Slide 1 / 101 Slide 2 / 101 4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 www.njctl.org Earth Systems Slide 3 / 101 Click on the topic to go to that section Earth's Systems Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Erosion Biogeology
Slide 4 / 101 Earth's Systems Return to Table of Contents Earth's Systems Earth has many parts that work together to make it the way that it is. Slide 5 / 101 Can you think of some parts of the Earth that work together? Earth's Systems Earth has four systems that are continually working together. Slide 6 / 101 Do you know the names of any of the systems represented in these pictures?
Earth's Systems The four systems that work together are: Slide 7 / 101 the atmosphere the biosphere the geosphere the hydrosphere Earth's Systems - Atmosphere Slide 8 / 101 The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds Earth. The atmosphere includes the air around us. Layers of gases within the atmosphere interact with each other. We can feel when these layers interact through a cool breeze or the thick air of a hot and humid day. Earth's Systems - Biosphere Slide 9 / 101 The biosphere is where life is found. The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms. What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?
Earth's Systems - Biosphere Slide 9 () / 101 The biosphere is where life is found. The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms. The prefix "Bio" means life. What do you think the prefix "Bio" means? Earth's Systems: Geosphere Slide 10 / 101 The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth. The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth. Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means? Earth's Systems: Geosphere Slide 10 () / 101 The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth. The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth. The prefix "Geo" means earth. Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?
Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere Slide 11 / 101 The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth. The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet. "Hydro" means. Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere Slide 11 () / 101 The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth. The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet. The prefix "Hydro" means water. "Hydro" means. Earth's Systems How is this fish tank like Earth's four systems? Right now, write a few complete sentences to answer this question. Slide 12 / 101
Earth's Systems Slide 13 / 101 All of Earth's systems work together and interact with each other. Where do we see Earth's four systems here? (click the boxes to reveal the answers) atmosphere - sky biosphere - trees geosphere - cliff hydrosphere - lake Earth's Systems What systems do we see here? Slide 14 / 101 atmosphere - sky biosphere - trees geosphere - rocks river hydrosphere - Earth's Systems What systems can we see here? Slide 15 / 101 biosphere - sea turtle hydrosphere - ocean
1 Earth has four systems that work together. Slide 16 / 101 True False 1 Earth has four systems that work together. Slide 16 () / 101 True False True 2 The includes water in, on, and surrounding the Earth. Slide 17 / 101 A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
2 The includes water in, on, and surrounding the Earth. Slide 17 () / 101 A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere D 3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the. Slide 18 / 101 A hydrosphere B atmosphere C geosphere D biosphere 3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the. Slide 18 () / 101 A hydrosphere B atmosphere C geosphere D biosphere C
4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the. A biosphere Slide 19 / 101 B geosphere C hydrosphere D atmosphere 4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the. A biosphere Slide 19 () / 101 B geosphere C hydrosphere D atmosphere A 5 The is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. Slide 20 / 101 A geosphere B hydrosphere C atmosphere D biosphere
5 The is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. Slide 20 () / 101 A geosphere B hydrosphere C atmosphere D biosphere C 6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust? Slide 21 / 101 A hydrosphere B biosphere C atmosphere D geosphere 6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust? Slide 21 () / 101 A hydrosphere B biosphere C atmosphere D geosphere D
7 These are part of which system? Slide 22 / 101 A atmosphere B hydrosphere C biosphere D geosphere (snow) (rain) 7 These are part of which system? Slide 22 () / 101 A atmosphere B hydrosphere C biosphere D geosphere B (snow) (rain) 8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere? Slide 23 / 101 Yes No
8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere? Slide 23 () / 101 Yes No No Slide 24 / 101 Mechanical Weathering Return to Table of Contents Mechanical Weathering We know that sometimes Earth's systems work together to build up or create new rocks or crust - particularly the geosphere as tectonic plates interact. Slide 25 / 101 the geosphere building up rocks in the form of a mountain range But Earth's systems also work together to break down Earth's crust.
Mechanical Weathering Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks, minerals, and sediments on Earth's surface. Weathering breaks down the land around us and shapes what we see on the surface. Slide 26 / 101 Mechanical Weathering Slide 27 / 101 Mechanical weathering is one type of weathering. Mechanical weathering is when physical processes break down rock. For example, all of these small rocks were once part of the ledge above, but now physical forces have broken them off. Mechanical Weathering An auto mechanic can help us remember what mechanical weathering does. Slide 28 / 101 What does a mechanic do? (click the box to find the answer) A mechanic uses tools to break a car into smaller pieces. You may know other things a mechanic does, but remembering that a mechanic does this can help us remember what mechanical weathering is.
