Campbell Biology 11th Edition, AP Edition. Advanced Placement Biology Curriculum Framework

A Correlation of Campbell Biology 11th Edition, AP Edition 2018 To the Advanced Placement Biology Curriculum Framework AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Campbell Biology AP Edition 11th Edition Correlation for AP Biology Curriculum Chapters/ Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566 Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490 493, 495 498 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Natural selection on population color 14 DDT resistance in insects 1274 Artificial selection 472 474, 834, 837 Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species 1259 1268 Overuse of antibiotics 476 Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563 Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593 596, 606, 608 609 Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608 609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729 Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 729 Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128 Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926 Opposable thumbs 744, 745 Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477, 480 Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865 Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412 1 Introduction: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry 1 26 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. 1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.B: Growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments. 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. 1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution. 1.A.2: Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes. 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence. 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2] LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3] LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1] LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1] LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2] LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2] LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1] LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3] LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3] LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5] LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4] LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4] LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] COM-1 of 63

Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants observations of Darwin s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504 A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671 674, 677 679, 681, 685 687, 690, 691, 694 699, 704 710, 712, 713, 716 738, 1061 Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208 209 Fermentation 181 Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998 Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998 Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206 Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020 Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapaus) 1198 1202 Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245 Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241 NADP + in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211 Oxygen in cellular respiration 40 41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208 209 Cohesion 46, 793 Adhesion 46, 793 High specific heat capacity 44, 46 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 46 50 Heat of fusion 44, 46 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791, 793, 805, 814, 816 Cells of the alveoli 941 Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908 1 Introduction: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry (continued) 1 26 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 4.A.3: Interactions between external stimuli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs. 4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways. 4.C.3: The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2] LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3] LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2] LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1] LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2] LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4] LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3] LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1] LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4] COM-2 of 63

Microvilli 100, 116, 693 Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Degradation 350 Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418 Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416, 417, 420 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417, 420, 422 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835 836 Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834 836 Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428 431, 441 Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914 915, 1261, 1275 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288 Huntington s disease 287 X-linked color blindness 299 Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308 309 Klinefelter s syndrome 309 Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512 521, 601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025 Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans). 298 In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes. 298 299 In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300 Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300 Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579 Pesticide resistance mutations 488 Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote advantage 82, 286, 357, 499 502 Prairie chickens 493 494, 1265 Potato blight causing the potato famine 865 Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449, 667 Not all animals in a population stampede 1138, 1145 Not all individuals in a population in a disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201 1203 1 Introduction: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry (continued) 1 26 COM-3 of 63

UNIT 1 The Chemistry of Life, pg. 27 2 The Chemical Context of Life 28 43 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1] LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3] LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4] LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4] Carbohydrates 68 71 Lipids 72 74 Proteins 75 83 Nucleic acids 84 86, 315 319, 320 329, 338 341, 342 344, 347 355 Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 3 Water and Life 44 55 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. 1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origin 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1] LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3] LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4] LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2] LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4] LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4] Cohesion 46, 793 Adhesion 46, 793 High specific heat capacity 44, 46 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 46 50 Heat of fusion 44, 46 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791, 793, 805, 814, 816 Cells of the alveoli 941 Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908 Microvilli 100, 116, 693 COM-4 of 63

Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563 Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593 596, 606, 608 609 Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608 609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729 Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 729 NADP + in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211 Oxygen in cellular respiration 40 41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208 209 Cohesion 46, 793 Adhesion 46, 793 High specific heat capacity 44, 46 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 46 50 Heat of fusion 44, 46 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791, 793, 805, 814, 816 Cells of the alveoli 941 Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908 Microvilli 100, 116, 693 Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566 Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593 596, 606, 608 609 Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608 609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729 Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 729 Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865 Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412 Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants observations of Darwin s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504 A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671 674, 677 679, 681, 685 687, 690, 691, 694 699, 704 710, 712, 713, 716 738, 1061 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 56 65 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2] LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2] LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1] LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1] LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3] LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4] LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4] LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1] 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 66 91 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system s environment. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2] LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2] LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2] LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2] LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4] COM-5 of 63

