Human Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Introduction Part I Science and the Scientific Method A) Collection of changing/dynamic information dealing with measurable phenomena B) Disciplines of Science 1) study of life 2) study of matter and the energy changes that matter undergoes 3) study of the shape, structure, parts of the body and their relationship to each other 4) study of the chemical processes of a working organism C) Procedure used to study natural phenomena 1) accurate unprejudiced description of what actually seen a) Results in the formulation of a question 2) statement that explains the unprejudiced observation a) educated guess 3) a test of the hypothesis a) Includes a detailed list of materials and methods (reproducible) b) the thing or condition that influences the outcome of the experiment c) part of the experiment that lacks the variable (1) used as a standard for comparison to tell the difference between a positive and a negative test result 4) detailed record of what happened during the experiment a) There are no right or wrong results b) There are expected and unexpected results 5) a discussion the hypothesis to experimental results describing how the results support or disprove the hypothesis 6) Long-standing, much experimentally supported hypothesis a) Subject to change Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 1 of 6
Part II Structural Organization A) Smallest unit of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction 1) 4 Elements make up >90% of the human body: a) C b) H c) O d) N B) two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds 1) The 4 most common elements used to build biological molecules a) 2) The 4 common biological molecules: a) b) c) d) C) specialized structures within human body cells that compartmentalize or isolates a specific set of chemical reactions D) Basic unit of life, smallest unit of life that demonstrates the characteristics of life 1) Examples a) unicellular-bacteria b) Multi-cellular-animals, plants, humans 2) Cells are similar in composition and functions a) b) c) E) group of similar cells that perform a common function 1) Microscopic anatomical study of cells and tissues F) group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function 1) Heart: cardiac muscle tissue, nervous tissue and connective tissues G) group of organs that work together to perform a specific function 1) Cardiovascular system: heart, blood, arteries and veins H) the living body a) Most complex level of organization (for our purposes) Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 2 of 6
Part III Characteristics of Life A) the progressive, heritable, change in structure and/or behavior in a population over time as a result of a change in DNA which allows the organisms to survive in their environment B) all organisms are composed of at least one cell (the basic unit of life) C) an increase in size 1) Individual cell size 2) Increase in cell number D) the passage of DNA from parent to offspring E) An organisms ability to sense and respond to its environment in order to maintain a stable internal state F) Organisms are mutually and reciprocally dependent upon each other for survival 1) producers, consumers, decomposers 2) microorganisms that grow on body surfaces without causing disease and intestinal bacteria G) the specialized structures that allow organisms to sense changes in their environment 1) temperature, pain, touch, vibration, itch, pain, taste, smell H) An organisms ability to extract and convert energy and nutrients from its environment for its own growth, maintenance and reproduction 1) Making ATP by aerobic cellular respiration 2) Protein synthesis 3) Mitosis and Meiosis I) ability to move 1) entire body 2) appendage 3) peristalsis 4) cilia and flagella J) an organisms life sequence, stages of development from its formation K) usually large and complex substances that contain carbon atoms 1) examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids L) ability to produce offspring in our own image by passing down our DNA 1) mitosis produces clones (genetically identical cells) 2) meiosis produces egg and sperm in sexual reproduction Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 3 of 6
Part IV Homeostatic Control Mechanisms A) an organisms ability to sense and respond to its environment in order to maintain a stable internal environment 1) dynamic 2) Communication is essential: Nervous and Endocrine Systems B) Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 1) structure that monitors changes in stimuli and sends information about changing conditions to the control center a) example: heat (temperature), pressure, blood glucose levels 2) structure that monitors/analyzes incoming information, comparing it to the set point, and determines the appropriate response which is issued to the effector a) Set point includes body temperature, blood glucose levels b) Set point may be modified/adjusted 3) structure that carries out the response determined by the control center directly affecting the stimulus a) example: shivering to increase body temperature D) homeostatic control mechanism that works to the stimulus 1) Home Heating System a) Sensor (1) (2) cold air b) Control Center (1) (2) temperature to be maintained (3) Analyzes incoming sensory information (4) Orders a response to maintain the set point c) Effector (1) (2) Turns on producing warm air (decreasing the stimulus) d) Sensor monitors temperature sending information to the control center e) Control center (1) Remains cold furnace/effector continues to run (2) Cold stimulus has been removed, the effector is turned off 2) Human Body Examples: Body temperature, blood glucose levels E) Homeostatic control mechanism that works to the stimulus 1) example: childbirth, Blood clotting Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 4 of 6
Part V Language of Anatomy A) study of structures visible to the naked eye B) body erect, face forward, arms hanging at sides, palms forward with thumbs pointing away from the body, feet/toes forward 1) Purpose: reference point/description of body parts location are the same C) Directional Terms 1) back 2) Posterior: behind/toward the back 3) belly 4) Anterior: toward the front 5) toward the midline 6) away from the midline 7) close to the origin of the body part/close to the point of attachment 8) farther from the origin of the body part/farther from the point of attachment 9) Superior: toward the top part of the body 10) head 11) Inferior: toward the lower part of the body 12) tail D) Body Landmarks or Body Regions 1) Regions Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 5 of 6
Planes and Sections 1) Plane: Imaginary line or section 2) Section: cut 3) lengthwise/longitudinal plane that divides specimen into right and left sides 4) lengthwise/longitudinal plane that divides specimen into anterior and posterior sides 5) horizontal plane that divides specimen into superior and inferior sides G) Body Cavities 1) a) Surrounded by bone, brain b) Surrounded by bone, Spinal cord and nerves 2) a) : Surrounded by bone, Heart and lungs b) Not enclosed by bone, Liver, stomach, intestines, kidney c) Bony pelvis, Reproductive and urinary system organs Lecture Notes: Introduction (Revised, Fall 2012) Page 6 of 6
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