Page1 barr Target Exploration Target Exploration barr Target Exploration Target Exploration Petroleum Potential of Wadi Sirhan Basin Jordan Petroleum Potential of Wadi Sirhan Basin, Jordan Sequence Stratigraphy, Basin Modelling, Seismic Interpretation of Proven/Potential Reservoirs and ML STOIIP Estimates of 5 Seismic Structural Prospects 1 16 P a g e
Page2 The Report This is a 250 page detailed prospects generation report (including10 tables and 220 illustrations) on the 11,600 Km 2 Wadi Sirhan exploration block of Jordan. The drilled stratigraphic sequence was basin modelled, leading to an assessment of its exploration potential, delineating 5 four-way closed seismic structural prospects, with ML STOIIP estimate for each. Study, Analyses and Interpretations So far, four exploration wells and six development wells have been drilled in Wadi Al Sirhan, in this study a central key well WS-3 (Wadi Sirhan-3) was studied in detailed, the resulted model was correlated with three exploration wells (WS-2, WS-4, and WS-10) and development wells within the block (of Wadi Sirhan Oil Field). This basin modelling study was carried on a studied and processed Jordanian s NRA data, and concluded with identification and ranking of 5 remaining seismic structural prospects within the block: 1. Sedimentological study and identification of depositional environment and digenetic histories of formations exposed at ground level and penetrated by well WS-3. 2. Detailed petrographic examination and XRD identification of rock facies (and their source, reservoir and cap rock potential). 3. Identification potential source rocks of the discovered Wadi Sirhan Oilfield as well as the several oil seeps located through this study in study area by assessing total organic carbon analysis, optical maturation and geochemical analyses on candidate source rocks intervals within well WS-3 and the other WS wells. 4. Sequence stratigraphy technique was used to identify possible source, reservoir and cap rocks in penetrated stratigraphic units in WS-3 and correlated across the other wells in the study area. 5. Seismic interpretation of seventeen seismic sections and mapping of potential reservoirs over the central and eastern parts of the study area. 6. Petrophysical analysis and documentation of porosities, permeability, water saturation, and hydrocarbon saturation of potential hydrocarbon reservoirs of all the WS wells within the study area. 2 16 P a g e
Page3 7. Modelled times and locations of generation, and migration pathways of hydrocarbons up to several surface oil seeps in order to assess the hydrocarbon potentiality in the remaining seismic closures in the study area. 8. Illustrated descriptions, with seismic closures and STOIIP estimates of the remaining prospects/leads in the block. Table of Contents Subject Table of contents List of tables List of Figures Executive Summary Page No. II VII IX XIII Chapter one: Introduction 1 1.1 Location 4 1.2 Petroleum exploration; an overview 8 1.3 Hydrocarbon indications in Jordan 9 1.3.1 Oil seepages 9 1.3.2 Asphalt 10 1.3.3 Source Rock 10 1.4 Previous work 12 1.5 Aims of study 15 Chapter two: Regional geology and tectonic setting 16 2.1 Regional geology 16 2.1.1 Precambrian 16 3 16 P a g e
