Biology Final Exam Review 2017 Your Final Exam is on Thursday, June 15 th at 12:30 2:15 p.m. in Room 414 with Ms. Berg. Bring the Following Items to Your Final Exam:! Your textbook! #2 pencil with a good eraser About the Exam: o Your final exam is worth 12% of your final grade. o The exam is comprised of multiple-choice questions, open response questions, and one essay. o As a courtesy, you will be given the two possible essay questions ahead of time. One of these two essay questions will appear on your final exam for you to answer. o As a courtesy, you will also be given a review packet with guiding questions that cover what you studied this year in biology. It is up to you to answer these questions or not in your preparation for reviewing content for the final exam. o If you are absent from the exam, you must have your parent/guardian phone you in that morning. Unexcused absences = a zero on the final exam. Possible Biology Essays: On your final exam you will be asked to complete one of the two following essays. I realize that a number of you may form study groups to prepare for the final. You may discuss how to approach these questions. I must caution you that your essay response must be your own, in your own words. Although you may select the same concept as a classmate to write about: No two essays should be identical! ESSAY #1: BIOMOLECULES This year you have learned about four types of biomolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. You have also learned about many biological processes, including: active & passive transport, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Choose one of the processes listed above. Explain in detail how three out of the four biomolecules are involved in the process. ESSAY #2: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Choose a specific organelle, type of cell, or organ. Answer the following question in CER format, including 3 specific pieces of evidence with reasoning: How does the structure of (your choice) help determine its function(s)? Berg 2017 page 1 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
Guiding Review Questions CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, SCIENTIFIC METHOD, & MICROSCOPES (Ch. 1) 1. What are the characteristics of life? 2. What are the eight characteristics of life? 3. In an experiment, what is a control group? Why is it important? 4. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? 5. What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable? 6. Identify the different parts of the compound light microscope and explain each part s function. A B K C J I D H 7. How do you determine the total magnification of an object viewed under a compound light microscope? E F G 8. What is the difference between magnification and resolution? 9. 7 millimeters is equivalent to how many micrometers? 10. Given that the field of view drawn to the right is 1.2 mm under low power (100x): " Determine the length of the object in this field. " If this object were viewed under high power (400x), would the size of the object itself appear: Smaller? The same size? Larger? Or would it not be visible? " What equation would you use to determine the diameter of the field of view under high power? " Determine the field of view under high power (400x). Berg 2017 page 2 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
ECOLOGY (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6) 1. What is ecology? 2. What is the level of organization of the biosphere? 3. Define: species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere 4. What is an autotroph? Give examples. 5. What is a heterotroph? Give examples. 6. Define: consumer, producer, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, decomposer 7. Compare a food chain and a food web. Draw one. 8. What are the three types of ecological pyramid? Sketch each. 9. Matter cycles and Energy flow through an ecosystem. Explain (This includes being able to interpret Nitrogen, Carbon, H 2 O cycle). 10. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each. 11. Understand the different community interactions/relationships that organisms can have in an ecosystem. (predation, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalisms, parasitism) 12. How do water levels and climate play a role in biomes? 13. What human activities shape local and global ecology? 14. What are invasive species? How can they affect ecosystems? 15. What is the difference between logistical and exponential growth curves? What is carrying capacity? BIOCHEMISTRY (Chapter 2) 16. Explain the relationship between atoms, elements, and compounds. 17. What is the difference between monomers and polymers? 18. Why is water so important? What is the relationship with water and polarity? 19. Define cohesion and adhesion. 20. Know the ph scale and how it is used. 21. You should be able to recognize the following biomolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. 22. For each of the above biomolecules above, you should be able to list or draw a. The general structure b. The name of the single or monomeric unit c. The name and function of the polymers formed Make sure you are especially familiar with: monosaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharide, triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleotides, amino acid and proteins. 23. Use the following diagram to answer the following questions: 24. What is this molecule? 25. It belongs to this biomolecules: Berg 2017 page 3 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
26. What is this molecule? 27. Is the bottom most chain saturated or unsaturated? 28. How many monomers make up this polymer? 29. Be able to describe and explain the four levels of protein structure. 30. What is the name for the chemical reaction that bound the monomers together? 31. Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. 32. What is an enzyme? a. What is the enzyme-substrate complex? b. How does it work? c. How does an enzyme affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 33. What factors influence enzyme activity? 34. Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors. 35. What does it mean when an enzyme denatures? CELLS, CELLULAR TRANSPORT, MICROSCOPES (Chapter 7) 36. What is the Cell Theory? 37. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 38. Be able to identify and label all organelles in a plant and animal cell, see ch 7. 39. Be able to describe the job of the cytoplasm cell wall cell membrane nucleus 40. Define the following: diffusion osmosis equilibrium ribosomes golgi apparatus rough ER smooth ER facilitated equilibrium active transport lysosomes vacuoles mitochondria chloroplasts 41. Which types of transport require energy? Which do not? 42. Know what happens to a cell when placed in the following solutions and why each happens: Berg 2017 page 4 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
