Physical Landscapes in the UK

Physical Landscapes in the UK

Coastal Landscapes in the UK

The UK has a range of diverse landscapes Upland Major Upland/lowland areas and river systems of the UK Lowland

The UK has a range of diverse landscapes 1) Grampian Mountains 2) Southern Uplands 3) Cumbrian Mountains 4) Yorkshire Dales 5) North York Moors 6) Peak District 7) Snowdonia 8) Cambrian Mountains 9) Brecon Beacons 10) Dartmoor

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes - wave types & characteristics How do waves form? Wind blowing over the sea. Friction with the surface causes ripples to form. These develop into waves Distance the wind blows across the water = FETCH The longer the fetch the more powerful the wave. The stronger the winds, the larger the waves

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes wave types & characteristics How do waves work? Wind blows over the surface of the water causing friction between water & air. Particles move in a circular way. Water moves up and down but the energy is moved forward. The shallow sea bed stops the circle movement at the base. Wave is still moving at the top getting higher and higher. The wave breaks and the water that goes onto the beach = SWASH The water is then dragged back to sea = BACKWASH

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes weathering processes Weathering The breaking down of rocks in the place where it is found. This usually occurs due to the weather, chemicals or plants. Erosion The movement/taking away of rock that has been weathered. These two processes work together to shape the landscape.

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes weathering processes MECHANICAL breaking up of rock Freeze-Thaw Exfoliation

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes weathering processes CHEMICAL caused by chemical changes Carbonation Acids are found in rain (carbon dioxide) Creates acid rain (weak carbonic acid) Rain hits rocks Very slowly dissolves rock (e.g. limestone) away Solution Some minerals that are found in rocks dissolve in rain water when it hits the rock (just like sugar dissolves in water) Only some rocks will dissolve e.g. rock salt (the salt dissolves) This dissolving process = solution

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes mass movement MASS MOVEMENT the downward movement or sliding of material under the influence of gravity. Speeds vary considerably. Often due to; increase in water & softer coastline. SLUMPING rapid mass movement that involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down slope along a saturated line of weakness. Weathered material saturated by rain. Material becomes too heavy and unstable. Under the force of gravity this material then slides. Creates a step like appearance along the coast. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z27g9j6

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes mass movement SLIDING When rocks are laid down in beds/layers that slope of dip forward towards the sea. When weathering occurs it weakens the top layer. After heavy periods of rain the loose material becomes saturated. Under the extra weight it moves rapidly downhill.

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes mass movement ROCKFALL Rapid free-fall of rock from a steep cliff face. Rock fragments fall from the face of the cliff because of gravity. This is made worse by freeze-thaw loosening the rock. Bare, well-jointed rock is very vulnerable to rockfall. Scree slope of fallen rock is formed at the bottom of the cliff. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvjr4mii3ce

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes erosion Hydraulic Power = Due to the power of the waves. Breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff. The pressure causes the rocks to crack and break off. Abrasion = The wearing away of the cliff by sediments flung by breaking waves hitting the rocks. Attrition = When rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces. Solution (corrosion) = Chemical erosion caused by sea water dissolving rocks and minerals.

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes erosion

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of erosion Headlands & Bays https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z3ndmp3/revision/3

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of erosion Caves, arches, stacks & stumps http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zccd2hv

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of erosion Cliffs & wave cut platforms http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zjtc87h

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes transportation Transportation = the movement of sediment along the coastline. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bldzaie-ajq

The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes deposition Deposition = occurs when material that is being transported by the sea is dropped due to the sea losing energy Water flow slows down Sheltered bays Where water is protected by spits/bars

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of deposition Beaches Range from being wide to flat, narrow to steep Steeper in summer because of constructive waves Strong backwash = ridges and runnels Cusps form when gradient gets steeper & strong backwash taking a bite out of sediment https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zxfd7ty

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of deposition Sand Dunes Form when sand is deposited on beach. Moved by wind (saltation). Debris on beach traps the sand and it builds up. Only occur when deposition is greater than erosion. 1 st dunes = embryo = 1m high 2 nd dunes = yellow = 5m high & 80% veg cover 3 rd = grey dunes = 10m high & only 10% sand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gku1k8n6jym watch up to 1.40

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms of deposition Spits & Bars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6dpiudthzq http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coasts/ depositional_landforms_rev1.shtml

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes How geological structure & rock type influence coastal forms Some rocks are tougher and more resistant than others. Geological structure = the way that layers of rocks are folded/tilted Faults = cracks in rock Tectonic pressures can cause rocks to snap = lines of weakness in rock easily calved out by sea

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes UK Coastline HOLDERNESS Location NE coast England Flamborough = northern part Spurn Head = souther part 160km north east St Helens