Cohesion 46, 789 Adhesion 46, 789 High specific heat capacity 44, 47, 48, 49, 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 48, 49, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50 Heat of fusion 44, 47, 48, 49, 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 753, 754, 755, 761, 762, 763, 787, 789, 801, 809, 811 Cells of the alveoli 937 Cells of the villi 204, 904, 905 Microvilli 100, 116, 689 Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 948 Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 864, 866 Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 946, 948 952, 953 955, 956 965 Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Degradation 350 Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418 Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416, 417, 420 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417, 420, 422 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835 836 Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834 836 Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428 431, 441 Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914 915, 1261, 1275 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules (continued) 66 91 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1] LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3] LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4] LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4] LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1] COM-6 of 63

UNIT 2 The Cell, pg. 92 6 A Tour of the Cell 93 123 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.B: Growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments. 2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 3.D: Cells communicate by generating, transmitting, and receiving chemical signals. 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. 1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes. 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes. 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1] LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1] LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4] LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] LO 2.13 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.14 [See SP 1.4] LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2] LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3] LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4] LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4] LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1] LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1] LO 4.22 [See SP 6.2] Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208 209 Fermentation 181 Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998 Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998 Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206 Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020 Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198 1202 Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245 Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241 NADP + in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211 Oxygen in cellular respiration 40 41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208 209 COM-7 of 63

Cohesion 46, 793 Adhesion 46, 793 High specific heat capacity 44, 46 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 46 50 Heat of fusion 44, 46 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791, 793, 805, 814, 816 Cells of the alveoli 941 Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908 Microvilli 100, 116, 693 Endoplasmic reticulum 100, 101, 103, 104 105, 109, 124 Mitochondria 94, 100, 101, 107, 109, 110, 125, 533 Chloroplasts 100, 101, 108, 110, 111, 112, 125 Golgi 100, 101, 105 107, 124 Nuclear envelope 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 109 110, 124 Operons in gene regulation 364 367 Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871, 879 881, 882 887 Plant responses to water limitations 783 789, 792 794, 795 796, 797 799 Lactation in mammals 1006 Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035 Ripening of fruit 643 Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin 914, 915 Dehydration in response to decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67 75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006 Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008 Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Degradation 350 Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418 Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416, 417, 420 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417, 420, 422 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835 836 Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834 836 Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428 431, 441 6 A Tour of the Cell (continued) 93 123 COM-8 of 63

Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914 915, 1261, 1275 Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956 959, 962 965 Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800 Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075 1080 Plant immune response 854 867 Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215 Morphogens in embryonic development 379 380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041 1046, 1047 1054 Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002 Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008 Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008 Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025, 1028 1029 Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028 1030 Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes 74 75, 98, 110, 127, 128 Different types of hemoglobin 76, 81, 82, 357, 451, 594, 933, 946 MHC proteins 957 958, 961 962 Chlorophylls 189, 193 201 Molecular diversity of antibodies in response to an antigen 956, 958 962 The antifreeze gene in fish 126, 882 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Natural selection on population color 14 DDT resistance in insects 1274 Artificial selection 472 474, 834, 837 Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species 1259 1268 Overuse of antibiotics 476 Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 276, 280, 281, 486, 563 Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593 596, 606, 608 609 Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608 609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729 Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558 561, 729 Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 6 A Tour of the Cell (continued) 93 123 7 Membrane Structure and Function 124 140 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. 2.B: Growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments. 1.A.2: Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2] LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2] LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1] LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4] COM-9 of 63

Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128 Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914 Na + /K + transport 137 Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183 Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208 209 Fermentation 181 Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998 Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998 Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206 Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020 Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198 1202 Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245 Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241 124 140 8 An Introduction to Metabolism 141 161 2: 4: interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1] 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 162 184 2: 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] NADP + in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211 Oxygen in cellular respiration 40 41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208 209 COM-10 of 63

