Protection of ungrounded systems using an advanced relay element

ENG 460 Prtectin f ungrunded systems using an advanced relay element A reprt submitted t the schl f Engineering and Energy, Murdch University in partial fulfilment f the requirements fr the degree f Bachelr f Engineering 2010 Student Name : Berty Siyambalapitiyage Dn Student Number : 30649858 Year f submissin : 2010 Supervisr : Dr. Gregry Crebbin Prject crdinatr : Prfessr Parisa Bahri

ABSTRACT The aim f this thesis prject is t investigate single line t grund faults in an ungrunded system and determine an effective fault detectin methd. Ungrunded system analysis is cnducted using ICAP simulatin. The fault detectin methd is fcused n three different parts. The first part is used t identify the faulted feeder. Secnd part is fr identifying the faulted phase and the last part is fr estimating the fault distance. After simulating the mdel f an ungrunded system using ICAP, it can be bserved that when a grund fault is present, the vltage magnitude f the unfaulted phase increases. The secnd bservatin is that when the fault is present, a zer-sequence vltage and a zer-sequence current are created in the ungrunded system. Therefre zer-sequence cmpnents can be used t identify the faults in an ungrunded system. A directin element is used t identify the faulted feeder f an ungrunded system. The relay measures the zer-sequence vltage (3V) and zer-sequence current (3I) using a brken delta transfrmer and a current transfrmer. The relay calculates impedance (V/I), If this impedance value is abve the frward threshld then a directinal element identifies it as a frward fault. The simulatin result prves the abve methd and als shws the faulted feeder zersequence current lagging the vltage by 90 degrees and the unfaulted feeder zersequence current leads the vltage by 90 degrees. The phase difference between the psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) f ne f the phases and zer-sequence current are used t detect a single line t grund fault n that phase. The simulatin results shw the abve methd is able t identify the faulted phase. In the final sectin, the simulatin results shw the magnitude f the zer-sequence current change accrding t the faulted distance therefre the single line t grund fault detectin algrithm can use this characteristic t measure the fault distance. 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish t express my greatest thanks t Dr. Gregry Crebbin fr his excellent assistance, patience and prfessinal guidance thrughut this thesis prject. Gratitude is expressed t Dr. Gregry Crebbin fr his cmmitment in prviding gd learning pprtunity. Lastly, I thank my wife and sn fr their lve and invaluable supprt thrughut this thesis prject. 3

Table f Cntents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... 3 1.1 General Intrductin... 8 1.2 Scpe f the prject... 9 1.3 Tpic utline... 9 2 Backgrund... 11 2.1 Ungrunded Pwer System... 11 2.2 Ungrunded system Vs Multigrunded system... 12 2.3 Relay cnnectins in an ungrunded system... 13 2.3.1 The vltage transfrmer... 14 2.4 Theretical backgrund... 15 2.4.1 Sequence cmpnents... 15 2.4.2 Sequence vltage... 15 2.5 The relay types used in ungrunded systems... 19 2.5.1 The 59N scheme... 19 2.5.2 The SEL-351 Relay... 19 2.5.3 Numerical Relay (fr ETESAL)... 19 2.5.4 Grund-fault lcatin algrithm fr ungrunded radial distributin systems... 19 2.5.5 Applicatin f Practical Criterin fr Single-phase-grund Fault in Ungrunded Pwer System... 19 3 Analysing an ungrunded system using the ICAP... 21 3.1 Intrductin t ICAP sftware... 21 3.2 Simulating the ungrunded system using ICAP... 21 3.2.1 Intrductin the simulatin diagram... 21 3.3 Assumptins fr simulatin... 23 3.4 Apprach-1... 23 3.4.1 Prcedure... 23 3.5 Results (the single line t grund fault effect)... 24 3.6 Result Analysis (the single line t grund fault effect)... 24 3.7 Apprach-2... 25 3.7.1 Prcedure... 25 3.8 Results (zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage wavefrm)... 25 3.8.1 Intrductin f the results... 25 3.8.2 Results Analysis... 25 4 The Functin f the Relay element... 26 4.1 Intrductin... 26 4

4.2 The Functinal f the Blcks... 27 4.2.1 Directinal Element (faulted feeder detectin)... 27 4.2.2 Assumptins... 29 4.2.3 Phase Selectin Element... 29 4.2.4 Assumptins... 30 4.2.5 The Distance Measuring Element... 30 5 Simulatin fr detecting the faulted feeder... 33 5.1 Feeder 1 A-phase t grund fault... 33 5.2 Assumptins... 34 5.3 Results (detectin f the faulted feeder)... 35 5.3.1 Intrductin t the results... 35 5.3.2 General verview f the results... 36 5.3.3 Errrs appear in the results... 36 5.4 Analysis f Results... 37 5.4.1General Analysis... 37 5.4.2 Analysis f the Directinal element functin... 37 5.4.3 Analysis f the errrs in the result... 38 6 Simulatin fr Identifying the Faulted Phase... 39 6.1 Simulatin Prcedure... 39 6.1.1 Simulatin Prcedure (A-phase t grund fault in feeder1)... 40 6.1.2 Simulatin Prcedure (B-phase t grund fault in feeder1)... 40 6.1.3 Simulatin Prcedure(C-phase t grund fault in feeder1)... 40 6.2 Assumptins... 40 6.3 Simulatin results(the faulted phase identificatin)... 41 6.3.1 Intrductin f the results... 41 6.3.2 General verview f the results... 41 6.4 Calculated results... 42 6.5 Analysis f Simulatin results (The Faulted Phase... 42 Identificatin)... 42 6.5.1 General analysis... 42 6.5.2 Analysis the results with the relay element functin... 42 7 Simulatin fr estimating the fault distance... 43 7.1 Prcedure... 43 7.2 Required Data... 44 7.3 The fault distance estimatin result... 44 5