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes UK Coastline HOLDERNESS Geological Structure

Distinctive coastal landforms are a result of rock type, structure & physical processes UK Coastline HOLDERNESS Erosion & Deposition Arches = Flamborough Head = erosion Adam & Eve caves = Flamborough Head = erosion Stacks = Flamborough Head = erosion Spurn Head = Withernsea = deposition longshore drift http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z48pyrd http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zn4jxnb

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Hard Engineering = The use of concrete & large artificial structures by civil engineers to defend land against natural erosion processes. Sea Wall Large walls made of stone, steel and concrete Shield the coastline and throw back the waves Effective at protecting the cliff Works really well as defence and will last a long time Very expensive due to large size (millions) Only reflect waves back but don t absorb energy http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coasts/coastal_management_rev2.shtml

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Groynes Fence like structures that stick out on the beach at right angles. Traps material transported by longshore drift = beach builds up. Very effective at preventing movement of material. Beach then becomes a natural defence. Unattractive because of their location on beach and make it difficult for people to walk along the beach. Quite expensive - 1000 per m.

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Gabions Found at base of cliff. Metal cages that contain rocks to absorb wave energy. Made out of natural material. Take up a lot of space. Cage makes them look less natural. Stones are difficult to replace due to them being in cages.

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Rock Armour Placing large boulders at the front of a cliff to absorb energy. Reflects wave energy rather than just directing them away. Natural look because just stones. Traps sediment to build up the beach. Need to be continually replaced. Expensive; 1 million per km.

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes HARD ENGINEERING UK SCHEME https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-vzlg15ymq https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag9eoc-ero0 Holderness coast hard engineering schemes

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Soft Engineering = Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems. 1) Beach nourishment 2) Dune regeneration 3) Dune fencing https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z397mp3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coasts/coastal_management_rev2.shtml

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes SOFT ENGINEERING UK SCHEME Formby Soft Engineering Beach profiling material brought onto beach using a barge. 3,000 per km but needs constant maintenance. Sand dune regeneration Old Christmas trees put along coastline to trap sand and build up dunes. Fencing is used to trap sand and keep people off the dunes.

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes costs & benefits of management strategies Managed Retreat = Allowing cliff erosion to occur taking it s course; erosion in some areas, deposition in others (longshore drift) POSITIVES Allows natural habitats to be created e.g. salt marsh Can be cheap. Very natural but effective. Can attract tourists to new habitats. NEGATIVES People lose their land and livelihoods. Money needs to be spent to provide compensation to those who have lost their homes.

Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes MANAGED RETREAT UK SCHEME Medmerry, West Sussex 2013 and cost 28 million https://www.gov.uk/government/news/environment-agency-flood-risk-schemes-win-3-construction-awards http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24770379

Glacial Landscapes in the UK

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Maximum extent of ice cover UK http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gbfzl

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Glacial Processes Weathering = The breakdown of rock. There is no movement of rock involved. Erosion = The wearing away of the land by ice and the removal of material by the ice. Freeze-thaw weathering https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xnctcjnpuc

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Erosion Abrasion & Plucking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqerawuwdw0 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/glacial_landscapes/glaciation_rev3.shtml

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Movement & Transportation Glaciers can carry big loads Frost shattered rock debris & material eroded from the valley floor & sides that is transported and deposited by glaciers = MORAINE Moraine is unsorted if dropped by the ice. Material is dropped by ice when it reached a point of overload (when the load is heavier than carrying capacity).

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Movement & Transportation Glacial movement = When the ice moves Glacial transportation = When ice carries moraine (rocks) Glacial deposition = When moraine is dropped by the ice Moraine = The name given to rocks carried and deposited by the ice

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Movement & Transportation Rotational slip Ice rotates around a central point as it moves Bulldozing Material is pushed to the front of the glacier where it is moved along

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Deposition Deposition = when ice starts to melt and drops the moraine it is carrying. Ice starts to melt because the temperature gets warmer.

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Deposition Moraine

Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK Deposition Till Outwash Unsorted mixture of sand, clay & boulders deposited over a large area. Different shapes & sizes. Deposited by ice. Ice is carrying too much as it melts Sand or gravel deposited by meltwater streams in front of, & underneath, a glacier. Rounded. Sorted. Deposited by meltwater. Because of a rise in temperature.

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms resulting from erosion Corrie = Armchair-shaped hollow in the mountainside formed by glacial erosion, rotational slip & freeze-thaw weathering. Arete = Two corries back to back. Sharp knife-like ridge. Pyramidal Peak = Three corries back to back. Makes a central point. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gbfzl

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms resulting from erosion Glacial Trough/U Shaped Valley Form in a previous V-Shaped valley during an ice age. Glaciers move down the side of the mountains with the force of gravity. As it moves it widens, steepens, deepens, and smooths the V-Shaped valley by abrasion, freeze-thaw and plucking. Leaves a U-Shaped valley Ribbon Lake = Lake at the bottom of U Shaped valley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srotoaenehs

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms resulting from erosion Truncated Spurs Ice moves from corries. Ice occupies a former V- shaped valley. Ice erodes the valley sides. The interlocking spurs are removed to form truncated spurs.

