GCSE Additional Science Contents Guide
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GCSE Additional Science 1. Atomic Structure 4 2. Ionic Bonding 5 3. Covalent Bonding 6 4. Nanotechnology 7 5. 6. 7. 8. Chemical Reactions Electrochemistry Energy Transfer Rates of Reaction 8 9 10 11 Contents 9. Reversible Reactions 12 10. Quantitative 13 11. Patterns in the Periodic Table 14 12. The Alkali Metals 15 13. The Halogens 16 14. The Noble Gases 17 15. The Transition Metals 18
1. Atomic Structure 47 slides 16 interactive Flash activities 1. Atomic Structure Introducing atoms the size and structure of an atom the charges, relative masses and location of protons, neutrons and electrons zoom from a diamond to the nucleus of a carbon atom labelling the parts of an atom history of the discovery of atomic structure identifying the properties of protons, neutrons and electrons Atomic number and mass number that atomic number is the number of protons in an atom that mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom the relationship between the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom building the nucleus of the first 20 elements given their atomic and mass numbers calculating the missing numbers relating to atomic structure for a series of elements identifying true-or-false statements about the structure of atoms Electron configuration how electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus of an atom the order in which shells are filled and the maximum number of electrons that they hold building the electron arrangement and calculating the shorthand electron configuration of the first 20 elements given their atomic and mass numbers identifying elements from their electron arrangement identifying the properties of the nucleus and electrons Isotopes that isotopes are different forms of an element with differing numbers of neutrons in their nuclei examples of elements that exist as naturally-occurring isotopes identifying true-or-false statements about isotopes completing sentences about atomic structure matching keywords about atoms to their definitions word search based on atomic structure keywords 4
2. Ionic Bonding 50 slides 10 interactive Flash activities Introducing bonding that bonds are formed when atoms combine in elements and compounds why atoms form bonds that the different types of bonding (ionic, covalent and metallic) depend on the types of atoms Making ions how ions are formed how and why metals usually form positive ions and non-metals usually form negative ions how to work out the electron configuration of an ion and calculate its charge that ions can be made up of single atoms or groups of atoms building the electron arrangement and calculating the charge of metal and non-metal ions identifying atoms and ions that have the same electron configuration identifying the properties of positive and negative ions Ionic bonding how ionic bonding is due to the transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal atoms how giant lattices in ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonding animation showing how ionic bonding occurs in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide completing sentences about ions and ionic bonding 2. Ionic Bonding Formulae of ionic compounds how to calculate the ratio of atoms in, and the formula of, an ionic compound identifying the formulae of ionic compounds from the ratio of their atoms Properties of ionic compounds how the properties of ionic compounds relate to their structure and bonding virtual experiment to investigate the electrical conductivity of ionic, covalent and metallic substances identifying true-or-false statements about the properties of ionic compounds 5
3. Covalent Bonding 45 slides 12 interactive Flash activities Introducing covalent bonding why atoms form bonds how a covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons how a covalent bond can be represented in diagrams identifying the differences between covalent bonding and ionic bonding 3. Covalent Bonding Simple covalent molecules about covalent bonding in elements and compounds about the formation of single, double and triple covalent bonds how to calculate the ratio of atoms in, and the formula of, a covalent compound about substances with covalent bonds that have simple covalent structures how the properties of simple covalent substances relate to their bonding and structure animation showing the formation of single, double and triple covalent bonds identifying true-or-false statements about covalent bonds Giant covalent structures introduction to substances with covalent bonds that have giant covalent structures the structures of sand and the allotropes of carbon diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene how the properties of giant covalent substances relate to their bonding and structure animation showing the structure of diamond animation showing the structure of graphite completing sentences about giant covalent structures Comparing bonding how simple and giant covalent substances have different properties how ionic, covalent and metallic bonding give rise to different structures and properties identifying words to describe different covalent structures identifying substances as having simple or giant covalent structures from their properties identifying the properties and bonding of substances from diagrams of their structure completing statements that compare bonding and properties 6
4. Nanotechnology 43 slides 14 interactive Flash activities Introducing nanotechnology about nanotechnology and the size of nanoparticles the history of nanotechnology from the Egyptians to the modern day examples of nanoparticles in nature the properties of nanoparticles identifying bias in media reports about nanotechnology zoom from a child to an atom to show the size of nanoparticles identifying true-or-false statements about nanotechnology Making and using nanoparticles the different methods of making nanoparticles, including bottom-up, top-down and self assembly current uses of nanoparticles, including sunscreens, fabrics and self-cleaning windows guide to the different methods used for making nanoparticles animation showing how self-cleaning windows work matching the methods of making nanoparticles to their descriptions Fullerenes and nanotubes the different types of fullerenes, including buckminsterfullerene the properties and uses of fullerenes and nanotubes history of the discovery of buckminsterfullerene completing sentences about fullerenes 4. Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnology potential uses of nanoparticles in the future whether it is safe to use and continue developing nanotechnology identifying which statements relate to current or future uses of nanoparticles citizens panel with opinions about whether nanotechnology is safe and should be developed identifying beneficial or harmful effects of nanotechnology voting activity on whether nanotechnology is worth developing 7
