Sheng S. Li Semiconductor Physical Electronics Second Edition With 230 Figures 4) Springer
Contents Preface 1. Classification of Solids and Crystal Structure 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Bravais Lattice 2 1.3 The Crystal Structure 6 1.4 Miller Indices and Crystal Planes 9 1.5 The Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Zone 11 1.6 Types of Crystal Bindings 14 1.7 Defects in a Crystalline Solid 18 Problems 23 Bibliography 24 2. Lattice Dynamics 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 The One-Dimensional Linear Chain 27 2.3 Dispersion Relation for a Three-Dimensional Lattice 33 2.4 The Concept of Phonons 36 2.5 The Density of States and Lattice Spectrum 37 2.6 Lattice Specific Heat 39 Problems 42 References 44 Bibliography 44 3. Semiconductor Statistics 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Maxwell Boltzmann Statistics 46 3.3 Fermi Dirac Statistics 50 3.4 Bose Einstein Statistics 56 3.5 Statistics for the Shallow-Impurity States in a Semiconductor 57 ix
x Contents Problems 59 Bibliography 60 4. Energy Band Theory 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Basic Quantum Concepts and Wave Mechanics 62 4.3 The Bloch Floquet Theorem 66 4.4 The Kronig Penney Model 67 4.5 The Nearly Free Electron Approximation 74 4.6 The Tight-Binding Approximation 80 4.7 Energy Band Structures for Some Semiconductors 86 4.8 The Effective Mass Concept for Electrons and Holes 93 4.9 Energy Band Structures and Density of States for Low-Dimensional Systems 96 Problems 101 References 103 Bibliography 103 5. Equilibrium Properties of Semiconductors 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Densities of Electrons and Holes in a Semiconductor 106 5.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors 113 5.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors 116 5.5 lonization Energies of Shallow- and Deep-Level Impurities 123 5.6 Hall Effect, Electrical Conductivity, and Hall Mobility 125 5.7 Heavy Doping Effects in a Degenerate Semiconductor 128 Problems 130 References 132 Bibliography 133 6. Excess Carrier Phenomenon in Semiconductors 134 6.1 Introduction 134 6.2 Nonradiative Recombination: The Shockley Read Hall Model 135 6.3 Band-to-Band Radiative Recombination 140 6.4 Band-to-Band Auger Recombination 142 6.5 Basic Semiconductor Equations 146 6.6 The Charge-Neutrality Equation 149 6.7 The Haynes Shockley Experiment 151 6.8 The Photoconductivity Decay Experiment 154 6.9 Surface States and Surface Recombination Velocity 159 6.10 Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy Technique 162 6.11 Surface Photovoltage Technique 165 Problems 169 References 170 Bibliography 170
Contents xi 7. Transport Properties of Semiconductors 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Galvanomagnetic, Thermoelectric, and Thermomagnetic Effects 173 7.3 Boltzmann Transport Equation 180 7.4 Derivation of Transport Coefficients for n-type Semiconductors 182 7.5 Transport Coefficients for the Mixed Conduction Case 195 7.6 Transport Coefficients for Some Semiconductors 198 Problems 208 References 209 Bibliography 210 8. Scattering Mechanisms and Carrier Mobilities in Semiconductors 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Differential Scattering Cross-Section 214 8.3 Ionized Impurity Scattering 217 8.4 Neutral Impurity Scattering 221 8.5 Acoustical Phonon Scattering 222 8.6 Optical Phonon Scattering 228 8.7 Scattering by Dislocations 230 8.8 Electron and Hole Mobilities in Semiconductors 231 8.9 Hot-Electron Effects in a Semiconductor 239 Problems 243 References 244 Bibliography 244 9. Optical Properties and Photoelectric Effects 246 9.1 Introduction 246 9.2 Optical Constants of a Solid 247 9.3 Free-Carrier Absorption Process 252 9.4 Fundamental Absorption Process 256 9.5 The Photoconductivity Effect 264 9.6 The Photovoltaic (Dember) Effect 275 9.7 The Photomagnetoelectric Effect 277 Problems 281 References 283 Bibliography 283 10. Metal-Semiconductor Contacts 284 10.1 Introduction 284 10.2 Metal Work Function and Schottky Effect 285 10.3 Thermionic Emission Theory 288 10.4 Ideal Schottky Contact 290 10.5 Current Flow in a Schottky Diode 295
xii Contents 10.6 Current Voltage Characteristics of a Silicon and a GaAs Schottky Diode 300 10.7 Determination of Schottky Barrier Height 305 10.8 Enhancement of Effective Barrier Height 311 10.9 Applications of Schottky Diodes 319 10.10 Ohmic Contacts in Semiconductors 324 Problems 330 References 332 Bibliography 333 11. p-n Junction Diodes 334 11.1 Introduction 334 11.2 Equilibrium Properties of a p-n Junction Diode 335 11.3 p-n Junction Diode Under Bias Conditions 341 11.4 Minority Carrier Distribution and Current Flow 344 11.5 Diffusion Capacitance and Conductance 351 11.6 Minority Carrier Storage and Transient Behavior 354 11.7 Zener and Avalanche Breakdowns 357 11.8 Tunnel Diodes 363 11.9 p-n Heterojunction Diodes 366 11.10 Junction Field-Effect Transistors 371 Problems 377 References 380 Bibliography 380 12. Solar Cells and Photodetectors 381 12.1 Introduction 381 12.2 Photovoltaic Devices (Solar Cells) 383 12.3 Photodetectors 417 Problems 454 References 456 Bibliography 457 13. Light-Emitting Devices 458 13.1 Introduction 458 13.2 Device Physics, Structures, and Characteristics of LEDs 459 13.3 LED Materials and Technologies 472 13.4 Principles of Semiconductor LDs 488 13.5 Laser Diode (LD) Materials and Technologies 493 Problems 509 References 511 Bibliography 512
Contents xiii 14. Bipolar Junction Transistors 513 14.1 Introduction 513 14.2 Basic Device Structures and Modes of Operation 514 14.3 Current Voltage Characteristics 516 14.4 Current Gain, Base Transport Factor, and Emitter Injection Efficiency 524 14.5 Modeling of a Bipolar Junction Transistor 528 14.6 Switching and Frequency Response 534 14.7 Advanced Bipolar Junction Transistors 541 14.8 Thyristors 542 14.9 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 548 Problems 562 References 565 Bibliography 565 15. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors 567 15.1 Introduction 567 15.2 An Ideal Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor System 568 15.3 Oxide Charges and Interface Traps 576 15.4 MOS Field-Effect Transistors 582 15.5 SOI MOSBETS 596 15.6 Charge-Coupled Devices 601 Problems 609 References 610 Bibliography 610 16. High-Speed III-V Semiconductor Devices 613 16.1 Introduction 613 16.2 Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors 614 16.3 High Electron Mobility Transistors 630 16.4 Hot-Electron Transistors 646 16.5 Resonant Tunneling Devices 650 16.6 Transferred-Electron Devices 653 Problems 659 References 660 Bibliography 661 Solutions to Selected Problems 664 Appendix 687 Index 689