The Effectiveness Of Data Codes And Hardware Selection To Mitigate Scintillation Effects On Free Space Optical Data Transmission

Unvy of Cn Fod Eon Th nd Don M Th (Opn A) Th Effvn Of D Cod And Hdw Son To Mg Snon Eff On F Sp Op D Tnmon 2006 Kh Sn Unvy of Cn Fod Fnd m wok : hp://.by.uf.du/d Unvy of Cn Fod Lb hp://by.uf.du P of h E nd Eon Common STARS Con Sn, Kh, "Th Effvn Of D Cod And Hdw Son To Mg Snon Eff On F Sp Op D Tnmon" (2006). Eon Th nd Don. 752. hp://.by.uf.du/d/752 Th M Th (Opn A) bough o you fo f nd opn by STARS. I h bn pd fo nuon n Eon Th nd Don by n uhozd dmno of STARS. Fo mo nfomon, p on.doon@uf.du.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DATA CODES AND HARDWARE SELECTION TO MITIGATE SCINTILLATION EFFECTS ON FREE SPACE OPTICAL DATA TRANSMISSION by KEITH E. STEIN B.S.E.E Unvy of Ino, 1983 A h ubmd n p fufmn of h qumn fo h dg of M of Sn n h Shoo of E Engnng nd Compu Sn n h Cog of Engnng nd Compu Sn h Unvy of Cn Fod Ondo, Fod Summ Tm 2006

ABSTRACT Th dgn of n op ommunon nk mu pn fo h ndom ff of moph ubun. Th udy ny d fom n xpmn whh nmd fom od 8 m bov gound ov 13 Km ng o ohn don dv ppoxmy 162 m bov gound. Th ff of fdng nd ugng bm wv w ondd n gd o od hnqu fo o oon, mpud moduon nd hdw hu hm. Th udy mud h u of y nd g pu fo h vng dv, nd ompd h un non ndx wh h ho uon.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wh o xp my ppon o my dvo D. Ron Php fo h pn nd gudn. H nhum nd wngn o h h knowdg nd xpn wh m h bn h movon o omp my go nd obn h dg. Thnk you. I mu o xp my xm hnk o my fmy: Ang, Dvon, Rhd nd Wndy who hv o bn vy pn nd wy h p n my f o n on. Thnk you w.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES... v LIST OF TABLES...v LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 10 Snon Indx dfnon... 11 Knndy Sp Cn VAB 13 Km L Popgon Expmn... 12 CHAPTER TWO: EXPERIMENTAL DATA FILE PROCESSING... 16 CHAPTER THREE: PROBABILITY OF ERROR... 22 D Don... 22 Ampud Moduon (AM)... 27 Apu Avgng... 28 Summy of D Don Mhod... 30 CHAPTER FOUR: FADE AND SURGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECEIVED ENERGY... 31 CHAPTER FIVE: ERROR CORRECTION ARCHITECTURE... 37 Bny Unon Dodng... 37 Bok Invng... 39 CHAPTER SIX: RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE... 41 Ay Rv... 41 Lg Apu Rv... 48 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION... 55 v

APPENDIX A: MATHCAD PROGRAMS... 57 APPENDIX B: TABLES... 62 LIST OF REFERENCES... 73 v

TABLE OF FIGURES Fgu 1: S phoo [1] of bm f popgng 1000 m....12 Fgu 2: Innov 90-5 L mound nd h ISTEF obvon dom...13 Fgu 3: Vw fom ISTEF dom ookng owd 1 Km ng nd VAB (no vb)...14 Fgu 4: VAB PMT oon op f oofop...14 Fgu 5: Vw of umnon fom ISTEF op h VAB....15 Fgu 6: PMT mb mound on op VAB...15 Fgu 7: Typ bkgound no nd gn d po....17 Fgu 8: Typ bkgound no d po wh vou PMT pu z...18 Fgu 9: Typ gn d po wh vou PMT pu z...19 Fgu 10: Typ gn fd pod gn h bkgound no...21 Fgu 11: Pobby Dny Funon fo 1 nd 0 B...24 Fgu 12: Cumuv Pobby Funon fo VAB 10 PMT 3...26 Fgu 13: Pobby of Eo fo On-Off Kyng (VAB 10 PMT 3)...27 Fgu 14: Eff of Ampud Moduon on Pobby of Eo...28 Fgu 15: Eff of Apu Sz on B Eo R...29 Fgu 16: Fd Duon Pobby of Oun fo VAB 10 PMT 3 (7 mm)....33 Fgu 17: Fd Duon Pobby of Oun fo VAB 10 PMT 2 (1 mm)....34 Fgu 18: Avg gn fd....35 Fgu 19: Avg m bwn fd...36 Fgu 20: Bny Unon Dodng. [2]...38 Fgu 21: Invng Bok Dgm....39 v

Fgu 22: 7 mm pu y muon howng bkgound (mx.) v gn (mn.) vu....45 Fgu 23: 1 mm pu y muon howng bkgound (mx.) v gn (mn.) vu....46 Fgu 24: Snon Indx Tho v Smud....48 Fgu 25: Eff of pu z on h non ndx....51 Fgu 26: Eff of pu dm nd nmon pow hng....52 Fgu 27: Evouon of Sgn...54 v

LIST OF TABLES Tb 1: VAB D Run 5 hu 8 S Pof...63 Tb 2: Summy of Eff of Ampud Moduon on Pobby of Eo...65 Tb 3: VAB D Run 10, 11, 12 nd 13 S fo PMT 2 nd PMT 3...66 Tb 4: Sgn Fd Ch PMT 3 (7 mm)....67 Tb 5: Sgn Fd Ch PMT 2 (1 mm)...68 Tb 6: No Sug Ch fo PMT 3 nd PMT 2...69 Tb 7: Ay Apu Smuon...70 Tb 8: Eff of Apu Sz on Snon Indx...71 Tb 9: Eff of Apu Sz wh Ay Confguon...72 v