Page4 2.1.2 Palaeozoic 18 2.1.3 Mesozoic and Cenozoic 22 2.2 Tectonic setting 24 2.3 Geological setting of Sirhan Area 29 Chapter three: Methodology 38 3.1 Petrography 38 3.2 X-ray diffraction 38 3.3 Petrophysics 40 3.4 Total organic carbon 41 Chapter four: Petrography, digenesis, and reservoir properties. 44 4.1 Precambrian rocks 46 4.1.1 Precambrian volcanics 46 4.1.2 Umm Ghaddah Formation 48 4.1.2.1 Mineral composition 48 4.1.2.2 Diagenesis 50 4.1.2.3 Clay mineralogy 51 4.1.2.4 Porosity 51 4.1.2.5 Provenance and tectonic setting 53 4.2 Paleozoic rocks 54 4.2.1 Cambrian Salib Formation 54 4.2.1.1 Mineral composition 54 4.2.1.2 Diagenesis 55 4.2.1.3 Clay mineralogy 56 4.2.1.4 Porosity 56 4.2.1.5 Provenance and tectonic setting 56 4 16 P a g e
Page5 4.2.2 Burj Formation 57 4.2.2.1 Tayan Member 57 4.2.2.2 Numayri Member 59 4.2.2.3 Hanneh Member 65 4.2.2.4 Source rock potentiality 66 4.2.2.5 Proposed migration model 68 4.2.2.6 Provenance and tectonic setting 68 4.2.3 Quweira and Umm Ishrin Formations 69 4.2.3.1 Mineral composition 71 4.2.3.2 Diagenesis 72 4.2.3.3 Clay mineralogy 73 4.2.3.4 Porosity 73 4.2.3.5 Proposed migration model 73 4.2.3.6 Provenance and tectonic setting 74 4.2.4 Disi Formation 74 4.2.4.1 Mineral composition 75 4.2.4.2 Diagenesis 75 4.2.4.3 Clay mineralogy 76 4.2.4.4 Porosity 76 4.2.4.5 Provenance and tectonic setting 76 4.2.5 Umm Sahm Formation 77 4.2.5.1 Mineral composition 77 4.2.5.2 Diagenesis 79 4.2.5.3 Clay mineralogy 79 4.2.5.4 Porosity 79 4.2.5.5 Provenance and tectonic setting 79 4.2.6 Hiswa Formation 80 5 16 P a g e
Page6 4.2.6.1 Mineral composition 80 4.2.6.2 Diagenesis 82 4.2.6.3 Clay mineralogy 82 4.2.6.4 Depositional environment and source potentiality. 82 4.2.7 Umm Tarifa Formation 83 4.2.7.1 Mineral composition 85 4.2.7.2 Diagenesis 85 4.2.7.3 Clay mineralogy 86 4.2.7.4 Porosity and source evaluation 86 4.2.7.5 Proposed migration model 86 4.2.7.6 Provenance and tectonic setting 88 4.2.8 Batra Formation 89 4.2.8.1 Depositional environment and source evaluation 89 4.2.9 Alna Formation 91 4.2.9.1 Mineral composition 92 4.2.9.2 Diagenesis 93 4.2.9.3 Clay mineralogy 93 4.2.9.4 Porosity 93 4.2.9.5 Proposed migration model. 94 4.2.9.6 Provenance and tectonic setting 94 4.3 Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks 94 4.3.1 Kurnub sandstone 95 4.3.1.1 Mineral composition 95 4.3.1.2 Diagenesis 95 4.3.1.3 Clay mineralogy 97 4.3.1.4 Provenance and tectonic setting 97 4.3.2 Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene 97 6 16 P a g e
Page7 Chapter five: Sequence stratigraphy 100 5.1 Stratigraphic sequences 100 5.1.1 Sequence 1 101 5.1.1.1 Lowstand systems tract 101 5.1.1.2 Transgressive systems tract 103 5.1.1.3 Highstand systems tract 104 5.1.2 Sequence 2 105 5.1.2.1 Transgressive systems tract 105 5.1.2.2 Highstand systems tract 107 5.1.3 Sequence 3 108 5.1.3.1 Lowstand systems tract 108 5.1.3.2 Transgressive and highstand systems tract 108 5.1.4 Sequence 4 110 5.1.4.1 Lowstand systems tract 110 5.1.4.2 Transgressive and highstand systems tract 111 5.1.5 Sequence 5 111 5.1.5.1 Lowstand systems tract 113 5.1.5.2 Transgressive and highstand systems tract 113 5.1.6 Sequence 6 114 5.1.6.1 Transgressive and highstand systems tract 114 5.1.7 Sequence 7 115 5.1.7.1 Transgressive systems tract 115 5.1.7.2 Highstand systems tract 117 5.1.8 Sequence 8 117 5.1.8.1 Transgressive systems tract 118 5.1.8.2 Highstand systems tract 118 7 16 P a g e