7.4 Analyse f the fault distance results... 44 8 Analysis f the Fault resistance... 45 8.1 Intrductin t the fault resistance... 45 8.2 Simulatin prcedure... 46 8.3 Results f the fault resistance analysis... 47 8.4 Analyse the results f the fault analysis... 47 9 Fault Detectin sensitivity discussin... 48 9.1 Imbalance f the system... 48 9.2 The current transfrmer sensitivity... 48 9.3 Grund sensitivity... 48 10 Cnclusin... 49 10.1 Limitatin f the relay element... 50 10.2 Future Recmmendatin... 50 References... 51 Appendices... 53 Appendix A... 53 Appendix B... 57 Appendix D... 63 Table f figures Figure 1: Delta cnnected ungrund pwer distributin system [11]... 11 Figure 2: Ungrunded System [2] Figure 3: Multigrunded system [2]... 12 Figure 4: Three-phase simplified representatin f an ungrunded distributin system.... 13 Figure 5: Single-Line Diagram and New Brken-Delta VT Cnnectin Diagram [3]... 14 Figure 6: Current transfrmer arrangement [1]... 15 Figure 7: Icap simulatin diagram fr a ne kilmeter ungrunded pwer system( feeder 1)... 22 Figure 8: A-phase, B-phase and C-Phase wavefrms after A-phase t grund fault in an ungrunded system... 24 Figure 9: zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage wavefrm (A-phases t grund Fault)... 25 Figure 10: Functinal blck diagram f advanced relay element... 27 Figure 11: Impedance-plane directinal element characteristics [4]... 28 Figure 12: Zer-sequence netwrk fr the frward grund fault [3]... 28 Figure 13: Single line t grund faults in frnt f relay measuring pint [1]... 30 Figure 14: Simulatin diagram fr identify the faulted feeder... 34 Figure 15: Three feeders zer-sequence vltage and zer-sequence current wave frm after A-phase t grund fault in feeder ne.... 35 Figure 16: Simulatin diagram fr identifying the faulted phase... 39 Figure 17: Resultant wavefrms f phase selectin analysis... 41 Figure 18: Simulatin diagram fr fault resistance analysis... 46 6

Figure 19: 3I and 3V wavefrm at feeder 1(A-phase t grund fault in feeder 1)... 53 Figure 20: 3I and 3V wavefrm at feeder 2(A-phase t grund fault in feeder 1)... 54 Figure 21: 3I and 3V wavefrm at feeder 3(A-phase t grund fault in feeder 1)... 56 Figure 22: resulting wavefrm zer-sequence current and V 1a... 57 Figure 23: resulting wavefrm zer-sequence current and V 1a... 58 Figure 24: resulting wavefrm I and V 1a... 59 Figure 25: zer-sequence current wavefrm f fault distance measuring simulatin... 60 Figure 26: zer-sequence current wavefrm f fault distance measuring simulatin... 61 Figure 27: zer-sequence current wavefrm f fault distance measuring simulatin... 61 Figure 28: Resulting wavefrm zer-sequence current and V 1a (fr fault resistance simulatin) 63 Figure 29: Resulting wavefrm zer-sequence current and V 1a (fr fault resistance simulatin)63 Figure 30: Resulting wavefrm zer-sequence current and V 1a (fr fault resistance simulatin)64 Table f Tables Table 1: Distributin line parameters (refer t [13], pp 506)... 22 Table 3: Angle deferent zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage... 36 Table 4: impedance (V/I)... 37 Table 5: Angle different between V 1A and zer-sequence current... 42 Table 6: line parameters fr simulatin... 44 Table 7: zer sequence current variatin with the fault distance... 44 Table 8: fault resistance result... 47 Table 9: Distance measuring element results... 62 Table 10: Phase difference (between Va1 and zer-sequence current) vs fault resistance... 64 7

Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Intrductin Ungrunded pwer systems are attractive because they generate small fault currents when a grund fault ccurs. These systems prvide a lwer safety risk t humans and are able t maintain peratin under grund fault events. Hwever, the lw fault current makes it difficult t detect grund faults. As electrical system reliability and cntinuity f service in an electrical system are the tp pririties fr mst industries, an effective fault detectin methd is required fr these systems. The traditinal methd fr detecting grund faults in an ungrunded pwer netwrk is t use simple ver-vltage prtective relays. Fr advanced prtectin systems, simple ver vltage relays are nt effective elements fr detecting faults. This is because traditinal relays can nt identify the faulted feeder and faulted phase in an ungrunded pwer system. Instead, a switching methd is used t identify the fault. The system peratr de-energizes ne feeder at a time until the fault disappears. But this prcess discnnects a number f healthy feeders and disturbs the cntinuity f the pwer supply [1]. Accrding t histrical fault analysis data, ninety percent f all faults n ungrunded netwrks are single line t grund faults. This prject aims t develp an advanced element t detect and lcate single line t grund faults in radial ungrunded systems [1]. In particular, the element will be able t detect: a) the faulted feeder; b) the faulted phase, and: c) the distance t the fault pint. Due t the limitatins in traditinal fault detectin in ungrunded pwer systems, the Advanced Relay Element fault detectin methd culd play an imprtant rle in an industrial envirnment. 8

1.2 Scpe f the prject The aim f this thesis prject is t investigate single line t grund faults in ungrunded systems and investigate an advanced element t detect these faults. The fault identificatin system will be develped using zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage that are frmed when single line t grund faults are present. This element will detect the faulted feeder, identify the faulted phase and estimate the distance t the fault lcatin. The simulatin is cnducted using ICAP simulatin sftware t verify the theretical results. The advantage and the limitatins f this system will als be discussed. 1.3 Tpic utline a) Chapter 1:Intrductin An utline f the bjectives and need fr this thesis prject b) Chapter 2:Backgrund Ungrunded pwer system Ungrunded system Vs Multigrunded system Relay cnnectins in an ungrunded system The vltage transfrmer Current Transfrmer Theretical backgrund The relay types used in ungrunded systems c) Chapter 3:The apprach Analysing an ungrunded system using the ICAP sftware Intrductin f ICAP sftware Simulate the ungrunded system using ICAP Assumptins fr simulatin Simulatin results Analysis f the result d) Chapter 4:The Functin f the Relay element Intrductin f the blck diagram Directinal element The Functin f the phase selectin element The Functin f the Distance measuring element e) Chapter 5:Simulatin fr detecting the faulted feeder Fault feeder detectin result Detectin f the faulted feeder result Analysis f the results f) Chapter 6:Simulatin fr identifying the faulted phase 9

