46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page iii 1 List of Applications ix Preface xiii Basic Concepts 1 Unit 1A REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH WHOLE NUMBERS 2 1.1 Review of Basic Operations 2 1.2 Order of Operations 11 1.3 Area and Volume 14 1.4 Formulas 19 1.5 Prime Factorization Divisibility 23 Unit 1A: Review 27 Unit 1B REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS 27 1.6 Introduction to Fractions 27 1.7 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 33 1.8 Multiplication and Division of Fractions 45 1.9 The U.S. System of Weights and Measures 53 Unit 1B: Review 56 Unit 1C REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH DECIMAL FRACTIONS AND PERCENT 57 1.10 Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions 57 1.11 Rounding Numbers 66 1.12 Multiplication and Division of Decimal Fractions 69 1.13 Percent 75 1.14 Rate, Base, and Part 80 1.15 Powers and Roots 89 1.16 Applications Involving Percent: Personal Finance (Optional) 93 Unit 1C: Review 97 Chapter 1: Group Activities 98 Chapter 1: Summary 99 Chapter 1: Review 102 Chapter 1: Test 104 iii 102553 C C A E P N iii K/PMS
46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page iv iv 2 3 4 Signed Numbers and Powers of 10 107 2.1 Addition of Signed Numbers 108 2.2 Subtraction of Signed Numbers 112 2.3 Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers 114 2.4 Signed Fractions 117 2.5 Powers of 10 122 2.6 Scientific Notation 125 2.7 Engineering Notation 131 Chapter 2: Group Activities 134 Chapter 2: Summary 134 Chapter 2: Review 136 Chapter 2: Test 137 Chapter 1-2: Cumulative Review 138 The Metric System 139 3.1 Introduction to the Metric System 140 3.2 Length 143 3.3 Mass and Weight 146 3.4 Volume and Area 148 3.5 Time, Current, and Other Units 152 3.6 Temperature 154 3.7 Metric and U.S. Conversion 156 Chapter 3: Group Activities 161 Chapter 3: Summary 161 Chapter 3: Review 162 Chapter 3: Test 163 Measurement 165 4.1 Approximate Numbers and Accuracy 166 4.2 Precision and Greatest Possible Error 169 4.3 The Vernier Caliper 173 4.4 The Micrometer Caliper 181 4.5 Addition and Subtraction of Measurements 189 4.6 Multiplication and Division of Measurements 193 4.7 Relative Error and Percent of Error 196 4.8 Color Code of Electrical Resistors 200 4.9 Reading Scales 204 Chapter 4: Group Activities 213 Chapter 4: Summary 213 Chapter 4: Review 214 Chapter 4: Test 216 Chapter 1-4: Cumulative Review 217 102553 C C A E P N i K/PMS
46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page v v 5 6 7 Polynomials: An Introduction to Algebra 219 5.1 Fundamental Operations 220 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 222 5.3 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 226 5.4 Multiplication of Monomials 230 5.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 232 5.6 Division by a Monomial 234 5.7 Division by a Polynomial 236 Chapter 5: Group Activities 239 Chapter 5: Summary 239 Chapter 5: Review 241 Chapter 5: Test 241 Equations and Formulas 243 6.1 Equations 244 6.2 Equations with Variables in Both Members 249 6.3 Equations with Parentheses 251 6.4 Equations with Fractions 254 6.5 Translating Words into Algebraic Symbols 259 6.6 Applications Involving Equations 260 6.7 Formulas 265 6.8 Substituting Data into Formulas 268 6.9 Reciprocal Formulas Using a Calculator 272 Chapter 6: Group Activities 275 Chapter 6: Summary 275 Chapter 6: Review 276 Chapter 6: Test 277 Chapter 1-6: Cumulative Review 278 Ratio and Proportion 279 7.1 Ratio 280 7.2 Proportion 284 7.3 Direct Variation 290 7.4 Inverse Variation 295 Chapter 7: Group Activities 299 Chapter 7: Summary 299 Chapter 7: Review 300 Chapter 7: Test 301 102553 C C A E P N K/PMS
