table of contents unit one: introduction to the study of the environment

table of contents unit one: introduction to the study of the environment Chapter 1: Characteristics of Living Things 1 A. Biology and the Living Environment 1 B. What is Science 1 C. Scientific Inquiry 2 D. Branches of Biology 4 Laboratory Investigation: A Controlled Experiment 5 Review Activites: Important Terms 7 Skill Practice 9 Chapter 1: Quiz 11 Chapter 2: The Biology Laboratory 13 A. Safety in the Laboratory 13 B. Identifying Laboratory Appartus 14 C. Measurement in the Laboratory 16 D. Prefixes 16 E. Measuring Volume 17 F. Measuring Length 18 G. Measuring Weight (Mass) 18 H. Measuring Temperature 19 I. Organization and Interpretation of Data 20 Laboratory Investigation: Laboratory Materials 25 Important Terms 27 Skill Practice 28 Chapter 2: Quiz 29 Unit 1: Test 31 unit two: similarities among living things Chapter 3: Characteristics of Living Things 35 A. Defining Life 35 B. Nutrition 36 C. Transport 37 D. Respiration 37 E. Excretion 38 F. Regulation 38 G. Synthesis 38 H. Growth 39 I. Locomotion 39 J. Reproduction 39 K. Metabolism and Homeostasis 40 Laboratory Investigation: Living and Nonliving Things 41 Important Terms 43 Skill Practice 45 Crossword Puzzle 46 Chapter 3: Quiz 47

Chapter 4: Cell Theory and Cell Study 49 A. The Cell Theory 49 B. Exceptions to the Cell Theory 49 C. History of Cell Study 50 D. The Compound Light Microscope 51 E. Staining Techniques 53 F. The Dissecting Microscope 54 G. The Electron Microscope 54 H. The Ultracentrifuge 55 I. Magnification in Cell Study 55 J. Measurement in Cell Study 56 Laboratory Investigation: The Compound Microscope 57 Important Terms 59 Skill Practice 61 Chapter 4: Quiz 63 Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function 65 A. Organelles 65 B. Cell Membrane 66 C. Cytoplasm 67 D. Nucleus 68 E. Chromosomes 68 F. Mitochondria 68 G. Endoplasmic Reticulum 70 H. Ribosomoes 70 I. Golgi Complex 70 J. Vacuoles 71 K. Lysosomes 71 L. Chloroplasts 71 M. Centrioles 72 N. Cell Wall 73 O. Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells 73 P. Cell Specialization 74 Q. Cell Organization 75 Laboratory Investigation: Observing Cell Structure 77 Important Terms 79 Skill Practice 81 Chapter 5: Quiz 83 Chapter 6: Chemistry of Living Things 85 A. Basics of Chemistry 85 B. The Atom 85 C. Elements 86 D. Compounds 87 E. Molecules 88 F. Ions 88 G. Covalent Bonds 88 H. Forumulas 89 I. Equations 89 J. Organic and Inorganic Compounds 90 K. Carbohydrates 91 L. Monosaccharides 91 M. Disaccharides 92 N. Polysaccharides 92 O. Lipids 93

P. Proteins 94 Q. Enzymes 95 R. Nucleic Acids 96 S. The ph Scale 96 Laboratory Investigation: Molecular Models 97 Important Terms 99 Skill Practice 101 Crossword Puzzle 102 Chapter 6: Quiz 103 Unit Two Test 105 unit three: human biology Chapter 7: Nutrition 109 A. Importance of Nutrition 109 B. Food and Nutrients 109 C. Carbohydrates 110 D. Fats and Oils 111 E. Proteins 111 F. Vitamins 112 G. Minerals 116 H. Water 117 I. Roughage 117 J. Calories and Food 117 K. Calories and You 119 L. A Balanced Diet 121 M. Nutrition and Health 123 N. Eating Disorders 124 Laboratory Investigation: Nutrient Testing 125 Important Terms 127 Skill Practice 129 Chapter 7: Quiz: 131 Chapter 8: Digestion 133 A. Introduction 133 B. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 133 C. The Alimentary Canal 134 D. The Stomach 136 E. Small Intestine 137 F. Large Intestine 138 G. End Products of Digestion 138 H. Digestive System Disorders 139 Laboratory Investigation: Digestive Organs 141 Review Activities Important Terms 143 Skill Practice 145 Crossword Puzzle 146 Chapter 8: Quiz 147 Chapter 9: Transport 149 A. Introduction 149 B. Circulation 149 C. The Heart 151 D. Blood Vessels 151

