International Journal of Farming an Allie Sciences Available online at www.ijfas.com 2014 IJFAS Journal-2014-3-3/328-332/ 31 March, 2014 ISSN 2322-4134 2014 IJFAS The Effect of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci on Reucing Sugars of Spathiphyllum wallisii Plant Ali Salehi Saroei 1*, Fatemeh Shahaai 2, Mojghan Shahanegha 1 an Afshar Fallaah Imani 1 1. Young Researchers Club, Jiroft Islamic Aza University, Branch Jiroft, Iran 2. Foo engineering, Ph. D caniate of Jiroft University, Iran Corresponing author: Ali Salehi Saroei ABSTRACT: Fiel trials with Spathiphyllum wallisii regel were conucte at the experimental farm of Faculty of agriculture, university aza jiroft in 2012 growth seasons. The aim of this work is to stuy the effect of foliar application with benzylaenine (BA) at 0, 100, 200 an 400 mg. L -1 an gibberellic aci (GA 3 ) at 0, 100 an 200 mg.l -1 on the reucing sugar constituents of Spathiphyllum plants. Results of this stuy showe that various concentrations of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci have significant ifferences (P <0.05) on Reucing Sugar of Spathiphyllum wallisii Plant. The highest content of reucing-sugars obtaine with application of 100 mg. L -1 with rip metho was 88.08% higher compare to the control treatment. Among stuie treatments, 400 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 containe the highest amount of Reucing Sugar. The treatments of 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 100 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3, 200 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 400 mg.l -1 BA, 400 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 an 400 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3 ha higher reucing sugars than control (no spray) an treatments of 100 mg.l -1 GA 3, 100 mg.l -1 BA, 100 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 200 mg.l -1 BA an 200 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 ha lower reucing sugars than control (no spray). Keywors: Benzylaenine, Gibberellic Aci, Reucing Sugars, Spathiphyllum wallisii INTRODUCTION Spathiphyllum is a genus of about 40 species of monocotyleonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas an southeastern Asia. Certain species of Spathiphyllum are commonly known as Spath or Peace Lilies. Several species are popular inoor houseplants. Spathiphyllum cleans inoor air of many environmental contaminants, incluing benzene, formalehye, an other pollutants. It cleans best at one plant per 10 m 3. It lives best in shae an nees little sunlight to thrive. It is watere approximately once a week. The soil is best left moist but only nees watering if the soil is ry. Apart from the function of enogenous physiological an morphological factors which affect root formation in cuttings (Hartman, 2002). Plant growth regulators (Cytokinins an gibberellins) are use in agricultural inustry for stimulation an synchronization of flowering an fruit setting, promotion of rooting, reuction of vegetative growth, reuction of loging of agronomic crops, or efoliation (Briant, 1974). Cytokinins are important plant hormones that regulate various processes of plant growth an evelopment; cytokinins appeare to play an important role in the regulation of cell ivision, ifferentiation an organogenesis in eveloping plants, enhancement of leaf expansion, nutrient mobilization an elaye senescence, Skoog an Armstrong (1970) an Hall (1973). Shuok (1994), reporte that chemical structure of cytokinin active substances has etermine two groups of aenine cytokinins an urea cytokinins with similar physiological effects, it has pronounce effect of cotyleon growth an expansion an other processes. The effect of cytokinins especially
benzyl aenine on the plant growth an chemical constituents of ifferent plants have mentione by Eraki, (1993) on saliva plants, Mazrou (1992) on Datura, Mazrou, (1994) on sweet basil, Mansour, (1994) on soybean plants an Vijakumari (2003) on Anrographis panculata. The simulative response of gibberellic aci, which known to be one of the enogenous growth regulators, coul be attribute to its unique roles in plant growth an evelopment as reporte by many investigators. Leopol an Kriemann (1975) suggeste that GA 3 has the capability of moifying the growth pattern of treate plants by affecting the DNA an RNA levels, cell ivision an expansion, biosynthesis of enzymes, protein, carbohyrates an photosynthetic pigments. The beneficial effects of gibberellic aci on ifferent plants were recore by Sheee, (1991) on croton plant, Eraki (1994) on Queen Elizabeth rose plants, Beour et al (1994) on Ocimum basillicum an Soa (2005) on Jojoba plant, they conclue that gibberellic aci is use to regulation plant growth through increasing cell ivision an cell elongation. On the other han, plant growth retarants, such as ancymiol, aminozie, paclobutrazol, chlormequat chlorie, an uniconazole are use specifically to reuce vegetative growth an control plant size an shape (Latimer, 1991). Gibberellins (GAs) meiate