Page8 5.1.9 Sequence 9 119 5.1.9.1 Lowstand systems tract 119 5.1.9.2 Transgressive systems tract 120 5.1.9.3 Highstand systems tract 120 5.1.10 Sequence 10 121 5.1.10.1 Transgressive systems tract 122 5.1.10.2 Highstand systems tract 122 5.2 Eustasy versus tectonics 123 Chapter six: SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 125 6.1 Seismic data 125 6.2 Seismic work description 127 6.2.1 Tying logs to seismic lines 127 6.2.2 Tracing reflectors and generating maps 127 6.2.3 Target reflectors 128 6.3 Seismic data interpretation 129 6.3.1 Precambrian rocks 134 6.3.2 Salib Formation 134 6.3.3 Hiswa Formation 135 6.3.4 Umm Tarifa Formation 137 6.3.5 Batra Formation 138 6.3.6 Alna Formation 139 6.4 Time and depth maps 139 6.4.1 TWT structure map for the top of Salib Formation 139 6.4.2 3-D depth map for the top of Salib Formation 140 6.4.3 TWT structure map for the top of Hiswa Formation 141 6.4.4 3-D depth map for the top of Hiswa Formation 143 8 16 P a g e
Page9 6.4.5 TWT map for the top of Umm Tarifa Formation 143 6.4.6 3-D depth map for the top of Umm Tarifa Formation 143 6.4.7 TWT structure map for the top of Alna Formation 146 6.4.8 3-D depth map for the top of Alna Formation 149 6.5 Al-Sirhan Basin evolution 149 6.5.1 Cratonization of the Arabian Shield 149 6.5.2 Najd Fault cycle 150 6.5.3 Nubian cycle I 153 6.5.4 Nubian cycle II and Hoggar cycle 154 6.5.5 Nubian cycle III 155 6.5.6 Hercynian cycle 155 6.5.7 Jurhom and Neotethys cycles 156 6.5.8 Arabian Plate cycle 157 Chapter seven: HYDROCARBON PROSPECTIVITY 158 7.1 The Cambrian play system 158 7.1.1 Source rock 158 7.1.2 Source rock maturity 159 7.1.3 Reservoir rock 163 7.1.4 Seal rock 167 7.1.5 Trap styles 167 7.1.5.1 Traps related to tensional faults 167 7.1.5.2 Traps related to compactional anticlines 169 7.1.6 Closures 171 7.1.6.1 Closure 1 171 7.1.6.2 Closure 2 171 7.1.6.3 Closure 3 174 9 16 P a g e
Page10 7.1.6.4 Closure 4 174 7.1.6.5 Closure 5 175 7.1.6.6 Closure 6 175 7.1.6.7 Closures 7, 8, and 9 178 7.1.6.8 Closures shown only on seismic sections 178 7.1.6.9 Other fault accompanied closures 179 7.1.7 Reserve calculations 179 7.2 The Ordovician-Silurian play system 181 7.2.1 Source rock 181 7.2.2 Source rock maturity 184 7.2.3 Reservoir rock 186 7.2.4 Seal rock 187 7.2.5 Trap styles 187 7.2.6 Closures 188 7.2.6.1 Closure 1 188 7.2.6.2 Closure 2 188 7.2.6.3 Closure 3 189 7.2.6.4 Closure 4 190 7.2.6.5 Closure 5 190 7.2.6.6 Closure only within seismic sections 191 7.2.7 Reserves calculations 192 7.3 The Silurian play system 192 7.3.1 Source rock 192 7.3.2 Source rock maturity 194 7.3.3 Reservoir rock 194 7.3.4 Seal rock 195 7.3.5 Trap styles 195 10 16 P a g e
Page11 7.3.6 Closures. 195 Chapter eight: Geohistory analysis 196 8.1 Sediment accumulation rates 196 8.2 Eroded thickness at the Late Palaeozoic unconformity 199 8.3 Subsidence history 203 8.3.1 Step one: Sediment accumulation 203 8.3.2 Step two: Decompaction 203 8.3.3 Step three: Paleobathymetry 206 8.4 Calculating tectonic subsidence 210 8.5 Interpretation 211 8.3.1 Time span 550 to 508 My 212 8.3.2 Time span 508 to 494 My 213 8.3.3 Time span 494 to 483 My 213 8.3.4 Time span 483 to 420 My 214 8.3.5 Time span 420 to 125 My 215 8.6 Geohistory analysis using software FLEXDECOMP 216 Discussion 222 Conclusions 225 Recommendations 229 Plates 230 References 243 Arabic abstract 251 11 16 P a g e