E. Arteries 152 F. Capillaries 152 G. Veins 153 H. Composition of Blood 153 I. Red Blood Cells 154 J. Platelets 155 K. White Blood Cells 155 L. Lymph and Lymph Vessels 156 M. Immunity 156 N. Active Immunity 157 O. Passive Immunity 158 P. Blood Typing and Transfusions 158 Q. Transport System Disorders 159 Laboratory Investigation: Observing Blood Cells 161 Review Activities Important Terms 163 Skill Practice 165 Chapter 9: Quiz 167 Chapter 10: Respiration 169 A. Introduction 169 B. The Human Respiratory System 169 C. Breathing 171 D. Cellular Respiration 172 E. Respiratory System Disorders 174 Lab Investigation: Smoking and Lung Disease 175 Review Activities Important Terms 177 Skill Practice 179 Chapter 10: Quiz 181 Chapter 11: Excretion 183 A. Excretion 183 B. Metabolic Waste 183 C. The Role of Blood in Excretion 183 D. The Excretory System 184 E. Skin 184 F. Lungs 185 G. Human Urinary System 185 H. Liver 186 I. Excretory System Disorders 187 Laboratory Investigation: Excretory Structures 189 Review Activities Important Terms 191 Skill Practice 193 Chapter 11: Quiz 195 Chapter 12: Regulation 197 A. Regulation 197 B. Nerve Regulation 197 C. Human Nervous System 198 D. Nerve Cells 198 E. Nerves 199 F. The Brain 200 G. The Spinal Cord 200 H. Receptors 201 I. Involunary Behavior 201 J. The Reflex Arc 202 K. Voluntary Behavior 203

L. Nervous System Disorders 203 M. Effect of Drugs on the Nervous System 204 N. Chemical Regulation 206 O. Human Endocrine System 206 P. Human Endocrine Glands 207 Laboratory Investigation: Testing Taste Buds 209 Important Terms 211 Skill Practice 213 Chapter 12: Quiz 215 Chapter 13: Locomotion 217 A. Locomotion 217 B. Bones 217 C. Human Endoskeleton 218 D. Cartilage 219 E. Joints 219 F. Muscles 220 G. Involuntary Muscles 220 H. Voluntary Muscles 221 I. Muscle Action 222 J. Tendons and Ligaments 222 K. Muscle-Bone Disorders 223 Laboratory Investigation: Locomotion Structures 225 Important Terms 227 Skill Practice 229 Crossword Puzzle 230 Chapter 13: Quiz 231 Unit Three Test 233 unit four: diversity among living things Chapter 14: Classification of Living Things 237 A. Need for Classification 237 B. Basis for Classification 238 C. Modern System of Classification 238 D. Subdivision of Kingdoms 240 E. Scientific Names 241 Lab Investigation: Classification 243 Important Terms 245 Skill Practice 246 Chapter 14: Quiz 247 Chapter 15: Simple Organisms 249 A. Introduction 249 B. Viruses 249 C. Bacteria 250 D. Beneficial and Harmful Bacteria 251 E. Fungi 252 F. Algae 253 G. Economic Importance of Algae 254 H. Protozoa 254 I. Life Functions of Protozoa 255 J. Protozoa and the Environment 257 Laboratory Investigation: Protists 259