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS AM BER BUD 2 Cn Ampud Moduon B Eo R Bny Unon Dodng Rfv-ndx uu pm CDF ECC FSO ISTEF KSC k L OOK P d P f pdf PMT PPM VAB 2 I ρ Cumuv Dny Funon Eo Cono Cod F-p op Innovv Sn nd Thnoogy Expmnon Fy Knndy Sp Cn Wv numb of bm wv (=2π/λ) Popgon ph ngh On-Off Kyng Pobby of Don Pobby of F Am Pobby Dny Funon Phoo Mup Tub Pu Poon Moduon V Amby Budng Snon Indx Spo z of ph wv x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Th wnk of my b h npon fo young hd o ng ong, bu h m moph ndud bm nny fuuon hv npd mny h w. A ou o ommunon dmnd nd uzon of hnoog onnu o gow, o do h qumn o povd h by o nm nfomon g d, nd by nd uy, bu dud o. F-p op (FSO) ommunon n fuf mny of h nd. Th moph ubun un of mpu von, wnd pd nd don, pu gdn, fog, n... oud. A of h fo d o von of h fv ndx of h bm ong nmon ph nd n gy du h gh wv od h v. Th mpo fuuon n h vd dn o gn nny fd o non o gn fdng. Snon n op ommunon ym n vy dgd h pobby of ufu d nmon puy ov dn of 1 km o ong. Th dvopmn of mhm mod ny fo ung h ff of h moph on h bm nd umy mkng u pdon of h pfomn of ommunon ym. D f od dung xpmn wh n gon-on bm (514nm wvngh) popgng ov 13.3 Km ng uzd n h ny of don hnqu nd odng hm h mg h ff of non. 10

Snon Indx dfnon An op wv popgng hough h moph w xpn dn (nny) fuuon o non. Snon ud by m mpu von n h moph, ung n ndx of fon fuuon. Tho nd xpmn ud of dn fuuon gny n on h non ndx [1] whh h un nomzd vn of h dn fuuon dfnd by: 2 I 2 I 2 1, [un ]. (1) I I 2 Wh I dno h dn nny of h op wv nd < > dno h nmb vg. Bm non h dn fuuon h ou whn h o on of h bm ung o of gn nd ndung dp nd ndom fd. Th bm po pp o dn o wnd ound whn h of h v pu. Wk dn fuuon hzd by 2 I < 1 nd mod o ong dn fuuon by 2 I > 1, [1]. Fgu 1 phoo of yp o on of h bm dn whn h pu dm of op f popgng 1000 m ong hozon ph of 1-2 m bov h gound. Th wh pn h od gh fom h bm, wh h dk pn o of gn bm. Th bm vd dn of 1000 m wh h VAB xpmn hd hnn ph of 13,000 m. I woud b xpd fo h VAB xpmn, h woud b mo pkng of h bm nd ubquny mo dk. 11

Fgu 1: S phoo [1] of bm f popgng 1000 m. Knndy Sp Cn VAB 13 Km L Popgon Expmn Th xpmn w ondud h Knndy Sp Cn (KSC), nd ond of n gon-on (Cohn Mod: Innov 90-5) mound nd opd fom h Innovv Sn nd Thnoogy Expmnon Fy (ISTEF) op obvon dom, 8 m bov gound v. Th w up wh 514 nm wvngh nd hd n djub pow oupu of 10-90 mw. Th v ond of 3 Phoo Mup Tub (PMT) md by Hmmu R1387. Th PMT' hd pu z of 1, 3, nd 7 mm, nd w poond op h V Amby Budng (VAB) ppoxmy 162 m bov gound v fo h 13.3 Km ng. Th w 12

poond wh h kng moun o umn h VAB. To h of h PMT hgh vog ou w povdd nd djud o mnmz uon. A n-mpdn mpf w ud h oupu u of h PMT. A d quon d pfomd mpng of h oupu u nd n mpud vog vu of h od gn bm gh w odd. Spong Cm Innov 90-5 Tkng Moun L Pow nd Cono Amby Fgu 2: Innov 90-5 L mound nd h ISTEF obvon dom. 13

Loon of VAB Fgu 3: Vw fom ISTEF dom ookng owd 1 Km ng nd VAB (no vb). Lo onofpmt Fgu 4: VAB PMT oon op f oofop. 14

L umnon fom ISTEF Fgu 5: Vw of umnon fom ISTEF op h VAB. Tn-mpdn mpf nd oon u Phoo Mup Tub Spo op Fgu 6: PMT mb mound on op VAB. 15

CHAPTER TWO: EXPERIMENTAL DATA FILE PROCESSING Th od d f bny fom (16 b ungnd ng / Bg-ndn) h od of h b oun nodng h vd nny of h ndn gh ngy. A onvon of 2.44 b p m-vo oud b md ny. Th mp w 27,027 mp p ond p h PMT. Th xpmn fom fo h f oon woud bgn nd nd wh ppoxmy 30 60 ond of d oon h pofd h n nd fn bkgound no boundng h nmon of h ngy. Fgu 7 how yp po of h d f fom h 13Km ng. Th non pod n b n howng h bkgound no d nd ubquny h umnon of h (gn poon of h d un). I houd b nod h h vd gn d n ddv o of h bkgound no omponn w h ngy vd. Th bkgound no ompod of bkgound don nd oh ou uh do nd ho no. Th pdng ny w pfomd uzng h VAB Run 8 d f. Th n d un w bokn no 3 f. Th f onng of bkgound no po o h bng nmd down h ng. Th ond f w h PMT oupu wh h w nmng nd fny h f w bkgound no f h nmon w oppd. Th dffn pu z onf g u don hpmt woud o n h ov of h PMT nd dfn h vgng ff of h od gh ngy. I f h o ng p u d m of nop v g hn h p of h op non h ud by moph 16

ubun, h v w vg fuuon of h vd wvfom ov h pu, dng o dud gn fuuon. Th known pu vgng [ 1].Th vgng ff n b obvd n Fgu 8 nd 9.A 3PMT hown ov ho m pod. A h pu z n h mo ky h pu o o poon of h pkd gh bm. A h pu nd n dm, h mn vu nd wh h mgnud of h fuuon wy fom h mn dd. Th hd u fo boh bkgound no nd gn pu bkgound no d f. VAB Run 8 500 Sgn pu Bkgound No B Coun Ampud 400 L Pow On 300 200 Sgn pu Bkgound No Mn 100 Bkgound No Bkgound No 35.4 35.6 35.8 36 36.2 36.4 Sond Fgu 7: Typ bkgound no nd gn d po. Fgu 7 dwn n po fo obvon pupo, bu houd b d h h d f d mpd pon. Th fuuon of h gn no ymm bou h mn. In f h mxmum vu fo h gn d woud ug o mpud of 3,000 b oun. 17