Mechanical Weathering Slide 29 / 101 Like a mechanic who uses tools to take apart cars, mechanical weathering is Earth's way of using different physical tools to break apart features on its surface. An auto mechanic may use these tools: Mechanical weathering uses a different set of tools. Can you guess what they are? Mechanical Weathering Slide 30 / 101 The tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) water ice heat plants wind glaciers All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust. Mechanical Weathering Slide 31 / 101 Some tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) plants wind glaciers All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Mechanical Weathering Slide 32 / 101 Some more tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) water ice the Sun All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust. Mechanical Weathering - Water Slide 33 / 101 Water is a strong force that breaks down rocks. Here, waves have smashed against these rocks so many times that the rocks are now smoothed out and worn away. Mechanical Weathering - Ice Slide 34 / 101 When water freezes, it expands. When water gets into rocks and freezes, it expands inside the rock and causes the rock to crack. Click to watch a video demonstrating how ice can powerfully break apart rocks. Can you explain in your own words what happened in this video?
Mechanical Weathering - Heat and Temperature Change Slide 35 / 101 Temperature, the change between hot and cold, is another force of mechanical weathering. This rock, which has many layers, is broken like a puzzle after many seasons of heating and freezing. Mechanical Weathering - Plants Plants also can break apart rocks. Slide 36 / 101 Here, this tree has grown into the rock and caused it to crack. The roots of plants often break apart rocks. Mechanical Weathering - Wind Although wind can be hard to see with our eyes, its effects on rocks are not. Slide 37 / 101 softer rock layers - very weathered by the wind harder rock layers - less weathered by the wind Here we can see how wind has weathered the softer layers this rock more than the harder layers.
Mechanical Weathering - Glaciers Slide 38 / 101 Glaciers are giant masses of ice, often a mile high. They are extremely heavy, and can crush rock beneath them. The ice and water from glaciers can also weather rocks by freezing in cracks. This rock shows marks from a glacier scraping its surface. Mechanical Weathering Slide 39 / 101 Mechanical weathering is constantly at work. Which Earth system does mechanical weathering break down? The geosphere is broken down by weathering. Do you notice which Earth systems work to break down rocks? 9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shape of rocks. Slide 40 / 101 True False
9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shape of rocks. Slide 40 () / 101 True False True 10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does? Slide 41 / 101 A fixes things that are broken B uses tools to put things together C uses tools to break things apart D figures out a problem and how to fix it 10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does? Slide 41 () / 101 A fixes things that are broken B uses tools to put things together C uses tools to break things apart C D figures out a problem and how to fix it
11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering? Slide 42 / 101 A plants B gravity C temperature change D glaciers 11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering? Slide 42 () / 101 A plants B gravity C temperature change B D glaciers 12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft? Slide 43 / 101 Yes No
Slide 43 () / 101 12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft? Yes No No LAB: Ice Breaks Rocks How does ice break rocks apart? Slide 44 / 101 In this lab, we will create models of how ice breaks apart rocks. LAB: Water Weathers Slide 45 / 101 How does water mechanically weather rocks? In this lab, we will create models of how water weathers rocks. Get your arms ready to do some shaking!
Slide 46 / 101 Chemical Weathering Return to Table of Contents Chemical Weathering Slide 47 / 101 Chemical weathering is the second type of weathering. Chemical weathering is when chemicals change the materials that make up a rock. Chemical weathering does not just break down rocks like mechanical weathering does, but actually changes what the rocks are made of. Chemical Weathering Slide 48 / 101 For example, you can see where this rock has been chemically weathered. It has changed from being a smooth brown rock to a rough yellow one.
Chemical Weathering Slide 49 / 101 A chemist can help us remember what chemical weathering does. What does a chemist do? (click on the box to find the answer) A chemist uses chemicals to change one material into another. You may know other things a chemist does, but remembering that a chemist does this can help us remember what mechanical weathering is. Mechanical Weathering Slide 50 / 101 Water and heat are the two largest means through which chemical weathering occurs. Mechanical Weathering - Water Slide 51 / 101 Rain is not pure water. It contains acids that, over time, can dissolve rocks. Have you ever seen a statue like these, worn down and smooth? Over time statues made of rock get this way because of acid rain. The acid rain dissolves the rock the statue is made of.