many responses in plants from see germination to senescence (Davies, 1995). The most wiely available compoun is gibberellic aci (GA 3 ), which inuces stem an internoe elongation, see germination, enzyme prouction uring germination, an fruit setting an growth (Dijkstra an Kuiper 1989; Ross, 1990; Davies, 1995). Gibberellins are commonly use as growth enhancers because they cause cell elongation in the plant. ProGibb an GibGro are commonly use in the ornamental plant inustry for this. They can be use to partially overcome ormancy, increase flower size, flower number, flower uniformity, an to create stanars. They may also be use to help overcome anti-ga PGR overoses. When using GA's to overcome PGR overoses, it is important to apply very small oses an watch the crops closely for an effect. A gibberellin overose will result in a spinly unmarketable plant (Runkle, 2006). Gibberellins are synthesize from mevalonic aci in young tissues of shoots an eveloping sees (Davies, 1995). Transport is via both the xylem an the phloem. The effects of gibberellins vary by plant species (Salisbury, 1969). Some plant species respon with an increase in height ue to an increase in cell length. Other plant species respon to gibberellins by increasing cell number as well as an increase in size, most likely cell length. Gibberellins prevent the evelopment of lateral bus when applie to ecapitate shoots of several species (Salisbury, 1969). Exogenous applications of GA 4+7 inhibite lateral bu break of Euphorbia lathyris, an increase plant height, quaratically (Preece, 1989). However, gibberellins have also been note to increase lateral branching in plants. GA 3 was applie to English ivy (Hera helix L.) at various rates to prune an intact plants (Lewnes an Moser, 1976). Prune plants experience an increase in bu break on primary lateral shoots. Intact plants respone ifferently, as GA 3 i not affect those bus that evelope prior to treatment. Lateral growth occurre only on bu initiation that took place subsequent to GA 3 treatment. Imamura an Higaki (1988) experience a slight linear ecrease in the number of shoots prouce from pinche juvenile Anthurium plants with an increase in GA 3 concentration. However, a linear increase in shoots was observe with an increase of GA 3 concentration on pinche plants. Similar results occurre with mature Anthurium, however, applications of 500 ppm GA 3 resulte in an increase in lateral shoots without pinching. In conclusion, the effect of gibberellins on lateral branch evelopment varies with species an gibberellin type an is epenent on the amount of apical influence. This research was aime to investigate the changes benzylaenine an gibberellic aci effects on reucing sugar an inoor ornamental plant, Spathiphyllum wallisii. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present work was conucte uring the successive seasons of 2013 year at greenhouse of Aza University, Jiroft. Plastic pots 30 cm in iameter were use for cultivation that were fille with meia containing a mixture of san, Rice husk, Leaf composts an peat as1:1:1:1 by volume. Seelings of Spathiphyllum wallisii regel leaves were plante at the first week of March in both seasons. The plants were fertilize with 3% liqui fertilizer in one ose after 4, 6 an 8 weeks from transplanting. The pots were arrange in factorial base complete ranomize esign with 12 treatments an four replicates. Application of benzylaenine (0, 100, 200 an 400 mg.l -1 ) an gibberellic aci (0, 100 an 200 mg.l -1 ) each containing 10 ml (0.l %) Tween-20 surfactant, at three stages that for each pot was use 40 cc of solution at each stage with 15 ays intervals (Carey, 2008). 329
Reucing Sugar Intl J Farm & Alli Sci. Vol., 3 (3): 328-332, 2014 Estimation of Reucing Sugars Glucose an fructose containing alehye an ketone groups can be oxiize by some materials. Sugars containing free anomeric carbons are calle reucing sugars. In this experiment, presence of reucing sugars reuce Cu +2 to Cu 2 O. Cu 2 O reuces phosphomolybic aci which prouces blue color formation. Severity of prouce color which is positively correlate with reucing sugars concentration can be evaluate by spectrophotometer. Somogy metho (1952) was use to etermine the concentration of reucing sugars. 0.02 g of aerial part was pulverize with 10ml of istillate water. The mixture was transferre in to a small beaker an heate on electrical stove. Heating was stoppe when the mixture reache boiling point; content of the beaker was filtrate by whatman filter paper no.1 to obtain plant extract. 