Simulatin results fr the faulted phase identificatin Analysis f the simulatin results g) Chapter 7:Simulatin fr estimating the fault distance The fault distance estimatin result Analyse f the fault distance results Analyse f the fault distance results h) Chapter 8:Analysis f the fault Resistance Intrductin f the fault resistance Simulatin prcedure fr analysis the fault resistance Result f the fault resistance Analyse the fault resistance result i) Chapter 9: Fault detectin sensitivity discussin j) Chapter 10: Cnclusin and future recmmendatins 10

Chapter2 2 Backgrund 2.1 Ungrunded Pwer System The mst ppular ungrunded pwer distributin system in current industries is the three phase three-wire delta cnnected ungrunded pwer system. In this ungrunded system, there is n intentinal grund cnnectin in any part f the electrical system. Hwever, each line f the system is cupled t grund thrugh a per-phase capacitance as shw in figure 1. The figure has been remved Figure 1: Delta cnnected ungrund pwer distributin system [11]. The advantage f this system is that the lads are cnnected phase t phase and therefre a single line-t-grund fault des nt effect the lad peratin. Thus the system can perate with a grund fault in ne phase. This avids the need fr an immediate shutdwn f the system [1]. In an ungrunded system, when the first line t grund fault ccurs a very lw fault current flws and the healthy phases rise t the line-t-line vltage 3 times the phase vltage. Therefre a secnd grund fault wuld be very dangerus because the system has high ptential phases [1]. Hwever, the ungrunded systems have attractive characteristics such as, safety fr humans and ability t perate with single line grund faults. Therefre mine sites and Navy ships cmmnly use ungrunded systems fr their pwer system applicatins [9]. 11

2.2 Ungrunded system Vs Multigrunded system The figure has been remved The figure has been remved Figure 2: Ungrunded System [2] Figure 3: Multigrunded system [2] Figure 2 shws an ungrunded distributin feeder, it has n neutral cnductr running thugh the system. The phase-t-grund distributin capacitance determines the magnitude f the fault current. The lads are cnnected phase t phase. Figure 3 shws a fur wire multigrunded distributin feeder. The neutral wire is typically grunded at each distributin transfrmer pint. In this system service lads can be cnnected phase t phase r phase t neutral. The zer-sequence current can create an imbalance f the lads. When a fault is present the relay measures the zersequence current created by the lad imbalance and fault current. The multigrunded systems ften becme unbalanced because the lads are mstly cnnected phase t neutral. In the ungrunded system, fault current (If) depends n the line-t-grund capacitance f the unfaulted pwer system phases. This is the mst imprtant difference between a single line t grund fault n an ungrunded system cmpared t a multigrunded pwer system [2]. 12

2.3 Relay cnnectins in an ungrunded system Figure 4 shws the wiring cnnectin f the new relay. This is a radial ungrunded pwer distributin netwrk system. Therefre nly ne nde is feeding pwer t the system and pwer will flw tp t bttm. In this system all lads are cnnected phase t phase. The lengths f the cnductrs are less than 80km. It has three feeders; each feeder is mnitred with a relay. The brken delta transfrmer (BDVT) and current transfrmers are cnnected t the relays as shwn in figure 4. The cnnectin f the brken delta transfrmer and current transfrmers t the relays are shwn in figure 5 and figure 6 respectively [2]. Figure 4: Three-phase simplified representatin f an ungrunded distributin system. 13

2.3.1 The vltage transfrmer 2.3.1.1 Intrductin f vltage transfrmer Three different types f vltage transfrmer are used in relays. They are three-phase fur-wire, pen-delta and brken delta. The figure 5 shws the brken delta vltage transfrmer (VT) cnnectin f the vltage transfrmer. This methd is very suitable fr ungrunded and resnant-grunded system directinal element applicatins. Using this methd the relay can measure each phase vltage and calculate the zer-sequence vltage (3V) fr the directinal element and phase selectin element [3]. 2.3.1.2 Advantages f the Brken Delta Transfrmer Cnnectin. The relay can measure directly each individual phase vltage and calculate the necessary sequence cmpnents. The wire cnnectin is als simpler than the traditinal system. This advanced brken Delta Cnnectin is used t measure zer-sequence vltage f the relay element in the prject. The figure has been remved Figure 5: Single-Line Diagram and New Brken-Delta VT Cnnectin Diagram [3] 14

2.3.1.3 Current Transfrmer The figure has been remved Figure 6: Current transfrmer arrangement [1] The current transfrmer arrangement fr zer-sequence current is shwn in Figure 6. The relay can measure Ia, Ib and Ic that will be used fr the directinal element, phase selectin element and distance measuring element [1]. 2.4 Theretical backgrund 2.4.1 Sequence cmpnents In 1918 C.L. Frtescue develped the methd f symmetrical cmpnents. This is a very pwerful methd fr analysing unbalanced three-phase systems. He identified a linear transfrmatin frm phase cmpnents t a new set f cmpnents called symmetrical cmpnents. The symmetrical cmpnents methd facilitates the analysis f the cmplicated unbalance phenmena in a relatively simple manner [6]. 2.4.2 Sequence vltage Accrding t Frtescue, phase vltages can be cnverted int three sets f sequence cmpnents, zer sequence, psitive sequence and negative sequence. 15

1. Zer-sequence cmpnents V a V b V c The set f zer-sequence cmpnents cnsist f the three phasrs (V a,v b,v c ) with equal magnitudes and zer phase displacements such that V a =V b = V c =V 2. Psitive-sequence cmpnents. V c1 V a1 =V 2 V b1 Psitive-sequence cmpnents cnsist f three phasrs with equal magnitudes and 120 phase displacement in a psitive sequence [12]. V a1= V 1 0 V b2= av 2 = V 2 120 V c2= a 2 0 V 2 =V 2 240 3. Negative-sequence cmpnents. V b2 V a1 =V 2 V c2 Negative-sequence cmpnents cnsist f three phases with (V a2, V b2,v c2 ) equal magnitudes,120 phase displacement and negative sequence[12]. V a2 =V 2 V b1 =a 2 0 V 1 =V 1 240 0 V c1 =av 1 =V 1 120 16