Important Terms 261 Skill Practice 263 Crossword Puzzle 264 Chapter 15: Quiz 265 Chapter 16: Multicellular Plants 267 A. General Characteristics 267 B. Vascular and Nonvascular Plants 267 C. Insectivorous Plants 269 D. Photosynthetic Plants 269 E. Chemistry of Photosynthesis 271 F. Plant Stems 272 G. Plant Roots 274 H. Transpiration and Transpirational Pull 275 I. Respiration and Excretion 275 J. Chemical Control in Plants 276 K. Economic Uses of Plants and Plant Products 277 Laboratory Investigation: Plant Parts as Food 279 Review Activites: Important Terms 281 Skill Practice 283 Chapter 16: Quiz 285 Chapter 17: Multicellular Animals 287 A. General Characteristics 287 B. Invertebrates 287 C. Vertebrates 294 D. Economic Uses of Animals and Animal Products 300 Laboratory Investigation: Vertebrates and Invertebrates 301 Important Terms 303 Skill Practice 305 Crossword Puzzle 306 Chapter 17: Quiz 307 Unit Four Test 309 unit five: reproduction and development Chapter 18: Cell Reproduction 313 A. Need for Reproduction 313 B. Cell Division 314 C. Mitosis 314 D. Stages of Mitosis 315 E. Interphase 316 F. Prophase 316 G. Metaphase 317 H. Anaphase 317 I. Telophase and Cytoplasmic Division 318 J. Comparison of Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells 318 K. Meiosis 319 L. Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 320 Laboratory Investigation: Observing Animal Mitosis 321 Important Terms 323 Skill Practice 325 Chapter 18: Quiz 327

Chapter 19: Asexual Reproduction 329 A. Asexual Reproduction 329 B. Binary Fission 329 C. Budding 330 D. Sporolation 330 E. Regeneration 331 F. Vegetative Propogation 331 Lab Investigation: Bread Mold Reproduction 333 Important Terms 335 Skill Practice 336 Chapter 19: Quiz 337 Chapter 20: Sexual Reproduction in Animals 339 A. Sexual Reproduction 339 B. Gametogenesis 339 C. Fertilization 341 D. Embryonic Development 342 E. External Development 343 F. Internal Development 345 G. Placental Mammals 345 Laboratory Investigation: Embryology 347 Important Terms 349 Skill Practice 351 Crossword Puzzle 352 Chapter 20: Quiz 353 Chapter 21: Human Reproduction 355 A. Puberty 355 B. Human Male Reproductive System 355 C. Human Female Reproductive System 356 D. Fertilization 357 E. Prenatal Development and Birth 358 F. Postnatal Development 359 G. The Menstrual Cycle 359 H. Human Reproductive Disorders 360 Laboratory Investigation: Human Reproductive Cells 361 Important Terms 363 Skill Practice 365 Chapter 21: Quiz 367 Chapter 22: Reproduction in Flowering Plants 369 A. Flowering Plants 369 B. Flower Structure 369 C. Pollination 371 D. Fertilization 371 E. Structure of Seed and Embryo 372 F. Seed Dispersal 373 G. Seed Germination and Growth 374 Laboratory Investigation: Flower Structure 375 Important Terms 377 Skill Practice 379 Crossword Puzzle 380 Chapter 22: Quiz 381 Unit Five Test 383