PMT 3 (7 mm pu) PMT 1 (3 mm pu) PMT 2 (1 mm pu) Fgu 8: Typ bkgound no d po wh vou PMT pu z. 18

PMT 1 (3 mm pu) PMT 2 (1 mm pu) PMT 3 (7 mm) pu Fgu 9: Typ gn d po wh vou PMT pu z. Fgu 9 v om m woh nong. I n b obvd h h fd nd ug of h vd gn pu bkgound no no n ynh mong h PMT oupu. Fo xmp, PMT 3 oupu oud b pnv of fd ondon wh h oupu fom PMT 2 my pn ug. Th fgu ony howng vy bf npho of h od d, nd h pu npho n m dd no pu h mxmum ug v u h w o d dw h 3PMT.Thd b n Appndx B (Tb 1) povd h pof fo VAB D Run 5 hu 8. Th pu vgng ff wh pn n h Fgu 9, vy ub. Anoh ondon h mkd h p u v g ngof hpmt hvo g g n dj u m n dono owf o n u ompon of h d bw n hpmt.th npuvo gf o hpmt 19

w unqu npu fo h pu PMT ony o mnmz uon. Fo h on VAB D Run 5 hough 8 ufu fo povdng g ombnd d f ov pn of 30 mnu whou ny hng o h qupmn. Th udy of pu vgng w b ookd, wh h ny of oh VAB d un. Fom Fgu 7, y o h non ff on onnuou y on gn. Fgu 10 how mgnfd vw of gn fd wh p o h Bkgound no. I houd b nod h h no m oon bwn h Bkgound d ompd o h gn n h fgu, bu houd b ondd yp oun. Th VAB xpmn dd no od gn pu bkgound no nd bkgound no munouy. Th gn fd dop no h bkgound no gon nd ug v od of mgnud bov mn. I woud b mpob o dmn f b oun mp qu o 80 w gnd fom fdng gn o fom h bkgound no. 20

13 Km VAB Run 8 Sgn pu Bkgound no 84 Bkgound no B Coun 82 80 78 3.0655 3.0656 3.0657 3.0658 3.0659 Sond Bkgound PMT3 Fgu 10: Typ gn fd pod gn h bkgound no. Th Fgu 10 nd Appndx B Tb 1 how h ovp bwn h bkgound no mxmum b oun od nd h dph of h gn fd (mnmum). Th hng o h dgn of ommunon ym o undnd h bhvo of h gn nd h bkgound no nd dvop hdw nd odng hm h n uy dmn f h d b fom h gn o h bkgound no. Thu mpovng h d nd dung h pobby of o fo h d m. 21

CHAPTER THREE: PROBABILITY OF ERROR Th od d f n b ud o vu h ff of mpud moduon nd pu vgng of mud ommunon hnn. Th d f oud vy y pn yp ommunon hnn hvng d of 10 kb, 80 mw nmon pow nd mp On-Off Kyng (OOK). A mu of h ffny of h ommunon hnn n b found wh h B Eo R (BER). A BER of 0.001 woud mn h fo vy 1,000 b nmd, 1 b woud b vd noy. Th Pobby of don (Pd) f o h khood h h vd (gn nd no) ndn gh podu b oun mpud oupu fom h PMT whh bov dfnd Indn hhod vu. Subquny h Pobby of f m (Pf) ou whn h dd ngy fom bkgound no ou xd h dfnd. Pd P P n Pf P Pn (2) (3) Th oun of h gn pu h no dd ngy no xdng h hhod woud dfn m dd on. D Don Th mo b odng hm fo d don v On-Off Kyng (OOK). Th bny b nmon d by pung h gh ou on o pn b 22

wh h vu of 1 o unng off h gh ou dung b m duon o pn 0. Th o pobby of o P(E) fo ommunon ym ung bny od dfnd foow: P E p 0 P 1 0 p1 P 0 1. (4) Thp ob b yofb n y 0 p0, nd p1 hp ob b yofb n y 1.I umd h p0 = p1 = ½. Th pobby of dng 1 gvn h 0 w n P(1 0) nd h pobby of dng 0 gvn h 1 n P(0 1). Th P(1 0) nd P(0 1) found fom h d. Fgu 10 h pobby dny funon f o hb kg oundob n y 0 b nd hs g n w h Bkgound whh woud p n hb n y 1 b b ng n m d. Th pobby dny funon po (Fgu 11) w d wh h VAB 10 - PMT 3 d. Th oupu pow w 80 mw nd h PMT 3 hd n pu of 7mm. Th bny b 1 d f n d h g n o n m ngp odof hd.a mp z of 3,000,000 w ud o u h pobby of oun of h ng of mp ud h o uwh 1 b b ng n m d.th 0 b p ob b y of oun w ud fom mp z of 300,000 od dung h bkgound no ony poon of h f. 23