The phase vltages can be written as fllws V a =V +V 1 +V 2 (1) V b =V +a 2 V 1 +av 2 (2) V c =V +av 1 +a 2 V 2 (3) The sequence vltage can be btained frm the phase vltage using the transfrmatin. V = 3 1 ( Va+ V b+ V c ) (4) V 1 = 3 1 ( Va+ av b+ a 2 V c ) (5) V 2 = 3 1 ( Va+ a 2 V b+ av c ) (6) 2.4.3 Sequence Currents 1. Zer-sequence current cmpnents The set f zer-sequence current cmpnents cnsist f the three phasrs (I a,i b,i c ) with equal magnitudes and zer phase displacements such that I a =I b = I c =I 2. Psitive-sequence current cmpnents Psitive-sequence cmpnents cnsist f three phasrs with equal magnitudes and 120 phase displacement in a psitive sequence[12]. I a1= I 1 I b= a 2 0 I 1 = I 1 240 0 I c1= ai 1 =I 1 120 17

3. Negative-sequence current cmpnents Negative-sequence cmpnents cnsist f three phases with (I a2, I b2,i c2 ) with equal magnitudes,120 phase displacement and negative sequence. I a2 =I 2 0 I b2 =ai 2 =I 2 120 I c2 =ai 2 0 1 =I 2 240 The symmetrical cmpnent transfrmatin can als be applied t currents, as fllws: I a =I +I 1 +I 2 (7) I b =I +a 2 I 1 +ai 2 (8) I c =I 0 +ai 1 +a 2 I 2 (9) The sequence current can be btained frm the phase currents using the transfrmatin: I= 3 1 ( Ia + I b + I c ) (10) I 1 = 3 1 ( Ia + ai b + a 2 I c ) (11) I 2 = 3 1 ( Ia + a 2 I b + ai c ) (12) The psitive-sequence quantities are present during balanced three-phase cnditins Negative-sequence quantities can be measured nly when the pwer system is unbalanced. Zer-sequence quantities can be bserved nly in grund fault cnditins. Therefre negative and zer-sequence cmpnents are nly present in unbalanced systems with grund faults. Therefre the zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage can be used t detect faults in ungrunded pwer system relays. Thus zersequence current and vltage are used t develp the single line t grund fault detectin element in this thesis prject [6]. 18

2.5 The relay types used in ungrunded systems 2.5.1 The 59N scheme The 59N is the mst ppular ver vltage prtective relay fr ungrunded pwer distributin netwrks. It uses the zer-sequence vltage cmpnent t detect single line t grund faults. The disadvantage f the 59N relay is that it can nt detect the faulted feeder r faulted phase. This is because when a grund fault is present any ne f the feeders faulted prduces the same magnitude f zer-sequence vltage. The 59N systems are still in use in several industrial applicatins [1]. 2.5.2 The SEL-351 Relay The Schweitzer Engineering Labratries develped the SEL-351 Relay fr ungrunded systems and ther pwer system applicatins. The SEL-351 has a very high sensitivity. It includes an advanced directinal element fr ungrunded systems. This relay respnds t the quadrature cmpnent f the dt prduct f the zer-sequence vltage and current. Hwever this relay has n fault lcatin identificatin system [5]. 2.5.3 Numerical Relay (fr ETESAL) This relay has desirable elements t detect faults in ungrunded systems. It uses an advanced current transfrmer t identify the grund faults[1]. 2.5.4 Grund-fault lcatin algrithm fr ungrunded radial distributin systems The Department f Electrical Engineering f the Myngji University has prpsed a single phase-t-grund fault lcatin algrithm fr an ungrunded radial distributin system. This algrithm uses the vltage equatin frm the relay lcatin t the fault lcatin. Zer-sequence current, fault resistance and fault distance are the unknwns. The fault resistance is remved by extracting the cmpnents rthgnal t the zersequence current frm the equatin. Finally the fault distance can be calculated [13]. 2.5.5 Applicatin f Practical Criterin fr Single-phasegrund Fault in Ungrunded Pwer System The Schl f Autmatin and Electrical Engineering at Lanzhu Jia Tng University, in China built an intelligent prtectin device. This element can identify the faulted phase in an ungrunded system rapidly and accurately accrding t the system structure and perating characteristics. 19

In this intelligent device, phase-t-grund vltage changes during pre-and-pst fault cnditin in the ungrunded pwer system are used as criteria f searching fr the faulted phase. The intelligent prtectin device detects the circular changes in the three phase-tgrund vltages and zer-sequence vltage. If the zer-sequence vltage ges beynd the limits f the set value the device will determine the faulted phase [14]. 20

Chapter 3 3 Analysing an ungrunded system using the ICAP 3.1 Intrductin t ICAP sftware The Intusft Cmpany prvides IsSpice4 simulatin sftware. This sftware is based n Berkeley SPICE 3F.2. SPICE 3F.2 was develped by the Department f Electrical Engineering and Cmputer Science at University f Califrnia, USA [15]. IsSpice4 simulatin sftware is a simulatin package designed t be user friendly and highly interactive. It can be used t explain pwer system peratin t a nn-technical audience. Therefre it is a better simulatin tls fr analysis f sinusidal the sine wavefrms f an ac pwer electrical distributin system than ther simulatin packages. This particular sftware tl will be used t analyses the single line t grund faults in the ungrunded pwer system netwrks used in this thesis prject. 3.2 Simulating the ungrunded system using ICAP 3.2.1 Intrductin the simulatin diagram The ICAP simulatin diagram mdel fr a ne feeder ungrunded system is shwn in Figure 7. There are three phases with a feeder each. V1, V2 and V3 are the vltage surces, generating 50Hz sine wave with phase angle shift f 0,120 and 240 respectively.the line resistances are represented by R1, R2 andr3. The line inductance are represented by L1, L2 and L3. The line capacitances are represented by C1, C2 and C3. The values fr the transmissin line parameters were taken frm reference [13]. The Trigger switch is used t create a single line t grund fault. In this analysis line three is selected as phase A. The resister R4 (1MΩ) is used t vercme a simulatin prblem f using ungrunded vltage surce. R4 is a very large resistance s that the system functins effectively as an ungrunded system. 21