5. Chemical Reactions 55 slides 19 interactive Flash activities What are chemical reactions? introduction to chemical reactions and how they can be detected how reactions are represented by word and symbol equations animation showing the conversion of mass during a chemical reaction 5. Chemical Reactions identifying true-or-false statements about chemical reactions Thermal decomposition how metal carbonates decompose on heating to produce a metal oxide and carbon dioxide the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate animation showing the thermal decomposition of copper carbonate arranging metal carbonates in order of difficulty of decomposition completing the word equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate Acids and alkalis about acids, alkalis and bases, indicators, and the ph scale arranging different substances in order of ph identifying true-or-false statements about acids and alkalis Making salts how salts are made by neutralization, the system used for naming salts and how salts are used how salts are made by reacting acids with alkalis, metals, metal oxides or carbonates identifying the names of various salts from the acids and bases used to make them animation showing the titration of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid animation showing how hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc, magnesium, lithium and copper animation showing the reaction of sulfuric acid with copper oxide matching reactants to the salts that they produce completing word equations for neutralization reactions Precipitation about precipitation reactions and how they are used to soften water and identify metals identifying the formula of hydroxide precipitates from their colours animation showing how metals can be identified by the colour of their hydroxide precipitates identifying true-or-false statements about precipitation identifying the products of various reactions 8
6. Electrochemistry 50 slides 21 interactive Flash activities Redox reactions about oxidation and reduction in terms of the loss or gain of oxygen or electrons identifying whether reactants are oxidized or reduced identifying whether half-equations show oxidation or reduction completing sentences about redox reactions Moving ions about the structure and properties of ionic compounds why an ionic compound conducts electricity when molten or dissolved in water identifying the properties of ionic compounds animation showing how molten ionic compounds conduct electricity animation showing how dissolved ionic compounds conduct electricity identifying whether substances conduct electricity or not Electrolysis of molten compounds what happens during the electrolysis of a molten ionic compound how electrolysis is used to extract aluminium animation showing the electrolysis of molten lead bromide completing sentences about the electrolysis of molten lead bromide animation showing how electrolysis is used to extract aluminium from bauxite completing sentences about the process of extracting aluminium identifying the products of the electrolysis of molten ionic compounds Electrolysis of solutions how electrolysis is used to purify copper what happens during the electrolysis of an ionic compound dissolved in water what happens during the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid animation showing how electrolysis is used to purify copper identifying true-or-false statements about purifying copper animation showing the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution completing sentences about the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution animation showing the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid identifying whether specific reactants are oxidized or reduced identifying the products of the electrolysis of various ionic substances 6. Electrochemistry 9
7. Energy Transfer 35 slides 17 interactive Flash activities 7. Energy Transfer Exothermic reactions examples of common exothermic reactions how to measure the energy transfer when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid the energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction animation showing the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction completing sentences about exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions examples of common endothermic reactions how to measure the energy transfer when ammonium nitrate reacts with water the energy level diagram for an endothermic reaction animation showing the reaction between ammonium nitrate and water energy level diagram for an endothermic reaction completing sentences about endothermic reactions identifying examples of exothermic and endothermic processes identifying true-or-false statements about energy transfer in chemical reactions Bonds and activation energy that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and bond-making is an exothermic process why different reactions have different activation energies how bond energies are used to calculate the overall energy change of a reaction energy level diagram showing bond-breaking and bond-making in an exothermic reaction energy level diagram showing bond-breaking and bond-making in an endothermic reaction energy level diagram showing the overall energy change for an exothermic reaction energy level diagram showing the overall energy change for an endothermic reaction energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine identifying true-or-false statements about bonds and activation energy identifying the features of exothermic and endothermic processes 10