Pob Dny Fun. VAB 10 - PMT 3 11 0 B ( No d ) 0.10.1 1 B ( S g n d) Pobby Dny 0.01 0.01-33 10 1.10-44 10 1.10-55 10 1.10-66 10 1.10-77 10 1.10 150 150 200 B Coun Smp Bn 200 250 250 300 300 B Coun Smp Ampud Fgu 11: Pobby Dny Funon fo 1 nd 0 B. A Fgu 11 f, h n ovp bwn h of h Bkgound no 0 pdf nd h Sgn 1 pdf nd h on of h hhod dfn whh h dod dmn bny b 1 o 0 w nmd whn h gon. Th ovp of wh h dod mu mk of don bd on h hon hhod. A of don by dfnng hhod nd dng ny npu h xd h h ho d 1 nd ny np u who m g n ud b ow h h ho d 0.W h n 24

h ovppng ound h hhod h om npu h w n on vu bu vd noh, hn h v mk of don on wh h vd d b bd on dfnd hhod. Fo o f nmon h woud no b n ovp. Th ngon of h wh p o h hhod vu podu h Cumuv Dny Funon (CDF). Th CDF n b ud o pd h P(1 0) nd P(0 1) fo gvn hhod on, nd umy ung P(E) fo h OOK od hm. Sv of h VAB xpmn d f w pod o u h BER nd vu h ff of pu z dffn (Apu Avgng) nd hng n nmon pow (Ampud Moduon). Cuon mu b xd n ompng h d un o h oh, puy f h v gn vog w hngd bwn h wo. Fgu 11 (P ob b yd n yfun onf o 1 nd 0 B ) w d fom h VAB Run 10 / PMT 3 d. Th hd nmng pow of 80 mw, PMT pu z of 7mm nd v npu gn vog of 800 vo. Th umuv pobby of h nmon nd dodng of b n y 0 o 1 w f oundby h n g onof hpdfov h ng of h d. Fgu 12 h ud umuv pobby h h vd gn ngy nd bkgound no ngy hn d b oun hhod vu. Thu povdng h vu fo P(0 1). Th P(1 0) n b ud by ubng h umuv pobby of h bkgound no fom 1 hu povdng h umuv pobby h h bkgound no bov h dfnd hhod vu. Fom q. (4) h 25

pobby of o n b ud nd pod (Fgu 12) fo pf b oun hhod vu (). Cumuv Pob. Fun VAB 10 PMT3 10 P(Bkgound no < hhod) Cumuv Pobby 1 0.1 0.01 P(Sgn < hhod) 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 100 120 140 160 B Coun Thhod 180 200 () Pob gn hn Thhod Vu (Pnd) Fgu 12: Cumuv Pobby Funon fo VAB 10 PMT 3. Th umuv pobby of o w found fo ng of vu nd pod on Fgu 13. Th m umuv pobby of o ou whn h b oun hhod vu = 139. Thu h mnmum B Eo R (BER) qu o 6.3 10 4, o 630 b woud b vd n o ou of vy 1 10 6 b nmd. 26

Pobby of Eo fo On-Off Kyng Cumuv Pobby of Eo 1 0.1 0.01 1 10 3 Mnmum BER 1 10 4 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 176 180 184 188 192 196 200 Thhod Lv (B Coun) Pob of Eo Fgu 13: Pobby of Eo fo On-Off Kyng (VAB 10 PMT 3). Ampud Moduon (AM) VAB xpmn un 10, 11, 12 nd 13 w qun un dung fnoon wh no hng o h PMT npu gn vog bu wh dffn oupu pow. PMT 3 wh 7 mm pu w ud o o h d ud fo h BER uon. Fgu 14 nd Tb 2 of Appndx B ummz h ff of hng n nmon pow v h d hhod vu o u h BER fo OOK. Cy nmon pow n fom 13 o 80 mw mpov h BER. A gh-n po bd on 13 nd 80 mw muon woud xpo ou o BER of 10-6 wh qud nmon oupu of 8 W. 27

Pobby of Eo fo On-Off Kyng 1 1 Cumuv Pobby of Eo PMT 3 (13 mw) PMT 3 (26 mw) 0.1 A B C PMT 3 (38 mw) 0.01 D Mnmum BER 1 10 PMT 3 (80 mw) 3 4 10 1 10 4 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 120 Thhod Lv (B Coun) 160 Fgu 14: Eff of Ampud Moduon on Pobby of Eo. Apu Avgng To dmon h ff of pu vgng, h d fom VAB Run 10, 11, 12 nd 13 w ud o u h BER. Th pvou on howd h by nng h nmon pow of h gn, BER mpovmn oud b obnd. Fo h muon h m d f ud fo h uon of BER, bu h m h mnmum BER nb fo h pu z ud fo h vou nmon pow ng. Fgu 15 how h nng h pu z of h v hp mpov h BER, bu h nd how h h pu z n v mnmzng h BER n xponn uv whh mp h h pon whh h bnf of 28

dng h BER nonqun o pu z n nd 10-6 my no b 0 PMT 1 (3 mm) PMT 2 (1 mm) PMT 3 (7 mm) PMT 1 (3 mm) 0.005 PMT 3 (7 mm) 0.01 PMT 3 (7 mm) PMT 3 (7 mm) PMT 1 (3 mm) 0.015 PMT 1 (3 mm) PMT 2 (1 mm) Mnmum BER PMT 2 (1 mm) 0.025 0.02 PMT 2(1mm) nb. 0 VAB 10 VAB 11 VAB 12 VAB 13 80 mw 38 mw 26 mw 13 mw Fgu 15: Eff of Apu Sz on B Eo R. Th w b fuh xpod wh ny. A om pon h pu z oud b muh g hn h n nmd gn bm, hu ony ong ddon 29

bkgound ngy. A h pon of whh h pu g hn h nmd bm o h onom of xmy g pu bom pohbv, hgh nmon pow, mn o d h bkgound no o ombnon of my b ny o mnmz h BER. Summy of D Don Mhod A xpd, nng h oupu pow w g v pu do mpov h pby o mnmz h BER nd g o o BER of 10-6 o b, bu h o of hgh oupu nm, g pu nd h fy u py no h ondon of h nng h go. Th u d on o h n onuon h nng of nmon pow o oon pu z (gn vgng) do no u n pb b o h o mn o h ouon. A n nv o nng h pu z, h d oud b owd down hu podung m vgng ff wh h vd gn, bu h n undb ouon wh od y v xpndng d dmnd. Howv, h pon hgh-d- py nd bndwdh h FSO h o off, wn h vuon of o ono nd o oon odng ud n onjunon wh h bnf of nd nmon pow nd v pu z o fuh mpov h B Eo R Pfomn. 30