Page12 Tables Table No. Table title Page No. 1.1 Wadi Sirhan Wells Data (modified after Andrews et al., 1991 and NRA, 2004). 7 2.1 Lithostratigraphy of the Paleozoic rocks in Jordan (Abed 2000). 20 3.1 Distribution of core and cutting samples with depth in well WS-3. 39 3.2 Rock matrix values for the major types of rocks that are used in the petrophysical calculations. 42 4.1 TOC values for samples from the Burj Formation in well WS-3. 67 4.2 TOC values for samples from the Hiswa Formation in well WS-3. 84 7.1 Crystallinity index (CI), sharpness ratio (SR), and equivalent vitrinite reflectance for samples from Burj 162 Formation. 7.2 Closures of the Cambrian play system and its oil reserves. 182 7.3 Crystallinity index (CI), sharpness ration (SR), and equivalent vitrinite reflectance values for samples from 185 Batra and Hiswa Formations. 7.4 Closures of the Ordovician-Silurian play system and its oil reserves. 193 8.1 Thickness and sediment-accumulation rates for all the formations in wells WS-2, WS-3, WS-4, and WS-10. 198 8.2 Age of the beginning of erosion and eroded thicknesses at the Hercynian Orogeny in all studied wells (after 201 Guidish et al., 1985). 8.3 Idealized initial porosity and lithology constant for different lithologies. 207 12 16 P a g e
Page13 Illustrations No. Title Page No. 1.1 Location map illustrating position of Al-Sirhan Area in Jordan. 2 1.2 Map of Jordan showing the nine petroleum blocks. 3 1.3 Arial photo illustrating the Azraq - Sirhan Area in Jordan. 5 1.4 Well locations in the Sirhan Area. 6 2.1 The Najd Rift System Before 570 Ma prior to the initiation of the Najd Strike Slip System (modified after 17 Knort, 2001). 2.2 Pre-Hercynian distribution of the Paleozoic rocks in the surface And subsurface of Jordan (Modified after Lutfi Abu Saad 2005). 23 2.3 Location of Jordan relative to the Arabian Plate and Arabian Nubian Shield (modified after Coleman 1973). 25 2.4 Columnar section of Basement, Salib, and Burj Formations in well WS-3 (modified after Paleoservices 31 1987). 2.5 Columnar section of Um Ishrin, Disi, Um Sahm, and Hiswa Formations in well WS-3 (modified after 32 Paleoservices 1987). 2.6 Columnar section of Dubaydib, Mudawwara, and Khushsha Formations in well WS-3 (modified after 34 Paleoservices 1987). 2.7 Columnar section of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Formations in well WS-3 (modified after Paleoservices 36 1987). 4.1 Triangle plots used in classifying Al-Sirhan sandstones. 45 4.2 Lava flows extending for a wide area in Al-Sirhan basin, line S-39. 47 4.3 Columnar section of Basement, Umm Ghaddah, and Salib Formations in well WS-3. 49 13 16 P a g e
Page14 4.4 Representative XRD traces of the clay fraction from Umm Ghaddah Formation (depth 4215 m) in well WS-3. 52 4.5 Columnar section of Burj Formation in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 58 4.6 Columnar section of Quweira, Umm Ishrin, and Disi Formations in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 70 4.7 Columnar section of Umm Sahm, Hiswa, and Dubaydib Formations in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 78 4.8 Distribution of the thickness of several formations within Al-Sirhan Basin. 81 4.9 Variation of porosity of Umm Tarifa Formation and TOC content of the lower hot shale of Batra Formation 87 in Al-Sirhan Basin. 4.10 Columnar section of Batra and Alna Formations in well WS-3. 90 4.11 Columnar section of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations in well WS-3. 96 5.1 Detailed key surfaces, systems tracts, sequences, and parasequences of Umm Ghaddah, Salib, and Burj 102 Formations in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 5.2 Sequence stratigraphic correlation of the Palaeozoic sequence in Al-Sirhan Area. 106 5.3 Detailed key surfaces, systems tracts, sequences, and parasequences of Quweira, Umm Ishrin, Disi, Umm 109 Sahm, and Hiswa Formations in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 5.4 Sequence stratigraphic correlation of the Palaeozoic sequence in Al-Sirhan Area. 112 5.5 Detailed key surfaces, systems tracts, sequences, and parasequences of Umm Tarifa, Batra, and Alna 116 Formations in Al-Sirhan Area, well WS-3. 