46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page vi vi 8 9 10 11 Graphing Linear Equations 303 8.1 Linear Equations with Two Variables 304 8.2 Graphing Linear Equations 310 8.3 The Slope of a Line 317 8.4 The Equation of a Line 323 Chapter 8: Group Activities 328 Chapter 8: Summary 329 Chapter 8: Review 330 Chapter 8: Test 331 Chapter 1-8: Cumulative Review 332 Systems of Linear Equations 333 9.1 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Graphing 334 9.2 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Addition 340 9.3 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Substitution 345 9.4 Applications Involving Pairs of Linear Equations 347 Chapter 9: Group Activities 353 Chapter 9: Summary 354 Chapter 9: Review 355 Chapter 9: Test 356 Factoring Algebraic Expressions 357 10.1 Finding Monomial Factors 358 10.2 Finding the Product of Two Binomials Mentally 360 10.3 Finding Binomial Factors 362 10.4 Special Products 365 10.5 Finding Factors of Special Products 367 10.6 Factoring General Trinomials 369 Chapter 10: Group Activities 372 Chapter 10: Summary 372 Chapter 10: Review 373 Chapter 10: Test 373 Chapter 1-10: Cumulative Review 374 Quadratic Equations 375 11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 376 11.2 The Quadratic Formula 379 11.3 Applications Involving Quadratic Equations 381 11.4 Graphs of Quadratic Equations 386 11.5 Imaginary Numbers 390 Chapter 11: Group Activities 393 Chapter 11: Summary 393 Chapter 11: Review 394 Chapter 11: Test 395 102553 C C A E P N i K/PMS
46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page vii vii 12 13 14 15 Geometry 397 12.1 Angles and Polygons 398 12.2 Quadrilaterals 405 12.3 Triangles 410 12.4 Similar Polygons 419 12.5 Circles 423 12.6 Radian Measure 430 12.7 Prisms 435 12.8 Cylinders 441 12.9 Pyramids and Cones 446 12.10 Spheres 453 Chapter 12: Group Activities 455 Chapter 12: Summary 456 Chapter 12: Review 460 Chapter 12: Test 462 Chapter 1-12: Cumulative Review 463 Right Triangle Trigonometry 465 13.1 Trigonometric Ratios 466 13.2 Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Angles 470 13.3 Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Sides 473 13.4 Solving Right Triangles 474 13.5 Applications Involving Trigonometric Ratios 476 Chapter 13: Group Activities 484 Chapter 13: Summary 485 Chapter 13: Review 486 Chapter 13: Test 487 Trigonometry with Any Angle 489 14.1 Sine and Cosine Graphs 490 14.2 Period and Phase Shift 496 14.3 Solving Oblique Triangles: Law of Sines 500 14.4 Law of Sines: The Ambiguous Case 503 14.5 Solving Oblique Triangles: Law of Cosines 509 Chapter 14: Group Activities 514 Chapter 14: Summary 515 Chapter 14: Review 516 Chapter 14: Test 516 Chapter 1-14: Cumulative Review 517 Basic Statistics 519 15.1 Bar Graphs 520 15.2 Circle Graphs 523 15.3 Line Graphs 526 15.4 Other Graphs 529 102553 C C A E P N ii K/PMS
46891_01_FM_pi_pxviii.QXD 10/1/09 3:25 PM Page viii viii 16 15.5 Mean Measurement 530 15.6 Other Average Measurements and Percentiles 532 15.7 Range and Standard Deviation 535 15.8 Grouped Data 537 15.9 Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 544 15.10 Statistical Process Control 546 15.11 Other Graphs for Statistical Data 550 15.12 Normal Distribution 553 15.13 Probability 556 15.14 Independent Events 558 Chapter 15: Group Activities 559 Chapter 15: Summary 560 Chapter 15: Review 562 Chapter 15: Test 563 Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers 565 16.1 Introduction to Binary Numbers 566 16.2 Addition of Binary Numbers 568 16.3 Subtraction of Binary Numbers 569 16.4 Multiplication of Binary Numbers 571 16.5 Conversion from Decimal to Binary System 572 16.6 Conversion from Binary to Decimal System 573 16.7 Hexadecimal System 574 16.8 Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal Numbers 576 16.9 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 579 16.10 Hexadecimal Code for Colors 581 Chapter 16: Group Activities 582 Chapter 16: Summary 583 Chapter 16: Review 584 Chapter 16: Test 584 Chapter 1-16: Cumulative Review 585 Appendixes Appendix A: Tables 587 Table 1: Formulas from Geometry 587 Table 2: Electrical Symbols 589 Appendix B: Exponential Equations 591 Appendix C: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and All Chapter Review and Cumulative Review Exercises 597 102553 C C A E P N iii K/PMS