La d gg Mha gg Glgy al l f a hal a Fally Gadd yld IQ H KHOLO I-LMH aal gg a Jda y f ad hlgy P.O x Ibd JO al: daabh@.d. ba: - h a d h a hal a la yld ad f a fally gadd aal FGM. h yld aal dd b gadd alg h adal d h a xally ayg db ad. h aal ad b h a P a. h yld bd a a a a h fa. al hd bad l f dff h d alla h a adal dla ad db h h yld. h dd a adal dla adal h ad axal a ld f a FGM f a ZO ad ally -6l-V. Ky-Wd: - Ha d; hal ; Il f dff; Fally gadd aal. Id Fally gadd aal FGM a aal h ha ay ly gadally h h aal da. Md FGM a d f lx h a h ha hld f a k la f ha. h FGM f h ly hagg f dff aal. F xal a gg a h hal ladg f h hgh-a ad h h a lgh al aa h al gdy. Wh h FGM a bd xly hal ladg lag hal a dd h FGM. hf f h a bl f FGM h da hal ad h a ha a. hal d ha b dd f gag h a aa ad h lg hal h FGM. g a ba aah Obaa ad da [] gad h hal fally gadd hll h ad yld ha fly had. I a fd ha h d ad ff h ad h aalabl a g. Fk al. [] gad h ff f h gad h adal d h hal f hk alld b f FGM d f hal ladg. hy fd ha h fal a h fa ad f adg h a gad aad by a da h la xa ff ad a a h la dl. a [] gad h xa l f fally gadd a yld bd hal ad haal lad. H dd h xa l f h a db hla dfa ad fld f hg hll ad ld yld. I h la ay ah ha gad h dal hal f fally gadd aal [-7]. h f FGM ha lf b b ad h ha bd g FGM a ala baal [8-9]. a al. [] ald h hybl gy dl f dg a hal a a dal la bd dff a hag a h bda. I a k by aabh al. [] h hybl ha d dl a ald db h a hal a h yld. M f h hal ga d fa ha aalyd h ady hal FGM. I h a h a hal a I: 79-9 89 I: 978-96-7--5
La d gg Mha gg Glgy fally gadd yld bd a a a a h fa a gad by g a al hd bad l f dff h. h FGM yld dd f a ZO ad ally -6l-V. h aaly dd h ba f ld hlay. d h a h hal ad haal bl a ld. O dg h a db d h yld f ha d a gadd a a k f ad dd h hla a d h hal. Ha d a a W d h a a db a Fally Gadd Maal la yld d bd hal bday d. h aal a ad b adally dd b a dd. fd h la yldal da h F la f ha d f fally gadd f axy yld ay b xd a []:- k Q λ µ Wh k h hal dy h a Q h al ha ga l h dy h f ha a a h λ ad µ a h Laé a h hal xa ff h ab a ad h a. If h lg λ µ /. a b gd h ha d a h ha ga d dk k d k h aaly dd h ba f ld hlay. Ially h yld a ad b f ad al h ab a. l h laal fa f h yld aad a a a f. H h al ad bday d a h ha d a f fally gadd yld ll b afd dl f. h fllg dl aa a dd: k H h ad f h yld a f. h aal f h FGM a a x f a ad al ay xally h adal d.. k k 5 hh ad a h dl hgy aa. k l k l l 6 b ad a h f a ad al ly. dg h ab db dbd. 5 h f h yld al h ad h fa a h. Obly g ad d h a f a hg aal. bg h aal x ad h dl aa. ba 7 h dl al ad bday d a h 8 aly f hal Pbl W ha h f h adal h h ad h axal f h a f a lg FGM yld f a aal. h hla -a la a I: 79-9 9 I: 978-96-7--5
9 h a h la a h hal xa ff ad h a db h yld. h hla a a adally dd ha ad. Wh h aal ha µ λ µ λ h h Yg dl ad P a. F adally y dfa d laa d h ly f h dla hh a b dd by. h a a f h h a f lb a dally afd; h hd ak h f y g. ad. 9 ad h. h dya a f f h dla a b bad a d d d d d d Wh h l f k f. h ad a a b dd f. 9 ad. h dla ah h ba x h a h b f. h yld f f fa a a h fa. h al ad bday d a: h fllg dl aa a dd: 5 L d h xal aa f h hla a ad h ha 6 h l l 7 h al a f a hg aal bad by lg. h gfa fl f h aa P a gld ad a a P a ad. g h aa. 5 h a. 6 ad h aa dfd. h. ad 9 a b a: 8 9 h dl al ad bday d a ζ. l f h a Fld flly l f dff h d ala h dl a g by. 7 ad 8. bakad-dff a d f h da ad al dff fla a lyd f h da. h l h a dally abl f ay f b h aay f h l ly f-d. H all a dd La d gg Mha gg Glgy I: 79-9 9 I: 978-96-7--5