The vltage surce pints V4, V5 and V6 are used as test pints t measure zersequence current. The tw cmpnents in the bttm f the diagram are used t calculate zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage frm the system when the single line t grund fault is present in A-phase. 3.2.2 Required mdel Data The line impedance use values given in Table1 R L C 1.1028 Ω/km 3.8295 mh/km 0.0040 µf/km Table 1: Distributin line parameters (refer t [13], pp 506) Figure 7: Icap simulatin diagram fr a ne kilmeter ungrunded pwer system( feeder 1) 22

3.3 Assumptins fr simulatin The single line t grund faults is nt affected by the lads in an ungrunded pwer system. This is because the system lads are cnnected phase t phase. Therefre the lads are nt included in this ICAP simulatin. Fr this analysis the grund resistance is equal t zer. All transmissin lines are the same type. 3.4 Apprach-1 3.4.1 Prcedure 3.4.1.1 Investigate the single line t grund fault effect The system in Figure 7 was used t investigate the single line t grund fault behaviur in the system. The simulatin is cnducted and the wave frm f the A-phase, B-phase and C-phase are recrded. Distributin line parameters shwn in Table 1 are used in the simulatin mdel. Figure 8 shws the utputs f the three phases. 23

3.5 Results (the single line t grund fault effect) Vlts Time in secnds Figure 8: A-phase, B-phase and C-Phase wavefrms after A-phase t grund fault in an ungrunded system 3.6 Result Analysis (the single line t grund fault effect) The number (1-black), (2-blue) and (3-green) are A-phase, B-phase and C-phase simulatin utput wavefrms respectively. The vertical line [1] represents the start f the grund fault event. It is clear that after the grund fault ccurred, the A-phase vltage drps t zer. Als the B-phase and C-phase vltages are increased by the A- phase grund fault. The increase in the values is apprximately equal t the pre-fault vltages. 3 times the The simulatin prves the case that the unfaulted phases can reach 3 times their nrmal magnitude. This characteristic f an ungrunded system can be used t identify the faulted phase. 24

3.7 Apprach-2 3.7.1 Prcedure 3.7.1.1 Investigate zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage The ungrunded system mdel in Figure 7 is used t analyse the zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage f an ungrunded system. The simulatin is cnducted and the wavefrms f the zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage are recrded. The Table 1 distributin line parameters are used fr the simulatin line mdels. Figure 9 shws the results f the simulatin. 3.8 Results (zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage wavefrm) Vlts Time in Secnds Figure 9: zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage wavefrm (A-phases t grund Fault) 3.8.1 Intrductin f the results Black Wavefrm- Zer-sequence current (3I) Blue Wavefrm- Zer-sequence vltage (3V) 3.8.2 Results Analysis Accrding t the results in Figure 9, after the fault, zer-sequence current and zersequence vltage are created in the ungrunded system. Therefre, these zer-sequence cmpnents can be used t detect the single line t grund fault in an ungrunded system. 25

Chapter 4 Methd 4 The Functin f the Relay element 4.1 Intrductin The blck diagram in Figure 10 shws the internal functins f the new relay. Phase vltages (Va,Vb,Vc) and line currents in each phases (Ia,Ib,Ic) feed in t the relay thugh an pen delta transfrmer cnnectin and current transfrmer. Then the functin f the directin element begins. It measures the impedance (V/I) value. If the measured impedance is abve the frward threshld the fault is declared frward. If the fault is in frnt f the relay then the directin element sends a signal t the phase selectin element. The phase selectin element detects the zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage extracted frm the feeder. Then the phase selectin element starts analysing the phase angle between zer-sequence current and psitive sequence vltage(v 1a ) f the phase-a(surce vltage f A-phase in used as reference).accrding t the phase different between the zer-sequence current vltage(v 1a )f phase-a, the faulted phase can be determined. and psitive sequence After selecting the faulted phase the selectin element and the directinal element send signals t the AND gates. After receiving these tw high inputs the AND gate gives a high utput t the distance measuring element. Then the distance measuring element starts the peratin that calculates the distance (km) frm feeder t the fault pint. If the fault presents in frnt f the relay it detects the fault and gives an utput f the faulted cnditin. The display unit represented in Figure 10 shws the utput f the relay. Frm this display unit, the relay peratr r any ther authrity is able t identify the faulted feeder, faulted phase and distance t the fault. They can discnnect nly the faulted phase withut disturbing ther pwer supplies f the ungrunded system. It is desirable t discuss the functin f the each blck f the system separately. The fllwing sectins discuss the functins f each functin blck. 26

Figure 10: Functinal blck diagram f advanced relay element 4.2 The Functinal f the Blcks 4.2.1 Directinal Element (faulted feeder detectin) The functin f the directinal element is t determine frward and reverse cnditins f the fault. It functins accrding t the impedance-plane directinal element characteristics as shwn in Figure 11. 27

The figure has been remved Figure 11: Impedance-plane directinal element characteristics [4] The phase vltages V a, V b and V c are input t the relay frm a brken delta vltage transfrmer. Phasr currents I a, I b and I c are input t the relay frm current transfrmer. Then the relay is able t measure the zer-sequence vltage and zer-sequence current accrding t the equatins V = 3 1 ( Va+ V b+ V c ) (13) I = 3 1 ( Ia + I b + I c ) (14) The relay then calculates the impedance (V/I). If this impedance value is abve the frward threshld then the directinal element identifies it as a frward fault. If the measured impedance value is abve the reverse fault threshld then the directinal element identifies it as a reverse fault [4]. The figure has been remved Figure 12: Zer-sequence netwrk fr the frward grund fault [3] 28