43. How is a cell membrane structured? 44. What molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer? Embedded proteins? Why? 45. What is endosymbiosis? PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Chapters 8 & 9) 46. What is ATP? 47. What is the equation for photosynthesis? Know where each part of the equation is taking place in the plant cell. 48. What are the main plant organs? 49. Describe the basic structure of a leaf. Where is photosynthesis happening? Where are reactancts and products entering and exiting? 50. Why are plants green (or any color for that matter)? 51. Know the structure of a chloroplast. 52. Know the difference between the light dependent and light independent reactions. 53. What factors can affect the rates of photosynthesis? 54. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Where in the cell is each part taking place? 55. What are the two types of fermentation? Why would an organism do fermentation? 56. Where does the Kreb s cycle occur? What is the main waste product of the Kreb s cycle? 57. What is the electron transport chain used for? 58. What will happen if there is a lack of oxygen? 59. Know how much ATP is produced in glycolysis, cellular respiration, and fermentation. 60. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? CELL GROWTH, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS & CANCER (Chapters 10, 11-4) 61. What is the relationship between surface area to volume ratio and cell growth? 62. Sketch the cell cycle and describe what is happening at each phase. 63. Know the phases of mitosis and what is occurring at each phase. 64. How do cells control their growth? What happens when cells can t control their growth? 65. Know the phases of meiosis and what is occurring at each phase. 66. What types of cells undergo mitosis? 67. What types of cells undergo meiosis? 68. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. 69. Define the following: a. diploid b. haploid c. homologous chromosomes d. sister chromatids e. gamete f. crossing-over g. cytokinesis DNA & RNA (Chapter 12) 70. DNA & RNA structure a. What are the three main molecules in a nucleotide? b. What molecules make up the nucleotide s backbone? c. What are the 4 bases found in DNA and RNA? d. How are DNA and RNA different? What is Chargaff s rule? What is its significance? 71. DNA Replication a. Why is DNA replicated and when does this occur in the cell cycle? b. Why is important that DNA is copied accurately? Berg 2017 page 5 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
c. Where does it occur in the cell? d. Know the roles of: Helicase, DNA polymerase, Ligase 72. Know all the steps of transcription. 73. Why is mrna necessary? 74. What is translation? Where does it occur? 75. What is the relationship between amino acids, codons, nucleotides, proteins and peptide bonds? 76. What is a codon? Anticodon? 77. What is a mutation? 78. Identify the following gene mutations: insertion, deletion, and substitution 79. Identify the following chromosomal mutations: duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation 80. Describe and diagram the structure of DNA. Explain DNA base pairing. 81. Explain the semi-conservative process of DNA replication. 82. Explain why there is a leading and lagging strand in process of DNA replication. Gene Expression/Regulation (Ch. 13.4 Just prokaryotes) 83. Define the following terms: a. Operon b. Promoter c. Operator d. Repressor e. Regulatory gene f. Repressible Operon (give example) g. Inducible Operon (give example) 84. What type of cells are operons found in? 85. Is the following operon switched on or off? How do you know? GENETICS (Chapters 11 & 14) 86. Define the following terms: allele, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant allele, recessive allele. 87. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 88. There are two alleles for coat color in bunnies. The allele for brown fur is B. The allele for white fur is b. Using this information, answer the following questions: a. Which coat color is dominant? b. What is the genotype of a white-furred bunny? c. What is the phenotype of a bunny with genotype Bb? 89. A CcFf woman mates with a double recessive man. Give the phenotypic ratio of all the possible offspring. 90. You mate a blue frog with a red frog. All the baby tadpoles are purple. a. What type of inheritance pattern is this? b. If two purple frogs mated, what are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? Berg 2017 page 6 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
91. You mate a cow with black spots with a cow with brown spots. All the calves (offspring) have both brown spots AND black spots. What type of inheritance pattern is this? 92. In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red eyes are dominant (R) to white (r). A red-eyed female (XX) fly is mated with a white-eyed male (XY). What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 93. Below is a pedigree of the Brown family. The shaded individuals are color blind. Color blindness is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Fill in the genotype of as many individuals as you can. Use the pedigree to answer the following questions: 94. Which members of the family above are afflicted with Huntington s Disease? 95. There are no carriers for Huntington s Disease- you either have it or you don t. With this in mind, is Huntington s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? 96. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? 97. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? How many have Huntington s Disease? 98. How is individual III-2 and II-4 related? Berg 2017 page 7 of 8 Final Review Biology 601
EVOLUTION (Chapter 16, 17) 99. Define the Theory of Evolution? 100. Who was Charles Darwin? 101. Define: adaptation, natural selection 102. What evidence is there for evolution? 103. What is the relationship between evolution and genetics? (randomness of mutation) 104. What did Lamark propose? 105. Be able to discuss the idea of Natural Selection with regard to fitness and adaptation. 106. How can the 3 ways that natural selection of polygenic traits affect genotypes? a. Directional: b. Disruptive: c. Stabilizing: 107. What is genetic drift? What is the founder effect/bottleneck effect? 108. What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle and what are the 5 conditions? 109. What is speciation? 110. What is reproductive isolation? 111. How do the following isolation mechanisms contribute to speciation? Mechanical isolation Geographic isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation HUMAN BODY 1. Be able to label the parts of the human digestive system and understand the function of each part: Mouth Anus Tongue Esophagus Salivary Teeth Epiglottis glands Appendix Stomach Liver Small intestine Gall bladder Large intestine Pancreas 2. Be able to label the parts of the human respiratory system and understand the function of each part: Oral and nasal Trachea Lungs cavity Bronchus Diaphragm Pharynx Bronchioles Larynx Alveoli 3. Be able to label the parts of the human female reproductive system and understand the function of each part: Vagina Cervix Ovaries Uterus Fallopian tubes 4. Be able to describe the function of each of the following in pregnancy: Uterus Umbilical cord Amnion Placenta Fetus 5. Be able to describe the structure and function of each of the following blood vessels: Arteries Capillaries Veins Berg 2017 page 8 of 8 Final Review Biology 601