unit six: Genetics and heredity Chapter 23: Basic Genetics 387 A. What is Genetics 387 B. Variation 387 C. Species and Chromosome Number 388 D. Chromosome Arrangement 389 E. Gene-Chromosome Theory 390 F. Inheritance of Traits 391 G. Mendel s Experiments 391 H. Genetic Terms 395 I. Symbols 395 J. Predicting Genetic Results 396 Laboratory Investigation: Testing Probability Laws 401 Important Terms 403 Skill Practice 405 Crossword Puzzle 406 Chapter 23: Quiz 407 Chapter 24: Going Further In Genetics 409 A. Test Cross 409 B. Dihybrid Cross 410 C. Gene Linkage and Crossing-Over 411 D. Incomplete Dominance 412 E. Multiple Alleles 414 F. Inheritance of Sex 414 G. Sex-Linked Inheritance 415 Laboratory Investigation: Inherited Human Traits 417 Important Terms 419 Skill Practice 421 Chapter 24: Quiz 423 Chapter 25: Modern Genetics 425 A. Chemical Basis for Genetics 425 B. Nucleotides 425 C. DNA Structure 426 D. DNA Replication 426 E. RNA 428 F. The Genetic Code 428 G. Protein Formation 429 H. Mutations 430 I. Human Inheritance 431 J. Human Genetic Diseases 433 K. Heredity and the Environment 435 L. Genetic Engineering 435 Laboratory Investigation: Contructing DNA Models 437 Important Terms 439 Skill Practice 441 Chapter 25: Quiz 443 Unit Six Test 445

unit seven: evolution of living things Chapter 26: Evidence for Organic Evolution 449 A. What is Evolution? 449 B. Geologic Time 450 C. Fossil Evidence 452 D. Skeletal Evidence 453 E. Vestigial Structures 454 F. Comparing Cell Structure 454 G. Comparing Embryos 454 H. Similarities in Biochemistry 455 I. Examples of Evolution 455 Laboratory Investigation: Types of Fossilization 457 Important Terms 459 Skill Practice 461 Crossword Puzzle 462 Chapter 26: Quiz 463 Chapter 27: Theories on Origin and Change 465 A. Change Over Time 465 B. Spontaneous Generation 466 C. Use and Disuse 466 D. Disproving Lamarck s Theory 467 E. Darwin s Theory 467 F. Comparing Lamarck and Darwin 468 G. Mutation Theory 470 H. Modern Theory 470 I. Evolution in Our Time 471 J. Geographic Isolation 473 K. Adaptive Radiation 474 L. Rate of Change 475 M. Heterotroph Hypothesis 476 N. Human Evolution 477 Laboratory Investigation: Adaptations 479 Review Activities Important Terms 481 Skill Practice 483 Chapter 27: Quiz 485 Unit Seven Test 487 unit Eight: living things and their environment Chapter 28: Organization of the Environment 491 A. Ecology 491 B. Requirement for Stable Ecosystems 492 C. Abiotic Factors 493 D. Biotic Factors 494 E. Habitats and Niches 495 F. Biomes 495 G Land Biomes 496 H. Water Biomes 498 I. Preserving Diversity of Species and Habitats 500 Laboratory Investigation: Ecosystems 501 Important Terms 503 Skill Practice 505 Chapter 28: Quiz 507

Chapter 29: Organization of the Environment 509 A. Food Relationships 509 B. Symbiotic Relationships 510 C. Food Chains 511 D. Food Webs 512 E. Pyramid of Energy 513 F. Pyramid of Biomass 514 G. Materials Cycles 515 H. Ecological Succession 516 I. Climax Communities 517 J. Population Interactions 517 K. Competition 519 Laboratory Investigation: Constructing a Food Web 521 Important Terms 523 Skill Practice 525 Chapter 29: Quiz 527 Chapter 30: Humans and the Environment 529 A. Human Requirements 529 B. Human Interactions 529 C. Human Population Growth 530 D. Environmental Pollution 531 E. Negative Human Activities 532 F. Overhunting and Exploitation 532 G. Importation of Organisms 533 H. Poor Land Management 534 I. Use of Biocides 534 J. Waste Disposal 535 K. Improving the Environment 535 L. Environmental Laws 536 M. Conservation of Natural Resources 536 N. Wildlife Preservation 537 O. Biological Pest Control 538 Laboratory Investigation Soil Conservation 539 Important Terms 541 Skill Practice 543 Crossword Puzzle 544 Chapter 30: Quiz 545 Unit Eight Test 547 Index 551 Appendix: Teacher s Guide 559 Laboratory Materials Correlation With: New York State s Living Environment Core Curriculum 563