XC OS - zer-sequence capacitive reactance f the remaining system. XC OL -zer-sequence capacitive reactance f the prtected line Z OL -zer-sequence line impedance The Figure 11 shws the impedance-plane directinal element characteristics. The Figure 12 shws the zer-sequence netwrk fr the frward grund fault. Accrding thse tw figures If the zer-sequence current lags zer-sequence vltage by 90 degrees and Z O = V = +XCOS then the relay interprets this as a frward fault I If the zer-sequence current leads the zer-sequence vltage by 90 degrees and Z O = V = -XCOL then the relay interprets this as a reverse fault I If the directinal element identifies the fault in frnt f the relay measuring pint then these element sends a signal t the phase selectin element t identify the faulted phase. If a reverse fault is fund the fault detectin des is nt cntinue within this relay, as the fault culd be in any ther place within the ungrunded system [3]. 4.2.2 Assumptins The zer-sequence impedance f an ungrunded system has a very high magnitude. Therefre the psitive and negative sequence impedances can be neglected. There is n significant lss f accuracy in this calculatin. It is assumed that XC OL >>Z OL and then V=-jXC OL I 4.2.3 Phase Selectin Element After detecting the faulted feeder, the next step is t select the faulted phase. When selecting the faulted phase, the value f phase difference between psitive sequence 29

vltage (V 1A ) f A-phase (surce vltage f A-phase is used as reference) and zersequence current need t be cnsidered. If the single line t grund fault is in frnt f the relay measuring pint, the algrithm illustratin in Figure 13 is used t select the faulted phase, (The A-phase is cnsidered as the reference in calculating the value f the psitive sequence vltage V 1 [2]). 4.2.4 Assumptins Fr this calculatin, psitive sequence and negative sequence impedances are negligible. The figure has been remved Figure 13: Single line t grund faults in frnt f relay measuring pint [1] In figure 13,V1a is the psitive sequence vltage f the A-phase (A-phase surce vltage as reference),and I is the zer-sequence current. The angle (θ) is the phase difference between psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) and zersequence current. When the angle (θ) is between -5 and 95 the relay identifies the A- phase as faulted. And als if the angle (θ) is between -25 and-125 the relay identifies the B-Phase faulted. If the angle (θ) is between 125 and-145 the relay identifies the C- Phase faulted. After detecting the faulted feeder the phase selectin element and feeder selectin element send a signal t the distance measuring element. 4.2.5 The Distance Measuring Element After receiving a signal frm the phase selectin element and the directinal element, the fault distance measuring element starts its peratin. When presenting the single line t grund fault the magnitude f the zer-sequence current is used t measure the fault distance. 30

4.2.4.1 Relevant equatin Applying Kirchff s Current Law t the single line t grund fault sequence diagram, the grund fault algrithm can be written [13]. 2 k = 2 V d Z I 3R I = 0 (15) k k = lk V k -relay vltage d- fault distance Z lk -line impedance I k -relay current R f -fault resistance I f -zer-sequence fault current 4.2.4.2 Assumptins k f f The fllwing assumptins are made fr calculating the fault distance. The zer-sequence impedance f an ungrunded system has a very high magnitude. Therefre the psitive and negative sequence impedances can be neglected. There is n significant lss f accuracy in this calculatin. It is assumed that the fault resistance is equal t zer. Therefre the equatin can be written; V +V 1 +V 2 -dz L0 I 0 =0 (16) d ( V + V + 1 V2 ) = (17) Z LO I where d- fault distance V- zer-sequence vltage V 1 - psitive sequence vltage V 2 -Negative sequence vltage Z L0 -Line impedance in zer sequence(per unit length) I 0 -Zer-sequence current 31

4.2.4.3 Sequence vltage calculatin The brken delta vltage cnnects t the relay V a,v b and V c. thus using these vltages,the relay can calculate the zer-sequence vltage, the negative sequence vltage and the psitive sequence vltage as [6]: V = 1 ( Va+ V b+ V c ) (18) 3 V 1 = 3 1 ( Va+ av b+ a 2 V c ) (19) V 2 = 3 1 ( Va+ a 2 V b+ av c ) (20) The zer-sequence line impedance per unit length can be written as [16]: Z LO = (R+jωL) (21) 4.2.4.4 Estimatin f the fault distance Substituting the zer-sequence current magnitude value, V, V 1, V 2 and Z LO t the equatin (10), the fault distance can be estimated. d ( V + V + V2 ) 1 = (22) ( R + jωl) I Verify the methd using simulatin Accrding t equatin (21), nly the zer-sequence current will vary with distance t the fault. Therefre the equatin can be written as fllws K d = (23) I d- fault distance K-cnstant I -zer-sequence current 32

Chapter 5 5 Simulatin fr detecting the faulted feeder 5.1 Feeder 1 A-phase t grund fault The ICAP simulatin diagram mdel is shwn in Figure 14. There are three phases fr each feeder.v1,v2 and V3 are the vltage surces. The line resistance is represented as by ntatin R; L signifies the line inductance. The ntatin C represents the line grund capacitance. The values fr these transmissin line elements were given in Table 1 f chapter 3. The Trigger switch is used t create the single line t grund fault. In this analysis, line three is selected as the A-phase. The vltage pints V4, V5 and V6 are used t measure the zer-sequence current frm feeder ne. The V8, V9 and V10 vltage pints are used t measure the zer-sequence current frm feeder tw. V11, V12 and V13 are used t measure the zer-sequence current frm feeder three. The 1MEG resistr is used t ver cme simulatin prblem. The 1MEG is a very large resistance, therefre the system functin runs effectively as an ungrunded system. 33

Figure 14: Simulatin diagram fr identify the faulted feeder 5.2 Assumptins The single lines t grund faults are nt effected by the lads in an ungrunded pwer system. This is because the system lads are cnnected phase t phase. Therefre the lads are nt included in this ICAP simulatin. Fault resistance equal t zer. 34

5.3 Results (detectin f the faulted feeder) Vlts Time in secnd Figure 15: Three feeders zer-sequence vltage and zer-sequence current wave frm after A-phase t grund fault in feeder ne. 5.3.1 Intrductin t the results Feeder 1: (1) Black line-zer-sequence current (3I) (2) Blue line-zer-sequence vltage (3V) The zer-sequence current [3I] lags the zer-sequence vltage [3V] Feeder 2: (3) Green line-zer-sequence current(3i) (4) Red line zer-sequence vltage(3v) The zer-sequence current [3I] leads the zer-sequence vltage [3v] 35