6.1 Base map showing different seismic lines used in the study area. 126 6.2 Seismic line S-44 showing different interpreted reflectors, small horst structure closures, and different types 130 of faults. 6.3 Seismic line S-45 showing different interpreted reflectors, with several closures including horst structures, 131 broad compactional anticlines, and different types of faults. 6.4 Time structure map for the top of Salib Formation. 133 6.5 Seismic line S-61 showing different interpreted reflectors, general dipping trend of the strata towards 136 14 16 P a g e
Page15 northeast, down faulted blocks of the Precambrian rocks overlain by increased thicknesses of Salib Formation, and small horst structure closures. 6.6 3-D depth maps for the top of Salib and Hiswa Formations showing main closures within Salib Formation. 142 6.7 Time structure map for the top of Hiswa Formation. 144 6.8 Time structure map for the top of Umm Tarifa Formation. 145 6.9 3-D depth maps for the top of Umm Tarifa and Alna Formations showing the proposed closures. 147 6.10 Time structure map for the top of Alna Formation. 148 6.11 Evolution of Al-Sirhan basin during the different depositional cycles. 151, 152 7.1 X-ray diffractograms showing different crystallinity indices measured for Burj, Hiswa, and Batra 161 Formations. 7.2 Flow chart for the calculation of water saturation of the formation (Sw) and permeability (K). 164 7.3 Theoretical configuration of traps related to tensional faults within Sirhan Basin. 168 7.4 Theoretical configuration of traps related to tensional faults (horst structures) within Sirhan Basin. 170 7.5 Seismic line S-39 showing closure-1 and closur-10d within the top of Salib Formation and closure-1 and 172 closure-6f within the top of Umm Tarifa Formation. 7.6 Seismic line S-62 showing closure-1 and closure-2 within the top of Salib and Umm Tarifa Formations. 173 7.7 Seismic line S-100 showing closur-5 within the top of Salib Formation and closure 6d within Umm Tarifa 176 Formation. 7.8 Seismic line S-4 showing different interpreted reflectors and closure-5 in Salib Formation and 3 in Umm 177 Tarifa Formation. 7.9 Flow chart for calculating oil reserves from wire line logs (after Asquith and Gibson, 1982). 180 8.1 Subsidence history curves for Wells WS-3 and WS-10. 204 8.2 Subsidence history curves for Wells WS-2 and WS-4. 205 8.3 Present thickness, initial thickness, and restored thickness for the stratigraphic units of wells WS-2 and WS-3. 208 15 16 P a g e
Page16 8.4 Present thickness, initial thickness, and restored thickness for the stratigraphic units of wells WS-4 and WS- 10. 8.5 Modeling the lithological evolution of Al-Sirhan Basin during the different time stages using software FLEXDECOMP. 8.6 Present thickness, initial thickness, and restored thickness for the stratigraphic units of wells WS-3 and WS- 10 using software FLEXDECOMP. 209 217 220 barr This report is immediately available from Target Exploration Click to order your copy For further information, contact: M. Casey Target Exploration Consultants 65 Kenton Court, London W14 8NW, UK. m.casey@targetexploration.com www.targetexploration.com Target Exploration Revised 15/10/2017 16 16 P a g e