CHAPTER FOUR: FADE AND SURGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECEIVED ENERGY Bd on h n ny of h d, vy vdn h h w b o n h dodng of h vd gn. Th ny of h d f povd om ngh o how h gn ngy fd nd ug ov h hnn ph n ompon o h od no ngy h PMT. A mp pogm (Appndx A) Pogm 1: Sgn Fd Any w wn o od h numb of m h vd gn doppd bow dfnd hhod m, h dph of h fd bow h hhod, moun of m bow h hhod, nd h ngh of m bwn h fd oun. Anoh pogm (Appndx A) Pogm 2: Sug Any w o ppd h v o h vd no d, ookng h pod n whh h d vu xdd h hhod, nd odd h u. Rng fom Appndx B, Tb 3, h Indn hhod vu h podud h mnmum o fo d don of VAB Run 10 nd 11 (PMT 3) w = 139. Ung h vu, h bov pogm 1 nd 2 w xud nd h u hown n Tb 4, 5 nd 6 od n Appndx B. Fo u oh vu fo w d. Th vu hon uh h h on bov h mxmum vu of h Bkgound No p Tb 3 ( = 143 nd = 145 fo PMT 3) dfnd n Tb 4 nd 5. A xpd, obvon of h d how h h moun of m gn xpn fd bow h dfnd hhod vu n g n f n y h h ho dv u n.a n y hb kg oundno u g m (Tb 6) bov h m dfnd hhod vu go o zo h hhod d. Th bkgound no wh ndom wh hgh fquny of hng do no hv hug mpud pk. Wh h umpon h no ugng bov h hhod 31

nd h gn fdng bow h hhod woud podu b o, h ny of h d ung h bov fnd pogm nd bud n Tb 4, 5 nd 6 n b ud o u BER. Th uon bd on h umpon h h pobby 1 o 0 nmd 50% of h m. Wh h umpon nd h vg fd o ug p ond podud n vg BER of 3.7 10 4 fo VAB 10 (PMT 3) wh = 139 n b ud. In Chp 3, BER of 6.3 10 4 w ud fo h m VAB 10 (PMT 3) xpmn. Th BER of 6.3 10 4 w ud fom of d mp pon nd h pobby of oun fo h unqu mpud pnd by who numb ( mpd bn mhod w uzd). Th mhod whh ud h BER of 3.7 10 4 d h d f onnuou non-d mp pon nd ud h m pod h ggd fd o ug ondon. In onuon, gn fdng w ou nd oh mhod h xpnd h pby of d don ung v wh 1, 3 o 7 mm pu nd o b xpod f hgh d wh mnmum o h go. No ony do h bov pogm povd o fd/ug m, bu mo mpony h h pof of h fd m.. ngh nd fquny of oun of ndvdu fd qunfd. No ony h fd ndom oun bu h vg fd m p h fd oun n b of ondb ngh (0.1 o 0.3 m). A 0.1 m gn fd of gn wh 1 Gb d qu 100,000 o b o mo mpony b o. Fgu 16 vuy ummz h bud ny of fdng gn (VAB 10 PMT 3) fo dfnd hhod vu of 139. An 80 mw nmd gn vd wh 7 mm 32

pu hd mdn fd duon 9.25 10 5 ond wh h vg fd 1.3 10 4 ond nd mxmum fd of 1.62 10 3 ond. Dfnng h ng of vu nd undndng h ndomn of fd oun bom mpon n h on of odng hm n h nx hp. Fgu 16 nd 17 gph h pobby of oun of fd duon m nd ow h ompon bwn 7mm nd 1mm pu v. No h 7 mm pu h hgh pobby of oun of ho fd duon, nd h 1 mm pu h hgh pobby of oun of ong fd duon. 0.12 Pobby of Oun Pobby of Oun 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Fd Duon (ms) 0.7 0.8 0.9 VAB 10 PMT 3 (Thhod=139) Fgu 16: Fd Duon Pobby of Oun fo VAB 10 PMT 3 (7 mm). 33

Pobby of Oun Pobby of Oun 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Fd Duon (ms) 0.7 0.8 0.9 VAB 10 PMT 2 (Thhod=61) Fgu 17: Fd Duon Pobby of Oun fo VAB 10 PMT 2 (1 mm). Fgu 18 nd 19 gphy how how nng h nmng pow nd nng pu z ff h fd pof. No ony do 7 mm pu v xpn fw numb of o fd p ond, nd h m bwn fd ong hn h whh 1 mm v xpn. Th vg fd m pof fo h 7 mm nd 1 mm pu vy m, nd xpd h 7 mm pu vg fd m hn h 1 mm pu fd m. Howv h pobby of oun of h vg fd m fo h dffn pu dfnng dffn. Th g h pu, h fw fd oun nd ho fd duon mo ky. Th 34

xponn ndng hng of h vg fd m u of h n n gn mpud o pu z n b obvd n Fgu 18. 4 10 4 Avg Sgn Fd Tm () Sond 7 mm 3 10 4 2 10 4 1 10 4 1 mm 00 VAB 13 (13 mw) 35 VAB 12 (26 mw) VAB 11 (38 mw) VAB 10 (80 mw) VAB 13 (13 mw) VAB 12 (26 mw) VAB 11 (38 mw) VAB 10 (80 mw) Fgu 18: Avg gn fd.