Mechanical Weathering - Water Slide 52 / 101 Acid rain has dissolved some of the rock in these statues. From looking at the pictures closely, can you tell what it means to dissolve a rock? Mechanical Weathering - Water Slide 53 / 101 Acid rain can also cause rocks to rust. Here, acid rain water flowed into this rock through the crack towards the front of the slab. The darker portion is iron rust. We can also see rust on this rock. Mechanical Weathering - Water Slide 54 / 101 On top of acid rain, other bodies of water can also carry acids and chemicals that have the power to change the rocks around them. The lake at the bottom of these falls is green because of the dissolved minerals and chemicals it has picked up from the river.
Slide 55 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Water Caves (left) and karsts (right) are also created from water that contains acid wearing away at rocks. Mechanical Weathering - Heat Slide 56 / 101 Heat, too, can change the material a rock is made of. Exposure to hot air over time can cause changes like this. Chemical reactions caused by heat and water break down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces. 13 Chemical weathering is the process of. Slide 57 / 101 A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of C mixing chemicals D changing the material a rock is made of
Slide 57 () / 101 13 Chemical weathering is the process of. A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of C mixing chemicals D changing the material a rock is made of D Slide 58 / 101 14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve. True False Slide 58 () / 101 14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve. True False True
15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering? Slide 59 / 101 A A rock freezes and breaks. B A rock turns red with rust. C A rock is dissolved and washed away. D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air. 15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering? Slide 59 () / 101 A A rock freezes and breaks. B A rock turns red with rust. A C A rock is dissolved and washed away. D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air. 16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of weathering. Slide 60 / 101 A mechanical B chemical
16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of weathering. Slide 60 () / 101 A mechanical B chemical A Weathering Review Slide 61 / 101 Discuss in small groups: How do you think mechanical and chemical weathering relate to Earth's four systems? Which of the four systems are involved in weathering? Which of the four systems get weathered? Are any of the systems not very involved in weathering? ACTIVITY: Modeling Chemical Weathering Slide 62 / 101 How does chemical weathering work? We will look at how chemical weathering works through two activities using chalk and old pennies.
LAB: Chemical Weathering Slide 63 / 101 How does chemical weathering affect different types of rocks? This lab will take multiple days and involves conducting MOHS HARDNESS TEST of a number of rock samples. Get ready! Slide 64 / 101 Erosion Return to Table of Contents Weathering and Erosion Slide 65 / 101 Weathering causes rocks to break down into smaller pieces. Erosion is the movement of these small pieces to different locations. There are several ways erosion occurs.
Erosion by Gravity Slide 66 / 101 Mechanical weathering broke these rocks into small pieces, but gravity caused them to move to a new location. This is erosion. Erosion by Wind Slide 67 / 101 This rock experienced mechanical and chemical weathering. Then the wind carried the small pieces of rock, sand and debris away. Erosion by Rain Slide 68 / 101 After weathering has broken up materials, rain can wash it away.
Erosion by Rivers Slide 69 / 101 As rivers flow, they move sediment and other materials that have been broken down by weathering. Erosion by Oceans Slide 70 / 101 Oceans carry broken rock, sediment, and sand to other locations. Erosion by Glaciers Glaciers can move pieces of rock and sediment to different locations. Slide 71 / 101
Erosion Slide 72 / 101 Sometimes the same factors can cause both weathering and erosion. What is causing weathering and erosion in this picture? Click the box to check your answer. The glaciers' pressure breaks down the rock beneath it (weathering). The glaciers' movement carries the rock away (erosion). Erosion What is causing weathering and erosion in this picture? Slide 73 / 101 The ocean waves break apart the land (weathering). The water washes the small pieces away (erosion). Erosion This is a picture was taken during aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Slide 74 / 101 Discuss how you think a hurricane can cause weathering and erosion.