Feeder 3: (5) Black line-zer-sequence current (3I) (6) Blue line zer-sequence vltage(3v) The zer-sequence current [3I] leads the zer-sequence vltage [3v] 5.3.2 General verview f the results The zer-sequence vltage (3V) and zer-sequence current (3I) wavefrms are represented in Figure 15 when the A-phase t grund fault is present in feeder ne. The vertical line [1] represents the start time f the single-line t grund fault event. After that time, the zer-sequence [3V0] current and zer-sequence vltage [3I] are created in each feeder. These tw wavefrms are sinusidal. 5.3.3 Errrs appear in the results It can be bserved the errr in the zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage wavefrm. Prir t the fault the zer-sequence currents and vltages have a sinusidal cmpnent where they shuld be zer. Right after the fault ccurs, the zer-sequence current (3I) sinusidal wave frm has scillatins n each feeder current. The scillatins can create in fault situatin f the system. 5.3.4 Calculated data f the results Table 2 shws, the angle difference between the zer-sequence current and zersequence vltage in the three feeders. Feeder Angle deference 3V and 3I 1 Zer-sequence current lags zer-sequence vltage by 86.4 degrees 2 Zer-sequence current leads zer-sequence vltage by 89.2 degrees 3 Zer-sequence current leads zer-sequence vltage by 86.2 degrees Table 2: Angle deferent zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage Nte: - Refer t Appendix A fr calculatins f the angle difference between zersequence current and zer-sequence vltage 36

Feeder (V/I) 1 + Z m1 j 2 Z m2 j 3 Z m3 j Table 3: impedance (V/I) Z m1 -zer-sequence impedance at feeder 1 Z m2 - zer-sequence impedance at feeder 2 Z m3 - zer-sequence impedance at feeder 3 Nte: - Please refer t the Appendix A fr calculatin 5.4 Analysis f Results 5.4.1General Analysis The zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage are generated in all three feeders after the A-phase t grund fault. In the faulted feeder, zer-sequence current lags the zer-sequence vltage by 90 degrees. In the ther tw feeders, the zer-sequence current leads the vltage by 90 degrees. Therefre using the abve methd a faulted feeder can be identified in an ungrunded pwer system. 5.4.2 Analysis f the Directinal element functin The Table 3 shws the rati between V and I (impedance). It can be bserved that the faulted feeder (feeder 1) value is Z m1 j. Accrding Figure 11, if the measured impedance is abve the frward fault threshld then the fault is declared frward.(accrding t the directinal element thery Z m1 are equal t XC OS ). Fr feeder 2 and feeder 3, the rati between V and I (impedance) are -Z m2 j and -Z m3 j respectively. Accrding t Figure 4, the measured impedance is abve the reverse fault threshld therefre the fault is declared reverse (Accrding t the directinal element thery Z m2 and Z m3 are equal t XC OL ). It is clear that using the impedance-plane directinal element, the faulted feeder can be identified. 37

5.4.3 Analysis f the errrs in the result Accrding t results in Figure 15, zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage sinusidal wave frms can be bserved in the pre-faulted situatin. In pre-faulted situatin the system shuld perate as a balanced system. Zer-sequence current and zer-sequence vltage shuld nt be generated in a balanced system, therefre it is clear that sme errrs in the simulatin befre A-phase t grund fault in feeder 1. Right after the fault at feeder 1 the zer-sequence current(3i) wavefrm has sme scillatins due t the fault. The smth zer-sequence current sinusidal wavefrm can be bserved after 120 milisecnd. In the figure 9, right after the fault at feeder 1 the zer-sequence current (3I) and the zer-sequence vltage(3v) have sme scillatins due t the fault. Hwever these errrs are nt large enugh t affect the final results f identifying the faulted feeder. Therefre the abve faulted feeder identifying methd can be used in an ungrunded system. 38

Chapter 6 6 Simulatin fr Identifying the Faulted Phase 6.1 Simulatin Prcedure The simulatin diagram in Figure 16 (fr line parameters, please refer t Table 1) is used fr identifying the faulted phase in the system. First, the A-phase (line 3 in feeder1) psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) (A-phase surce vltage) is btained. Then the Trigger switch is activated t create a grund fault with three phases, ne at a time. The zer-sequence current wavefrm is recrded each time. The zer-sequence current wave frm is btained using elements V4, V5 and V6 in the simulatin diagram. The angle between zer-sequence current and psitive sequence vltage is checked with diagram in Figure 13 t find the faulted phase. Figure 16: Simulatin diagram fr identifying the faulted phase 39

6.1.1 Simulatin Prcedure (A-phase t grund fault in feeder1) The grund fault activatr is cnnected t the A-phase (line 3 in feeder1) t create a grund fault. Then ICAP simulatin is cnducted and btained the zer-sequence current wavefrm is btained. Then the phase difference between psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) and zer-sequence current is calculated. After the simulatin, the result is mapped nt Figure 13 t find the faulted phase. Fr A-phase fault the angle difference shuld lie - between -5 degrees and 95 degrees 6.1.2 Simulatin Prcedure (B-phase t grund fault in feeder1) The grund fault activatr (Trigger switch) is cnnected t the B-phase (line 2 in the circuit diagram) t create a grund fault. Then ICAP simulatin is cnducted and btained the zer-sequence current wavefrm. Then calculate the phase different between psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) and zer-sequence current. After that the result is tested with Figure 13 t detect the faulted phase. Fr B-phase fault the angle difference shuld lie-between -25 degrees and -125 degrees 6.1.3 Simulatin Prcedure(C-phase t grund fault in feeder1) The grund fault activatr (Trigger switch) is cnnected t the B-phase (line 3 in the circuit diagram) t create a grund fault. Then ICAP simulatin is cnducted and btained the zer-sequence current wavefrm. Then calculate the phase different between psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) and zer-sequence current. After that the result is checked with Figure 13 t detect the faulted phase. C-phase fault sectr: - between 125 degree and -145 degree 6.2 Assumptins The single lines t grund faults are nt effected by the lads in an ungrunded pwer system. This is because the system lads are cnnected phase t phase. Therefre the lads are nt included in this ICAP simulatin. Fault resistance is equal t zer. 40

