1 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Fingerprints By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 6.1 Outline the histry f fingerprinting. 6.2 Describe the characteristics f fingerprints. 6.3 Cmpare and cntrast the basic types f fingerprints. 6.4 Describe hw criminals attempt t alter their fingerprints. 6.5 Present and refute arguments that questin fingerprint evidence reliability. 2 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Fingerprints By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 6.6 Summarize the prper prcedures fr cllecting fingerprint evidence. 6.7 Describe the latest identificatin technlgies. 6.8 Determine if a fingerprint is cnsistent with a fingerprint n recrd. 6.9 Lift a latent print. 6.10 Prepare a ten card and analyze the ridge patterns f the prints. 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Vcabulary arch minutiae cre patent fingerprint delta plastic fingerprint fingerprint ridge cunt IAFIS (Integrated Autmated Fingerprint Identificatin System) latent fingerprint ridge pattern ten card whrl lp 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Intrductin Pudd nhead Wilsn was a bk written by Mark Twain and published in 1894. Pudd nhead Wilsn states that a suspect s fingerprints are: his signature, his physilgical autgraph, s t speak, and this autgraph cannt be cunterfeited, nr can he disguise it r hide it away, nr can it becme illegible by the wear and mutatins f time. The imprtance f Fingerprints have been knwn a lng time. 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Histry Ancient cultures used fingerprints as persnal markings. 1792-1750 B.C. Fingerprints were pressed int clay tablet cntracts. 1684 Dr. Nehemiah Grew described the patterns he saw n human hands under a micrscpe. 1788 Jhann Christph Andreas Mayer described that fingerprints are unique t each individual. 1823 Jan Evangelist Purkyn described nine distinct fingerprint patterns. 6 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Histry (cntinued) 1856 Sir William Herschel began cllecting fingerprints. 1879 Alphnse Bertilln created a way t identify criminals that were repeat ffenders. 1888 Sir Francis Galtn verified that fingerprints d nt change with age. 1896 Sir Edmund Richard Henry (and clleagues) created a system that divided fingerprint recrds int grups. Their wrk was the basis f the ten card. 7 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
8 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Histry (cntinued) 10 2012 The FBI-maintained IAFIS system had mre than 76 millin cmputerized fingerprints, mugshts, scars, tatt phts, and ther identificatin recrds. The system will sn be enhanced by Advanced Fingerprint Identificatin Technlgy (AFIT). 2013 The FBI was integrating the ability t cmpare crime-scene palm prints with prints cllected at the time f arrest. Abut 20-30% f latent prints at a crime scene cme frm the palm r side f the hand frm the little finger t the wrist. Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
What Are Fingerprints? Frmatin f Fingerprints Fingerprints are frmed beginning at the 10th week f gestatin. The develpment f fingerprints happens in the basal layer f skin. Fingerprints are prtected by the uter layer f epidermis. 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
12 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Characteristics f Fingerprints 13 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Characteristics f Fingerprints (cntinued) 14 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Characteristics f Fingerprints (cntinued) 15 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Types f Fingerprints Patent fingerprints Plastic fingerprints Latent fingerprints 16 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
17 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Fingerprint Frensic FAQs Can fingerprints be altered r disguised? Hw reliable is fingerprinting as a means f identificatin? Hw are fingerprints analyzed? Hw are latent fingerprints cllected? 18 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
19 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
20 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
The Future f Fingerprinting Fingerprints can be scanned at a reslutin f 500 t 1000 dts per inch. Nanparticles have been added t fingerprint pwders making pr patterns appear even sharper. The materials that we tuch leaves trace evidence n ur fingers and hands, which is in turn is left behind n the bjects we tuch. 22 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
24 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary Humans have nticed the patterns n their hands fr thusands f years, but it was nt until 1684 that these patterns were described in detail. In the mid-1800s, the idea f a fingerprint s uniqueness was studied, and the applicatin f fingerprints t an identificatin system began. By the late 1800s, tw effective systems were being used t identify criminals, and fingerprints were being cllected as evidence in crimes. 25 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary The elevated regins in a fingerprint are called frictin ridges. Fingerprints cnsist f several main ridge patterns, including whrls, lps, and arches. They have a cre, which is an area where ridges separate r unite after running in a parallel directin. The triangular regin lcated near a lp pattern, r whrl, is called a delta. 26 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary Fingerprints are frmed in the wmb at abut week 10 f gestatin. They are frmed between tw layers f skin, and their shape des nt change during a persn s lifetime. They are unique t an individual. Nt even identical twins have identical fingerprints. 27 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) Fingerprints left n an bject are created by the naturally ccurring ridges in the skin f fingertips and secretins frm sweat glands that leave small amunts f ils and salts when the ridges are pressed against an bject. The residues leave an impressin f the ridges fund n the finger f the dnr. 28 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) The basic types f fingerprints are patent (visible) fingerprints, plastic (indentatin) fingerprints, and latent (nt visible t the unaided eye) fingerprints. They are characterized as lps, whrls, r arches, and are cmpared n the basis f their minutiae. 29 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) Criminals have sught t alter their fingerprints with chemicals, surgery, and superficial destructin. Sme fingerprints can temprarily be altered by lng-term cntact with rugh surfaces. Attempts at permanent fingerprint alteratin have nt been successful. 30 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) Mistakes in fingerprint analysis have led t wrngful cnvictins, mstly because f human errr. New frensic standards are being develped thrugh the Scientific Wrking Grups and the Organizatin f Scientific Area Cmmittees. 31 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) The Integrated Autmated Fingerprint Identificatin System (IAFIS) is a natinal database that hlds mre than 76 millin fingerprint, identifying mark, and criminal histry recrds. 32 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
Summary (cntinued) Fingerprints can be cllected frm surfaces by dusting them with certain pwders and impressing them n tape, r putting them int cntact with certain chemicals that help reveal the fingerprints. 33 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016