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms resulting from erosion Hanging Valley Just like rivers, glaciers have tributaries (a small glacier leading into the main glacier). As the glacier erodes deeper into the valley, the tributary is left higher up the steep sides of the glacier. Usually seem like a waterfall.

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes characteristics & formation of landforms resulting from transportation & deposition Erratic Bowder Stone, Borrowdale, Lake District. Rocks have been transported & deposited by a glacier some distance from their source. Drumlins Moraine is deposited. It is shaped by the moving ice. The blunt end shows where the ice has come from.

Distinctive glacial landform result from different physical processes example of an upland area UK Lake District Red Tarn Striding Edge Arete Helvellyn Pyramidal Peak Great Langdale Valley U Shaped Valley Ribbon Lake, Windermere Bowder Stone, Borrodale, Erratic Swindale Beck, Drumlins

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts economic activities Economic activities Lake District Forestry Recreation & Tourism Forestry Commission planted coniferous trees in upland areas. Over 75,000 tonnes of timber produced each year. 53 full time jobs working at Forestry Commission. Also creates wildlife habitats. Farming Growing season too shorts for crops soil also acidic & infertile. Sheep farming sheep can withstand hard conditions. Herdwick Hill sheep farming sheep wool used for carpets. Turning barns into B&Bs. Over 16 million visit per year. Go for picturesque scenery, ribbon lakes (Lake Windermere), boat trips, fishing. 15% of houses are second homes, owned by visitors. Striding edge arête great for hill walking & climbing. Quarrying Shap Beck Quarry produces limestone supplied to Shapfell works. Employs 24 people However, eyesore and can put tourists off.

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts CONFLICTS & SOLUTIONS http://corporate.unitedutilities.com/united-utilities-plans-for-fence-at-thirlmere-lake-district.aspx Problems Solutions Walkers leave gates open Farmers display 'keep gate closed' signs Dogs chase sheep Stone walls are damaged Farmers may restrict access to walkers at certain times, eg lambing season Noise disturbs animals Park rangers are employed to prevent problems by encouraging responsible tourism Voluntary bodies, such as the National Trust, protect areas by buying land and buildings, and maintaining walls and footpaths Park rangers liaise with different land users to minimise problems Visitor centre staff aim to educate the public about the 'Outdoor Access Code'

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts CONFLICTS & SOLUTIONS Problems Solutions Increased litter Traffic congestion at peak times impedes locals going about their daily business Footpath erosion results in visual pollution in popular walking areas, e.g. on the mountain Helvellyn More noise and air pollution from heavy visitor traffic Services may close as second home owners are not permanent residents National Parks have removed litter bins in the hope that people take their litter home One-way systems, pedestrianised areas and improved public transport have been introduced to reduce the effect of traffic congestion National Park officers can build stone paths to reduce footpath erosion and put up signs to direct walkers along alternative routes Rail and bus services have been improved to reduce the number of cars in the national park Weekly vans providing services to small villages, eg mobile library

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts UK example Attractions Lake District https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=rtwym0 7J9mU

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts UK example Impacts of tourism Lake District 1. 16,000 jobs created in 2014 - ECONOMIC 2. 1,146 million spent by tourists in 2014 income for local businesses - ECONOMIC 3. Local goods can become expensive because tourists will pay more ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 4. Increased demand for local food from farmers - ECONOMIC 5. Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife, so there is pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife - ENVIRONMENTAL 6. Damage to the landscape: litter and footpath erosion - ENVIRONMENTAL 7. 89% of visitors travel by car causing traffic congestion and air pollution - ENVIRONMENTAL 8. Shops stock products for tourists and not everyday goods needed by locals ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9. Demand for holiday homes makes housing too expensive for local people - ECONOMIC 10.Jobs are mainly seasonal, low paid with long hours ECONOMIC & SOCIAL

Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts UK example Management Lake District 1) HONEYPOT SITES = focuses tourists in areas like Windermere & protects other areas. 2) FIX THE FELLS = 10 year project to restore footpaths. Use stone pitching. 3) B4 NETWORK = includes Cross Lakes Shuttle which links lake Windermere and Coniston Water. Also cycle racks on the boat. 4) DRIVE LESS, SEE MORE = 7million spent to have unified boats, bikes, boots and buses network throughout the National Park.