2 ml of the plant extracts was transferre to test tube, 2 ml of copper sulphate was ae, the tubes were seale with cotton an incubate for 20 min in water bath 100 c. in this step, Cu +2 is transforme in to Cu 2 O by reuce alehye monosaccharie an a brick re color is observe. When the tubes were coole, 2 ml of phosphomolybic aci was ae an blue color appeare. The test tubes were thoroughly agitate until the color was evenly istribute in the tube. Absorbance was etermine in 600 nm by spectrophotometer an concentration of the reucing sugars was calculate by rawing stanar curve. The results were calculate an reporte as mg per g of fresh weight. Drawing Stanar Curve To raw stanar curve, concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 an 100 mg L -1 of glucose were prepare an 2 ml of each concentration was poure in clean test tube. Other steps were performe as for unientifie samples an solution absorbance was rea by spectrophotometer in 600 nm. Absorbance curve was rawn against concentration an the line equation was achieve. Preparation of Copper Sulphate Solution 40 g of anhyrous soium carbonate was issolve in 400 ml of istillate water an ae to 7.5 g of tartaric aci. After issolving in aci, 4.5g of CuSO 4.5H 2 O was ae an final volume was increase to 1 liter. Preparation of Phosphomolybic Aci Solution 70 g of phosphomolybic aci an 10 g of soium tungstate were issolve in 700 ml of 5% hyroxie soium an heate for 40 min. when the solution was coole, 250 ml of 85% phosphoric aci was ae an the final volume was increase to1 liter. Statistical Analysis All these experiments were replicate four times, an the average values are reporte. The effect of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci on Reucing Sugars of Spathiphyllum wallisii Plantwere etermine using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) metho, an significant ifferences of means were compare using Duncan s test at 5 % significant level using the SAS software (2008) program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci on Reucing Sugars of Spathiphyllum wallisii were shown in Figure (1). g c e b e f f c a Figure 1. Effect of various concentrations of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci on Reucing Sugar of Spathiphyllum wallisii Plant (B: Benzylaenine, 0, 100, 200 an 400 (mg. L -1 ), (G: Gibberellic Aci, 0, 100 an 200 (mg. L -1 ) are concentrations of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci) 330
As can be seen from Figure (1) various concentrations of Benzylaenine an Gibberellic Aci have significant ifferences (P <0.05) on Reucing Sugar of Spathiphyllum wallisii Plant. Among stuie treatments, 400 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 containe the highest amount of Reucing Sugar. The treatments of 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 100 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3, 200 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 400 mg.l -1 BA, 400 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 an 400 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3 ha higher reucing sugars than control (no spray) an treatments of 100 mg.l -1 GA 3, 100 mg.l -1 BA, 100 mg.l -1 BA + 200 mg.l -1 GA 3, 200 mg.l -1 BA an 200 mg.l -1 BA + 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 ha lower reucing sugars than control (no spray). Highest content of reucing-sugars obtaine with application of 100 mg. L -1 With rip metho was 88.08% higher compare to the control treatment (fig 1). Abiotic stresses cause change in carbohyrate content whose amount is positively correlate with photosynthesis. As a physiologic process, photosynthesis has the highest sensitivity to high temperature. The result of increase temperature an consequent amages is isequilibrium between photosynthesis an respiration. In general, increase temperature results in reuction of photosynthesis an increase in respiration photorespiration (Pancheva an Popova, 1998). Uner stress conition, plant respiration is increase an plant emans more substrate to prouce energy. Moreover, heat stress has significant influence on biosynthesis of starch an sucrose by reucing activity of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase an invertase. Regaring reuce photosynthesis an ecline content of soluble sugars, carbohyrate stores are concerte to soluble sugars. Since soluble carbohyrates are cellular osmolytes, increase in soluble sugar content is effective in water retention an prevention of ehyration (Camejo, 2005). Accumulation of soluble sugars in geranium leaves increase accumulation of starch for retention of cell turgescence. When water potential in a leaf is reuce, accumulation of sugars probably plays the main role of osmotic ajustment (Arora, 1998). Plant growth regulators (growth promoter an growth retarants) are known to regulate the metabolism in the plant by increasing the uration of the source there by maintaining the proper balance of source an sink. The egree of perfect physiological relations inirectly affects the flowering without causing malformation in the plants. In this connection, application of growth retarants to optimize plant prouction by moifying growth, evelopment an the quantitative an qualitative yiel of crop plant hol promise an sunflower is not an exception for this. The increase in the sugar content with avancement in age coul be ue to stimulation of amylase an other hyrolytic enzymes promoting the hyrolysis of storage reserves ue to senescence. 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