8. Rates of Reaction 39 slides 13 interactive Flash activities Particles and collisions how the rate of reaction depends on the energy and frequency of collisions between particles factors that affect the rate of reaction how and why the rate of reaction changes during a reaction how to measure and calculate the rate of reaction animated graph showing how the rate of reaction changes over time animated graph showing the relative amounts of reactants and product as a reaction proceeds identifying the reactant product mix at different stages of a reaction completing sentences about rates of reaction Temperature how and why temperature affects the rate of reaction how to measure the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction simulation comparing the number of particle collisions at low and high temperatures animation showing the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid Concentration and pressure how and why concentration affects the rate of reaction how to measure the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction how and why pressure affects the rate of reaction simulation comparing the number of particle collisions at low and high concentrations animation showing the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid Surface area and catalysts how and why surface area affects the rate of reaction how to measure the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction what catalysts are, and common examples of how they are used simulation comparing the number of particle collisions at small and large surface areas animation showing the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid completing sentences about the factors that affect the rate of a reaction 8. Rates of Reaction 11
9. Reversible Reactions 39 slides 11 interactive Flash activities 9. Reversible Reactions What are reversible reactions? introduction to reversible and irreversible reactions examples of reversible and irreversible reactions, including heating copper sulfate and ammonium chloride animation showing what happens when copper sulfate is heated identifying examples of reversible and irreversible reactions Dynamic equilibrium that dynamic equilibrium involves no net change in the amount of reactants or products how the position of dynamic equilibrium can be altered by changing the reaction conditions identifying true-or-false statements about dynamic equilibrium Changing conditions how equilibrium will shift to try and oppose changes in temperature, concentration and pressure the equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide the equilibrium between bismuth chloride, bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid the equilibrium between chlorine gas and iodine trichloride completing sentences about dynamic equilibrium The Haber process how ammonia is produced by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen how the yield of ammonia is affected by temperature and pressure why a compromise in the reaction conditions is needed for the Haber process alternative methods by which the productivity of the Haber process can be increased animation showing the Haber process simulation showing how temperature and pressure affect the relative amounts of reactants and product in the Haber process animated graph showing how the yield of ammonia is affected by temperature and pressure completing sentences about the Haber process ordering the sequence of events in the Haber process 12
10. Quantitative 54 slides 19 interactive Flash activities Using relative atomic mass that the relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of its atoms with carbon-12 how to calculate the relative formula mass of a compound from relative atomic masses that the mass of one mole of a substance is given by its relative atomic mass or relative formula mass animation about relative atomic mass identifying the relative atomic mass of different elements calculating the relative formula mass of different compounds using a virtual mass calculator identifying the relative formula mass of different compounds identifying the mass of one mole of various substances identifying true-or-false statements about relative atomic mass and relative formula mass Percentage composition how to calculate percentage composition from relative atomic mass and relative formula mass why percentage composition calculations are useful calculating the percentage by mass of oxygen in various substances calculating the percentage by mass of nitrogen in different types of fertilizer identifying the relative formula mass and percentage by mass of nitrogen in fertilizers Reacting masses that chemical reactions are represented by balanced symbol equations how to predict the quantities of reactants and products using balanced symbol equations identifying symbol equations as balanced or unbalanced balancing symbol equations for various reactions calculating reacting masses using balanced symbol equations calculating reacting masses using balanced symbol equations and conversion factors calculating reacting masses for industrial-scale reactions Yield and atom economy the factors affecting actual yield and how to calculate percentage yield why high percentage yield and high atom economy are important identifying the factors that affect the actual yield of a chemical reaction calculating the percentage yield of various reactions identifying true-or-false statements about percentage yield and atom economy 10. Quantitative 13
11. Patterns in the Periodic Table 44 slides 17 interactive Flash activities 11. Patterns in the Periodic Table Elements and atomic number introduction to the periodic table, elements and atoms the structure of the atom and how this relates to atomic number the properties of elements and how these are related to atomic number illustrated guide to some of the elements in the periodic table (H, Fe, Au, C, O and Fr) zoom from a diamond to the nucleus of a carbon atom identifying true-or-false statements about elements and atoms Arranging elements how the periodic table was developed by scientists trying to arrange the elements how the elements are arranged according to atomic number and similar properties the layout of the periodic table in terms of groups and periods history of the development of the periodic table animation explaining the arrangement of elements in the periodic table periodic table showing the name, symbol, atomic and mass number of each element completing sentences about the periodic table Patterns of behaviour where metals, semi-metals, non-metals and different states of matter are found in the periodic table the patterns of reactivity for metals and non-metals in the periodic table periodic table showing the location of metals and non-metals and different states of matter identifying the more reactive element in pairs of metals identifying the more reactive element in pairs of non-metals and semi-metals Patterns and electron structure the relationship between atomic number and the number of electrons in an atom how electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus of an atom the trends in electron arrangement going across and down the periodic table periodic table showing the pattern of electron arrangement in each group periodic table showing the pattern of electron arrangement for groups and periods identifying the electron arrangement of elements from their position in the periodic table periodic table showing the location of different categories of elements completing sentences about the periodic table and electron structure 14