aabl aay f l. h f dff f f. 7-8 ax f g a Wh h ab a a y f a h k f ah. h ld ax dagal ax.. l f h hal Pbl flly l h d ala h dl dla g by 8 ad. h bakad-dff h d f da hl al dff fla a lyd f h da. h l h dally abl f ay b h aay f h l ly fd. H all a dd aabl aay f l. h f dff f f. 8 ad ax f g a h f a b allad f. 9 by g h a ad dla h alady fd. h h f dff f f h a ay f al f η a b a La d gg Mha gg Glgy I: 79-9 9 I: 978-96-7--5
h by g L'Hal' l h f dff f f h b h fa h f dff f f h b 5 afy h d ha bh d f h la yld a f a a al f d F π b ald h d f h yld d k hgh. a a f axal / F π h axal g. 6 ha h la f h d. h dl f f h f axal * d 6 al l ad F h f al lla d ha h fally gadd yld ha h aal f a ZO a h had fa ad ally -6l-V a h. h aal ay xally h adal d f h yld ad h y glgbl. h hhaal f h aal a a a g abl. h hgy aa f h FGM a -.78.6 -.9.58.5. Obly g d h a f a hg aal ad f - 6l-V. h la-a a ad f f fa a a h fa a ad all f h al l. Fg. a Vaa f l a a h l ad f h yld. Fg. a Vaa f l la a h l ad f h yld. h a fa h FG yld ddly had f h al a. Fg. h h a db h yld f a al f h dl F b d h hag >. Fg. h h a adal dla db h yld. Fg. -5 ly h h h f adal h ad axal La d gg Mha gg Glgy I: 79-9 9 I: 978-96-7--5
La d gg Mha gg Glgy h h dl ad. h axal ad h a a h fa f h yld ad a l a h. a h hal db aah h ady a ad h x gad a h had fa. h lag a h fa a h bgg f h hag ad h h g l h fa ddly da h da f h fa. Fg. 5 a Vaa f l xal a h l ad f h yld. Fg. a Vaa f l adal a h l ad f h yld. 5 l I h k h aabl ha d dl a d ga h a hal a fally gadd yld h a a al a ad h laal fa f h yld aad a a a. h a db d h yld dd f h l f ha d a; hh a ld ally g l f dff h. h lg hal a d ally by dg h k a db h hla a. h l h ha h axal ad h a a h fa f h yld ad a l a h. l h lag a h fa a h bgg f h hag ad h h g l h fa ddly da h da f h fa. Fg. a Vaa f l H a h l ad f h yld. f: [] Y. Obaa ad. da ady hal a Hll la yld ad a Hll h f a Fally Gad Maal Jal f hal Vl. 7 99. 7-87. [] Y. Fk. Yaaaka ad K. Wakaha h ad a a hk-walld b f Fally Gadd Maal d f hal Ladg JM Iaal Jal Vl. 6 99. 56-6. [] J. a xa l f Fally Gadd yld bd hal ad I: 79-9 9 I: 978-96-7--5
La d gg Mha gg Glgy Mhaal Lad Jal f ld ad Vl. 8. 889-86. [] K. M. L. Kha X. Z. Zhag ad. W. L h aly f h hal ha f Fally Gadd Hll la yld Jal f ld ad Vl.. 55-8. [5]. V. aka ad J.. g hal Fally Gadd a. I Jal Vl.. 8-. [6] Z. Q. hg ad.. aa h- al hla fa f a Fally Gadd ll Pla. : a Vl.. 97-6. [7].. Vl ad.. aa h-al aly f a hal Fally Gadd Pla. Iaal Jal f ld ad Vl.. 78-796. [8] H.. Hda ff f all h Fally Gadd al Ila. -Mdal Maal ad gg Vl. 5 5. 99-9. [9] H.. Hda ad.. Mahd g Oa f Fally Gadd al Ila. -Mdal Maal ad gg Vl.. -. [] M. a M.. l- ad. aabh hal Iga dal d h Hybl gy Mdl. Iaal Jal f ld ad Vl. 7. 5-5. []. aabh M. a ad M.. l- a hal a Oh yld d h Hybl Ha d Mdl. Ha af gg Jal Vl. 9. 7 8. 6 6. [] M.. Ök Ha d Jh Wly & 99. I: 79-9 95 I: 978-96-7--5
La d gg Mha gg Glgy abl P f ZO ad -6l-V a a k W/K GPa /K kg/ J/kg.K -6l-V 7.5 6.7 6 9.5 ZO.9 5. 6 /. 56 / 5.5 8 I: 79-9 96 I: 978-96-7--5