6.3 Simulatin results(the faulted phase identificatin) Vlts Figure 17: Resultant wavefrms f phase selectin analysis Time in secnds 6.3.1 Intrductin f the results The wavefrms in the result can be represented as fllws [1] The Black wavefrm: - Psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) [3] The Green wavefrm: - zer-sequence current wavefrm (the A-phase t grund fault) [4] The Red wavefrm: - zer-sequence current wavefrm (the B- phase t grund fault) [2] The Blue wavefrm: - zer-sequence current wavefrm (the C-phase t grund fault) 6.3.2 General verview f the results The verview f the simulatin results are represented in Figure 17. The vertical line [1] represents the fault psitin (The trigger switch activatin pint).the zer-sequence current generated after each and every phase fault. 41

6.4 Calculated results Table 4 shws the calculated data f the angle between psitive sequence vltage (V 1A ) and zer-sequence current in each phase when the grund fault is present. Faulted Phase V1a and I angle difference A-phase +69.1 degrees( zer-sequence current lead V 1A By 69.1 degrees) B-phase -59.1 degrees(zer-sequence current lag V 1A By 59.1 degrees) C-phase -171 degrees( zer-sequence current lag V 1A By171.1 degrees) Table 4: Angle different between V 1A and zer-sequence current In the table, V 1A is the psitive sequence vltage (A-phase surce vltage) which is used as reference 1. I is the zer-sequence current when there is the A-phase t grund fault in feeder Nte:- Fr the Calculatin f the angle difference please refer t Appendix B 6.5 Analysis f Simulatin results (The Faulted Phase Identificatin) 6.5.1 General analysis Accrding t abve results, all zer-sequence sinusidal wavefrms are created after the fault. The scillatin in the A-phase and C-phase zer-sequence current sinusidal wavefrms can be bserved. The A-phase zer-sequence current wavefrm has a pure sine shape as expected. 6.5.2 Analysis the results with the relay element functin Accrding t the results in Table 5, it is clear that when the single phase t grund fault is present, the angle differences between the zer-sequence current and psitive sequence vltage (A-phase surce vltage, V 1A ) are in the expected detectin range. This result has prved that the faulted phase can be identified by the phase selectin methd discussed in the sectin 4.2. 42

Chapter 7 7 Simulatin fr estimating the fault distance 7.1 Prcedure The circuit diagram in Figure 16 is used t validate the grund fault distance algrithm. The A-phase in the first feeder is cnsidered fr this analysis. The trigger switch is used t create single line t grund fault. Step 1: The simulatin is cnducted and zer-sequence current wavefrm is btained then the magnitude f the zer-sequence current is calculated. Step 2: T check the different fault distances f the line, the resistr value, line inductr and line capacitance values are increased by the same amunt and the zer-sequence current magnitude is captured fr each value. Step3: Magnitude f the zer-sequence current is substituted in t the equatin 23 and the fault distance is calculated as the zer-sequence current varies with the fault distance d ( V + V + V2 ) 1 = (23) ( R + jwl) I K ( V + V1 + V2 ) = (24) ( R + jwl) K d = (25) I d- Fault distance K-cnstant I -zer-sequence current 43

7.2 Required Data R L C 1.1028 Ω/km 3.8295 mh/km 0.0040 µf/km Table 5: line parameters fr simulatin 7.3 The fault distance estimatin result Distance in KM Zer-sequence current I 1km 18.0014 50km 4.8958 80km 1.1138 Table 6: zer sequence current variatin with the fault distance Nte: Please refer Appendix C fr calculatin 7.4 Analyse f the fault distance results Accrding t Table 6, the zer-sequence current decreases when the fault distance increases. Therefre the denminatr f the equatin 24 decreases when the fault distance increases. In this analysis the fllwing recmmendatin can be made. Equatin 23 can be used t calculate the fault distance In an ungrunded system, the fault value f the zer-sequence current depends n the fault distance. 44

Chapter 8 8 Analysis f the Fault resistance 8.1 Intrductin t the fault resistance The fault resistance analysis is imprtant in an ungrunded pwer system. This is because the fault current depends upn the fault resistance and that requires the relay element t be set accrdingly. Fr this analysis the fault resistance is increased fr an A-phase single-line-t-grund fault in frnt f the relay measuring pint and the resulting characteristic is investigated. The fault resistance is increased and checked the angle between the zersequence current and the psitive-sequence vltage (V1a) is measured. 45

8.2 Simulatin prcedure The circuit diagram in Figure 18 is used fr this analysis. The trigger switch is cnnected t a variable resistance (R13). The line parameters and vltage surces are the same as used in Figure 16. The angle difference between zer-sequence current and psitive sequence vltage (A-phase surces vltage) is measured by changing the resistr values. Figure 18: Simulatin diagram fr fault resistance analysis 46

8.3 Results f the fault resistance analysis Fault resistance value(ω) Phase difference(betweenv a1 and zer-sequence current) 1 57.60 50 54.85 100 37.35 Table 7: fault resistance result 8.4 Analyse the results f the fault analysis Accrding t the abve results it can be bserved when the fault resistance increases, phase difference between psitive sequence vltage (A-phase surce vltage Va1) and zer-sequence current decrease. Therefre this analysis is imprtant fr the faulted phasr selectin element. It can be seem that the grund fault resistance is effect t the relay sensitivity f an ungrunded pwer system. 47

Chapter 9 9 Fault Detectin sensitivity discussin 9.1 Imbalance f the system The imbalance f the system is ne f the main factrs in setting fault detectin sensitivity. The imbalance f the system is present because line-t-grund capacitance per phase is nt always equal. This imbalance is applied t the system and all ther equipment cnnected t the grid. The lad dynamics can als affect the balance f the system. Therefre due t the imbalance f the pwer line and lad the maximum sensitivity f the detectin element is required [2]. 9.2 The current transfrmer sensitivity The current transfrmer used in the system fr measuring zer-sequence current als impacts n the sensitivity f the fault detectin relay. The higher the current rati the lwer the fault sensitivity and lwer current rati gives higher fault sensitivity. Therefre the current transfrmer shuld have the lwest errr when perating in the linear regin [2]. 9.3 Grund sensitivity The grund sensitivity depends n the type f sil n the grund. Experiments prved that different sils can have different fault resistance. The fault sensitivity is different in areas with vegetatin. Different weather cnditins leads t different fault resistances. Rain and thunderstrms cause varying single line t grund sensitivities [2]. 48