12. The Alkali Metals 39 slides 15 interactive Flash activities Introducing the alkali metals the position of the alkali metals in the periodic table background information about the alkali metals and their compounds, including etymology, occurrence and uses the electron structure of the alkali metals illustrated guide to the alkali metals virtual experiment using flame tests to identify the alkali metals Physical properties the general properties of the alkali metals, and how these compare with typical metals the trends in density and the melting and boiling points of the alkali metals animated bar chart showing the trend in the density of the alkali metals animated bar chart showing the trend in the melting points of the alkali metals animated bar chart showing the trend in the boiling points of the alkali metals completing sentences about the properties of the alkali metals Reactions and reactivity that the alkali metals tarnish in air and react with oxygen to form metal oxides that the alkali metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and water the order of reactivity of the alkali metals and how this relates to their electron structure that the alkali metals react with chlorine to form metal chlorides virtual experiment investigating the reactions of the alkali metals and water ordering the alkali metals according to their reactivity identifying true-or-false statements about alkali metals and their reactions 12. The Alkali Metals Uses uses of the alkali metals guide to uses of lithium, sodium and potassium identifying uses of lithium, sodium and potassium identifying the products of reactions involving alkali metals matching the alkali metals to descriptions of their reaction with water 15
13. The Halogens 37 slides 12 interactive Flash activities 13. The Halogens Introducing the halogens the position of the halogens in the periodic table background information about the halogens and their compounds, including etymology, occurrence and uses the electron structure of the halogens how halogen atoms form covalent bonds and exist as diatomic molecules illustrated guide to the halogens Physical properties the general properties of the halogens, including the trend in their colour the physical states of the halogens and the trends in their melting and boiling points animated bar chart showing the trends in the melting and boiling points of the halogens identifying true-or-false statements about the halogens Reactions and reactivity that the halogens react with metals to form metal halides how the reaction of the halogens with iron wool can be used to determine the order of reactivity the order of reactivity of the halogens and how this relates to their electron structure displacement reactions of the halogens virtual experiment showing the reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with iron wool matching the halogens to descriptions of their reactions with iron wool virtual experiment showing displacement reactions of the halogens identifying missing entries in a table summarizing displacement reactions completing sentences about the reactions of the halogens Uses uses of the halogens guide to uses of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine matching the halogens to specific uses 16
14. The Noble Gases 24 slides 9 interactive Flash activities Discovery and electron structure the position of the noble gases in the periodic table background information about the noble gases, including etymology, occurrence and uses how the noble gases were discovered why the noble gases are unreactive and how this relates to their electron structure illustrated guide to the noble gases Physical properties the general properties of the noble gases virtual experiment comparing the densities of the noble gases animated bar chart showing the trend in the density of the noble gases animated bar chart showing the trend in the boiling points of the noble gas Uses uses of the noble gases guide to uses of the noble gases matching the noble gases to specific uses identifying true-or-false statements about the properties and uses of the noble gases 14. The Noble Gases 17
15. The Transition Metals 35 slides 11 interactive Flash activities 15. The Transition Metals Introducing the transition metals the position of the transition metals in the periodic table background information about the transition metals, including etymology, occurrence and uses illustrated guide to some of the transition metals (iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, silver and mercury) Physical properties the general properties of the transition metals and why they are known as typical metals how the properties of the transition metals compare with those of the alkali metals animated bar chart showing the trend in the density of the transition metals and comparison with other metals animated bar chart showing the trend in the melting points of the transition metals and comparison with other metals identifying true-or-false statements about the properties of the transition metals Chemical properties how the transition metals are relatively unreactive, and the trend in reactivity across a period the formation of rust that transition metals form positive ions and many can form several types of ion that transition metals often form coloured compounds, which make them useful and can be used for identification the thermal decomposition of transition metal carbonates identifying reactants and products in thermal decomposition reactions of transition metal carbonates completing sentences about the transition metals Uses uses of some of the transition metals guide to uses of transition metals matching some of the transition metals to specific uses identifying keywords associated with transition metals 18
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