Experiment Detecting and polarizing nuclear spins Experimental results Outside the double resonance, the NV center s spin is locked and decoupled from the environment At resonance, we witness oscillations of population between the spins. 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Locking time ( sec) 18 Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 18
Polarizing Nuclei using Hartmann-Hahn sequence Polarization Direct measurements We can actually play with polarization by controlling the rates of the two sequences Alternating Or Polarize /2 [ s] /2 Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 20
Detecting and polarizing nuclear spins
Analong Quantum simulator Proposed by Feynman in 1982 Much easier than a quantum computer since does not require the usual error correction but a simplified version of it? Virginia I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 22
Digital Quantum Simulator Seth Lloyd 1996 The idea behind this is the trotter decomposition and BCH For two noncommuting operators e ieh 1 e-ieh 2 ¹ ( eie H 1 - H 2) However in the limit: Coherent control: e eh 1 +eh 2 = e eh 1 eeh 2 e-e 2 [ ] e e 3 ()... 2 H 1,H 2 Virginia I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 23
Quantum Simulator: spin arrays Single spin readout Coherent interaction Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 24
Magnetic dipole coupled spin arrays dip B 0 3cos 1 4 r 2 3 Challenge: creation and addressing single qubits Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 25
Bulck Diamond Precision is limited by 1μm with regular implantation However, for dipole dipole interaction a distance of 10 nm is necessary Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 26
Diamond-based quantum simulator: architecture Wolfgang Pauli: God made the bulk; the surface was invented by the devil Fluorine nuclear spins (directly linked to diamond or linked to a graphene sheet) Electron and nuclear spin arrays in diamond (P donor, 13 C) J.-M. Cai, AR, Fedor Jelezko, Martin B. Plenio, Nature Physics 9, 168 (2013) NV center in nuclear spin free 12 C diamond Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 27
Diamond-based quantum simulator: architecture (a) (111) surface g a =6.8kHz (b) (100) surface J.-M. Cai,, Fedor Jelezko, Martin B. Plenio, Nature Physics 9, 168 (2013) Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 28
Nuclear spin quantum simulator on diamond surface! $ # % " % # &! ' #( ) # *! +#( ) # ±1! " # 0 Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 29
Rothemund s idea: DNA origami Nature, 440, (2006) Virginia Physics ColloquiumI 12.09.2014 I Folie: 30
DNA origami and gold Figure 1. Assembly of DNA o ed. A is represented as CD signal Virginia Physics ColloquiumI 12.09.2014 I Folie: 31
SP1 and gold Oded Shoseyov and Danny Porath Virginia Physics ColloquiumI 12.09.2014 I Folie: 32
SP1 and NV Andreas Albrecht, AR, Guy Koplovitz, Fedor Jelezko, Shira Yochelis, Danny Porath, Yuval Nevo, Oded Shoseyov, Yossi Paltiel, and Martin B Plenio arxiv:1301.1871 Virginia Physics ColloquiumI 12.09.2014 I Folie: 33
The Spin lattice noise decoupling Dipolar coupling Coherence time Rabi frequency of driving/ decoupling In principle very versatile as a large set of Hamiltonians could be created digitally Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 34
Summary NV probe for measuring nuclear spin states Quantum microscope Readout a single nuclear (electron) spin state: quantum information processing Selective coupling Sensitivity limit : approaching to T 1 Probe many-body physics: towards a large-scale quantum simulator A new platform based on NVs for quantum simulations Complementary advantages to the other physical systems Virginia Physics Colloquium I 12.09.2014 I Folie: 35
Thank you! B O S C H U N D S I E M E N S H A U S G E R Ä T E G R U P P E