0.2 0.15 0.1 1 mm Avg Sgn Tm Bwn Fd () Sond 7 mm 0.05 00 VAB 13 (13 mw) VAB 12 (26 mw) 36 VAB 11 (38 mw) VAB 10 (80 mw) VAB 13 (13 mw) VAB 12 (26 mw) VAB 11 (38 mw) VAB 10 (80 mw) Fgu 19: Avg m bwn fd.

CHAPTER FIVE: ERROR CORRECTION ARCHITECTURE Muh h [7] n b found on h dvopmn of odng hnqu o mpov ommunon pfomn o ovom h ff of no nd fdng. Som od hv h by o d nd o b o wh h u of py b, oh od mpy p h nmon of h g n.th B o kcod u h h Hmmng nd Rd-Soomn Cod nd Convouon Enodng of whh y on gb hnqu nd bnh. Th gohm fo mny of h odng hnqu vy xnv nd oud qu ddon ou uh d buff nd og w mh pong hdw nd ddony dd dy m no h nmon nd p of h d. Bny Unon Dodng Bny Unon Dodng (BUD) w hnqu h h bn uzd o ognz d b h hv bn nmd hough hnn xpnng fdng [2]. Th hm w bu fo ow d of 3.2 khz, nd oud hv om ppon n vng no d. Th wod qun pdy nmd nd OR -d o h pvouy nmd wod qun owng fo b oon. Fgu 20 xpn h b po fo BUD. Th VAB d w ud o mu h u of BUD mn o mpov BER. Rng h ny of h fd pfomd n h pvou hp, h gn fd uuy ou n bu. A wod qun (ng of b) ubj o fdng uh h VAB xpmn hnn dmond, 0.2 m nd wh d of 1Gb/, woud u n 200,000 o b. Th mp 8 b BUD hnqu w no 37

ffv n dung h BER. Th 8 b wod qun woud hv o b pd y hound of m o ovom h yp of fdng, nd h xpn of zd d. Fgu 20: Bny Unon Dodng. [2]. 38

Bok Invng Bok Invng [3] hnqu ud o pd h o ou ov g numb of od wod. BUD whn ppd o n 8 b wod qun n o 8 b f h wod pd nough. Howv, f h fd h n pod h 8 b wod qun pdy n, o w no b od. Bok Invng pd h o ov mny odwod nd h pd wod no ong o h ny n wod qun. Th wy h wok ud n Fgu 21. A bok of 8 b wod ngd on bow h oh, nd h b nmd vy. A h v, h wod qun onud, nd h b dodd hozony. Bu h bu of o ff h y nmd v b h pd ov v 8 b wod qun, h o n b od wh fw p nmon. Don of 8 B Cod wod nmon Fgu 21: Invng Bok Dgm. 39

Appndx A - Pogm 3: BUD wh Bok Invng Smuon muon pogm wn o dmon BUD wh Bok Invng of h VAB d. Th u of h odng hnqu do o fo o, bu om wh p. On 8 b wod o ou of 20,000 wod n hvb, bu nvovd bok ngh of 100,000 b (12,500 / 8 b odwod). Addony h bok w nmd 4 m nd h od muon howd, h nx 20,000 wod n my nu 10 wod o. No ony do h qu g d buff, bu dy m o ddd o h dodng of h od gn. Fo gn wh nmon of 622Mb/, h pd wod bok woud dd 0.6 m of dy. Th nmd d of 622 Mb/ dud o 155Mb/ of zd d du o h 4 pd wod nmon. 40

CHAPTER SIX: RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE Th u of h ny of h VAB xpmn h onny pond ou h n od o qu n o f op ommunon hnn, h v nd o o nough of h nmd gh ngy of h pkd gn bm o b b o dmn gn fom h bkgound no. Sv v hu houd b ondd. Rv n b bu wh g pu hu hvng mo oo. An y of m pu v oud o b mbd o ovy v h gn bm. Ly ombnon of hu w b vud. Ung h VAB xpmn d h hu mud. Ay Rv Th b of n o f nmon dpnd on h ufu by o p h gn ngy fom h bkgound no (whh nud bkgound don nd oh no ou uh do nd ho no). Th PMT oo of gh ngy, nd dung fd h ov ngy oy h whh od wh h bkgound no ngy. Exmnon of h d how mny pod of m n whh h PMT od ony h ngy od wh bkgound no onbuon vn hough h w onnuouy nmng. Th nmd op wv bokn no pkd po nvng o h v n (gvn o wnd). Th ho bm pk z ρf o ph w v nbf oundu ng q.(5) [1]. 41

1 2 L k 1.09 C n2 2 3 5 (5) 2 Fo h VAB xpmn, C n2 10 15, k, 0.514 10 6, L 13000m nd ung q. (5) h pk z ud o b 15mm. Ung h VAB Run 13 PMT 2 (1mm) =61 d on Tb 5 of Appndx B, h vg bm pk z n b md ung h vg m bwn fd nd bm pk movmn d o wnd pd nv o h oo. Th vg pk z found o b: Spk z = Wnd pd (Avg m bwn fd) (6) = 6.1 m/ 1.79 10 3 = 11 mm. Addony h mxmum p bwn h bm pk n b md ung h m d Tb 5, bu ung h mxmum fd m vu: Sp bwn pk = Wnd pd (Mx fd) = 6.1 m/ 8.2 10 3 = 50 mm. 42 (7)

Th n b vy g gp bwn h bm po h nv o h 1mm pu ng h o of gn. Founy h g gp ndomy pd nd of owo u n.i v yu n k y h mu p qu g npmt p d u h h hy op y ndpndn of h oh woud xpn fd gp munouy. Tho u n of hpmt op ng nd p nd nof ho h n b onfmd ju n h ompon of h d fo gvn VAB d. Th po (Fgu 8) fo PMT 1 woud pn fd vn wh PMT 3 woud b n ug ondon h m n nof m nd h mb m w v.a 3PMT w p d ppoxmy 9 nh fom h oh. Th ff of ung mu p PMT mu dw h n y mu onp og m wh h gn m pd d mp vu o ndvdu PMT f. To m ndpndn fo h PMT, mnmum d pon w ud funon of h Fn zon nd h ff of nv wnd. Th oon wdh of h dn fuuon bd on wk fuuon dy d o h f Fn zon [1]. Fo ong fuuon, h oon wdh of dn fuuon dmnd by h nv p ohn du ρ (5). Th f Fn zon fo 0 h VAB xpmn Run 13 : Fn zon = L/k 13000 12.22 10 6 = 0.033 m. 43 (8)