10 Photosynthesis 185 209 2: 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] NADP + in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211 Oxygen in cellular respiration 40 41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208 209 11 Cell Communication 210 231 2: 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 2.A: Growth, reproduction, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. 2.B: Growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments. 3.D: Cells communicate by generating, transmitting, and receiving chemical signals. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. 3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response. LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4] LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1] LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5] LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1] LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5] LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2] Cohesion 46, 793 Adhesion 46, 793 High specific heat capacity 44, 46 50 Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52 Heat of vaporization 44, 46 50 Heat of fusion 44, 46 50 Water s thermal conductivity 47, 48 Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791, 793, 805, 814, 816 Cells of the alveoli 941 Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908 Microvilli 100, 116, 693 Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914 Na + /K + transport 137 Use of chemical messengers by microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215 Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141 Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991 Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216 217, 227, 1001, 1010 1011 DNA repair mechanisms 327 328 Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075 1080 Plant immune response 854 867 Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215 Morphogens in embryonic development 379 380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041 1046, 1047 1054 Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002 Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008 Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008 Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025, 1028 1029 Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028 1030 G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227 Receptor tyrosine kinases 219 Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076 COM-11 of 63

Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956 959, 962 965 Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800 Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca 2+ ), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223 225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078 Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386 392, 416, 914 915, 935 937, 969, 1100 1102 Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274 Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036 Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128 Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865 Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412 Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants observations of Darwin s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504 A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671 674, 677 679, 681, 685 687, 690, 691, 694 699, 704 710, 712, 713, 716 738, 1061 Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245 246 Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 247 11 Cell Communication (continued) 210 231 12 The Cell Cycle 232 250 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1] LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2] COM-12 of 63

12 The Cell Cycle (continued) 232 250 Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control. 248 250, 387 391 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288 Huntington s disease 287 X-linked color blindness 299 Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308 309 Klinefelter s syndrome 309 Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512 521, 601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025 UNIT 3 Genetics, pg. 251 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 252 266 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. 1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution. 1.A.2: Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes. 3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. 3.C.2: have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2] LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3] LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1] LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1] LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1] LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2] LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1] LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2] Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566 Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490 493, 495 498 Sickle cell anemia 500 501 Natural selection on population color 14 DDT resistance in insects 1274 Artificial selection 472 474, 834, 837 Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species 1259 1268 Overuse of antibiotics 476 Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245 246 Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 247 Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control. 248 250, 387 391 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288 Huntington s disease 287 X-linked color blindness 299 Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308 309 Klinefelter s syndrome 309 Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512 521, 601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025 Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579 Pesticide resistance mutations 488 Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote advantage 82, 286, 357, 499 502 COM-13 of 63

Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418 Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416, 417, 420 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417, 420, 422 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835 836 Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834 836 Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428 431, 441 Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914 915, 1261, 1275 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288 Huntington s disease 287 X-linked color blindness 299 Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308 309 Klinefelter s syndrome 309 Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512 521, 601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025 Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division. 244 248 Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression. 656 Levels of camp regulate metabolic gene expression in bacteria. 223 224, 367 Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. 844, 846, 850 852 Seed germination and gibberellin 636 639, 643 644, 647, 649 650, 824 829, 848 849, 855 Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction. 656 Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. 379 380, 383, 384, 385 Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. 387 388 HOX genes and their role in development 420 461 462, 543, 673, 671, 677, 684, 720, 723 724 Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579 Pesticide resistance mutations 488 Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote advantage 82, 286, 357, 499 502 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 292 311 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular mechanisms. 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. 3.C.2: have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2] LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2] LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1] LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2] COM-15 of 63

Addition of a poly-a tail 345, 356, 370, 959 Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353 Excision of introns 346, 347, 959 Enzymatic reactions 76, 153 156, 160, 161, 349 Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140 Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323 329, 336, 337, 347 350, 400 Degradation 350 Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418 Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416, 417, 420 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417, 420, 422 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835 836 Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834 836 Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428 431, 441 Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914 915, 1261, 1275 Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500 501 Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288 Huntington s disease 287 X-linked color blindness 299 Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308 309 Klinefelter s syndrome 309 Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512 521, 601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025 Promoters 342 344, 365 367, 371 372, 806 Terminators 342, 367 Enhancers 371 372 Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396, 397, 577 579 Transposons present in incoming DNA 375, 413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449 450, 457 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 312 332 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular mechanisms. 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization. 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2] LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1] LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1] LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2] LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4] 17 Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein 333 359 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity 2: 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. 2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination. 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. 3.C.2: have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3] LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2] LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4] LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1] LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112 121, 123, 130, 152, 1054 Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533 Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238 244, 256, 257, 259 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128 COM-16 of 63