17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. Slide 75 / 101 True False 17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. Slide 75 () / 101 True False False 18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of. Slide 76 / 101 A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion
18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of. Slide 76 () / 101 A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion A 19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of. Slide 77 / 101 A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion 19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of. Slide 77 () / 101 A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion C
20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away or moved by erosion change their form? Slide 78 / 101 Yes No 20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away or moved by erosion change their form? Slide 78 () / 101 Yes No Yes 21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion? Slide 79 / 101 A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion? Slide 79 () / 101 A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere A, B, C, & D All four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion. 22 Discuss at your table how all four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion. Students type their answers here Slide 80 / 101 the atmosphere the biosphere the geosphere the hydrosphere LAB: Erosion How are new landforms created through erosion and deposition? Slide 81 / 101 During this lab, we will create models of landforms and then erode them with water. Make sure you are a good observer throughout the lab.
LAB: Weathering & Erosion How are weathering and erosion related? Slide 82 / 101 Using skittles, you will create a model of weathering and erosion. You will be recording what you see throughout the lab. It is important that you draw what you see, not what you think of when you think of a skittle or anything else. Scientists must draw what they see. Slide 83 / 101 Biogeology Return to Table of Contents Biogeology The biosphere is not only involved in shaping Earth through weathering, but also through animals and all living organisms which help to shape the environments around them. Slide 84 / 101 Biogeology is how life interacts with Earth. How do you think living organisms affect their environments?
Biogeology All living things affect the physical characteristics of the regions they live in. Slide 85 / 101 Here is one example. This is lichen, an organism that grows on rocks. It absorbs minerals from the rock, eventually causing the rock to break down. This lichen is 100's of years old. Biogeology Humans change their environments in many ways. Slide 86 / 101 Humans plow fields, mine, and build buildings. What else can you think of that we do to change our environment? Biogeology Plants also change their environments in many ways. Slide 87 / 101 Plants, like this tree, grow roots into the soil around them and they stabilize the soil. Can you think of anything else that plants do to change their environment?
Biogeology Animals also change their environments in many ways. Slide 88 / 101 One example is beavers; they build damns that change the flow of water just like humans do when they build dams. How else do animals change their environment? Slide 89 / 101 Biogeology Although all living organisms change the environments around them, they also must respond as their environments change, sometimes from factors other than themselves (for example, because of plate tectonics). When an organism cannot adapt to changes in their environment, they will become extinct, meaning they will no longer exist. Extinction Slide 90 / 101 This is what happened to the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are extinct because they did not adapt to changes in Earth's environment many years ago. What are some theories on what happened in the environment that lead to their extinction?
Biogeology All living organisms must adapt to things in their environments, even as these organisms also change their environments. Slide 91 / 101 For example, humans change their environment by building big buildings. At the same time, it may snow in that environment and humans have to adapt and learn to live in those conditions. Biogeology - Rainfall Slide 92 / 101 Rainfall is one of the largest factors that determine which organisms can live in a region. Rainfall helps to shape land and it affects the types of living organisms found in a region. For example, in a desert with very little rainfall, you find cacti and lizards. You would not find big trees and tree frogs here. Biogeology - Rainforest Slide 93 / 101 But in a place with large amounts of rain, like a rainforest, you find many large trees and tree frogs. These plants and animals grow and live where they do because of rainfall. Some organisms have adapted to very little rainfall, like cacti, and some have adapted to live where there is lots and lots of rainfall, like these trees.
Biogeology As environments change, life forms need to respond and adapt to the changes. Slide 94 / 101 As humans have cut down trees to build more roads, we have changed the habitats of plants and animals. This has caused extinction of some species, death of animals and plants, and a shortage of resources. But sometimes we can take steps to help other organisms adapt to the changes we make in our environments. Click here to see a video on how humans have provided a structure to help animals adapt where there are major highways. 23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth. Slide 95 / 101 True False 23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth. Slide 95 () / 101 True False False
24 As environments change, living organisms need to to the changes. Slide 96 / 101 A not respond B adapt 24 As environments change, living organisms need to to the changes. Slide 96 () / 101 A not respond B adapt B 25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments. Slide 97 / 101 True False
25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments. Slide 97 () / 101 True False False 26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes? Slide 98 / 101 Yes No 26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes? Slide 98 () / 101 Yes No Yes
27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region? Slide 99 / 101 Yes No 27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region? Slide 99 () / 101 Yes No Yes 28 Only some living things affect their environment. Slide 100 / 101 True False
28 Only some living things affect their environment. Slide 100 () / 101 True False False Earth's System Walk Slide 101 / 101 In this activity, you will find evidence of weathering, erosion and biogeology in the world around you.