Th Fn zon wdh g vu hn h p ohn du, nd fo h bnf of h nd fo h d o b y ndpndn, h Fn zon wdh ondd h mnmum vu o mpo d ndpndn. Th moun of m qud fo h f Fn zon wdh o nv o h v pu n b found by: Tm = Fn zon wdh / Tnv wnd voy Tm = 0.033 m / 6.1 m/ = 0.0054. Thfo h mnmum numb of mp qu d o p h mu dpmt of n y 0.0054 27027 mp/ = 146 mp pon (mnmum).th PMT n now b ondd y ndpndn. Fo h y muon, h d w pd by 37 m o 1000 d pon p h PMT whh w muh g hn h mnmum qud m of 5.4 m. A ummon fo h PMT w pfomd nd hn h um w vgd o ompon. Appndx B: Tb 7 ummz h ff of vou PMT y. A n b n, pon hghghd vu on Appndx B: Tb 7 bwn h gn nd bkgound no obnd wh 4 8PMT.Th u g f f of h g n wh h bn dud g vn n h gn. I woud qu n y of 50omo PMT oob n p onb w n13mw nd80mw g n.fgu 22 nd 23 dpy h by of 7 mm nd 1mm y of dffn PMT numb o povd h pon bwn h bkgound no mxmum vu nd h gn 44

mnmum vu. Dffn mpud o mud nd h ff n b obvd w. 180 80 mw Sgn (mn) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 160 B Coun Ampud Bkgound No (mx) Bkgound No (mx) Bkgound No (mx) 140 120 100 100 X1 Ay X4 Ay X8 Ay (7 mm) (7 mm) (7 mm) Fgu 22: 7 mm pu y muon howng bkgound (mx.) v gn (mn.) vu. 45

100 80 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound No (mx) Bkgound No (mx) 80 B Coun Ampud 80 mw Sgn (mn) 80 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound No (mx) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) 60 40 2020 X1 Ay X4 Ay X8 Ay (1 mm) (1 mm) (1 mm) Fgu 23: 1 mm pu y muon howng bkgound (mx.) v gn (mn.) vu. 46

Th Snon Indx ( I2,M ) bd on h numb of y pu n b ud ung h foowng quon (11), (12) nd (13). M h numb of pu, Mff h ffv numb of pu. Fgu 24 how h h quon pd fy oy h onhp of dud non ndx o onf g u ng hpmt n n y nd ompd o h y muon pvouy pfomd. 2 I,M I2 I M 2 1 (11) M M ff M 1.0 (12) 1 I2, M I2 M ff (13) Th Equon (13) w ppb fo h pdon of non ndx of boh h g n ndb kg oundw v.th do no m ob m o hnu mb ofpmt n h y, bu h quon woud pov u on ppohd h ou of h bm pd. I woud o m vy mp o uz mo hn 10 PMT.Wh n y of 6-8PMT onf g u d n n yp ov d h p on ndd o ufuy nm bny d. Wh h 8 y onfguon 13mW gn hd gh ovp wh h bkgound no, nd by nng h nm pow o 80 mw h gn oud b ufuy vd nd pd fom h bkgound. Ay do no du h ug h of h gn nough o d mup gn v, no povd h oppouny o du nmon pow o 47

hv ufu p of gn. Fo h qumn, g pu o b ondd. 10 Snon Indx 1 0.1 0.01 1 10 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Numb of PMT' p Ay 14 16 18 Fgu 24: Snon Indx Tho v Smud. Lg Apu Rv Th oon of mo of h pk po (gn ngy) by nng h oo known pu vgng. Th n n pu z n n vg ou h fuuon nd du h non. Th phnomnon omwh vdn 48

n h mp ompon of h 1mm po wh h of h 7 mm d od (Fgu 8). A vu ompon of h po how duon n h fuuon bwn h wo PMT d, howv h PMT gn w no quvn hu pvnng n ny ompuon of h 1mm v 7mm d. Wh h ho bm po z of 15 mm (q. 5), h 1mm d d po n ou.th p u v g ng o f f n A [1] fo n unboundd pn wv n h bn of nn- / ou- ff : 2 D A I2. I 0 (14) Wh I2 0 Snon Indx of pon ou nd D Apu Dm. Th pu vgng fo n b ud funon of u du D / 2 d by h Fn zon L / k.[1] kd 2 A 1 1.06 4 L 7 / 6 (15) Ung h bov wo quon, h non ndx fo 100 mm pu ud n h foowng xmp: 2 Wh: D 100mm,.514 X 10 6 m, L 13000m nd k. Ung Eq. (15), h pu vgng offn A = 0.23. Th pon ou non ndx I2 0 0.428 obnd fom Appndx B: Tb 3 fo VAB D Run #13, PMT 2 49

(1mm). Th non ndx fo 100 mm pu n now b ud ung h q. (14). I2 100 A I2 0 I2 100 0.23 0.428 I2 100 0.0984 By nng h pu o 100mm h bov ho quon woud du pon ou wv wh non ndx of 0.428 o non ndx of 0.0984. No hvng u od xpmn d fo g pu g hn 7 mm, muon pogm w wn ung h PMT 2 (1 mm) d o mud g dm d. Agn h d od fom PMT 2 w d pon ou d. Unk h PMT y onfguon whh bd on y ndpndn d pon, h g pu d bd on h moun of gh ngy (y dpndn) h vd o h ov of h PMT. A wndowd vgng hnqu of dfnd numb of onuv d pon w ud. Th numb of d pon funon of h nv wnd pd nd h dm of h pu. 50

Apu Dm: D 100mm Ex. Tnv Wnd Spd: W 5.5m / dm 0.1m m 18.2 10 3 pd 5.5 m m Smp R = 18.2 10 3 27027 491 Smp A movng wndowd vg of 491 mp ud o d f pnv of 100 mm pu. Th ff h vou mud pu z hv on h non ndx hown n Appndx B: Tb 8. Fgu 25 dpy h hng of non ndx h pu dm hngd. 1.4 1.2 Snon Indx 1 0.8 80 mw Sgn 0.6 0.4 13 mw Sgn 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 Apu Dm (mm) 400 500 Fgu 25: Eff of pu z on h non ndx. 51

200 13 mw Sgn (mx) 13 mw Sgn (mx) 13 mw Sgn (mx) 50 1 mm Apu 50 mm Apu 100 mm Apu 200 mm Apu 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound (mx) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound (mx) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound (mx) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 13 mw Sgn (mn) Bkgound (mx) 80 mw Sgn (mn) 100 Bkgound (mx) 13 mw Sgn (mn) B Coun Ampud 150 500 mm Apu Fgu 26: Eff of pu dm nd nmon pow hng. Th ho Snon Indx I2 100mmho 0.098 ud fom q. (14 nd 15) ompd wh h mud vu of I2 100mm 0.089 (fom Appndx B: Tb 8) n o gmn. Som of h dffn oud b od wh h xn of h wnd d ud h PMT oon. Wh h Ay hu podud pon bwn h bkgound mxmum nd gn mnmum vu, h g pu w b o du h gn ugng. Evn wh 500 mm pu, nough pon oud no b nd o ufuy d 52

13 mw gn fom n 80 mw gn. A n nv, ombnon of y on ngof4 nd8pmt w h p u of50,100,200 nd500mm w mu d nd h u hown n Appndx B: Tb 9. Th b how h 3 v gn oud b dd (0, 13, 38 mw). If fouh v dd, n md pow of 130 mw oud b ud wh (0, 13 nd 38 mw) nd n y onng of8pmt hw h n pu dm of 500 mm woud podu h ny pon of gn v. W h8pmt onf g u dw h200mm pu o 4 500mm PMT,3 v g n oud b dd (0, 13 nd 80mw). In m of mpy, ng 50 mm pu, 13 mw pow oupu nd On-Off kyng woud hv n xmy b nmon. Th ddon of 4 y (50mm) PMT onfguon woud povd ddon mgn bwn h gn mnmum nd h bkgound mxmum. If pu wh dm < 10 mm d d n yof8( 1mm p u )PMT w hnmon pow of 80 mw oud b dgnd nd woud hv o f d nmon wh h ndd pon of bkgound nd gn. Th VAB xpmn ud nmon pow ngng fom 13 o 80mW. I woud b nng o wh mnmum gn pow ou db v dw h n y onf g u onof uf f n y g p u PMT.M-y gnng woud b w ud op fo fuu nvgon. Fgu 27 how h vouon of ommunon hnn h d wh mnm pby o uppo n OOK gnng wh BER g hn h dd 10-6. Wh ondon md o y, pu dm nd mpud moduon, h hnn n b vy mpovd. 53

800 700 600 PMT Ampud (b oun) 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 10 2 10 4 0 4 Sgn 130 mw Sgn 38 mw Sgn 13 mw Sgn 80 mw (50 mm) (200 mm) (500 mm) 4 X Ay 8 X Ay 8 X Ay Fgu 27: Evouon of Sgn. 54 6 10 4 Sgn 13 mw Sgn 80 mw (50 mm) 5 10 4 Sgn 13 mw Bkgound Sgn 80 mw Sgn 13 mw (1mm) 4 10 4 Sgn 13 mw Bkgound No (1mm) 3 10 4 Smp

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION Snon ff dmn o f p op ommunon. Wh odng hnqu hv h by o d nd o fo o, hy mpo mny mon on h ommunon ym. Th mon d dy, bo pong, d duon nd pong hdw. A of h odng hnqu mp o ox wh h fd nd ug h hn mnmz h xn. Th g gn n dng wh n on f f nb z d nu z onofmu p ypmt nd uffny g pu on. Eh of h opon hv phy nd o nom m on.onwo u dh vd f f u mj u f y ng n yof100pmt o 1m pu ouon fo o gn v nmon. Th h bgn wh h hypoh h odng w h pn fo gn bm non, bu h ouon wh h b of PMT y nd g pu. Th h ugg h n op hnn vuon ym oud b dvopd whh woud ow h ommunon ngn o h hnn ph h phy oon o gn nough knowdg o dgn ym bd on h hnn h. Th ym woud qu mu-v oupu ou, dv o mu ph ngh, wnd mumn (pd nd don) dv, v (PMT) nd d mpng nd odng ym. Th op d hnn oud b hzd o ow h ngn o ou oupu v, qun of v, 55

pu z, mounng oon nd odng fom h ffny nd onomy m h qud d, d yp nd mnmz h b o. F p op nmon n povd phwy fo u, f nd o f dvy of d. On h non ff mnmzd, h odng hnqu h oud b uzd uh PPM, BUD, M-y gnng nd muud of onvouon hm pn n oppouny om h h ng of od y v n ngn d o nd nd v mo d f wh mnm nupon. Th End 56

APPENDIX A: MATHCAD PROGRAMS 57

Pogm 1: Sgn Fd Any 58

Pogm 2: Sug Any 59

Pogm 3: BUD wh Bok Invng Smuon BUD_Pog M X BL IT d op Rp Coun 0 wod 0 D 0 D 0 0 0 0 1 n Coun 0 m 0 wh wod op Coun 0 m 0 wh Coun Rp m m B1 np[ X M (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 0 m 0 m 0 m 0 m n n BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m n n IT BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m n n IT BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m n n IT BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m n n IT BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m n n IT BL d B1 np[ X (n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 6 m 6 m 6 m 60 IT 6 m IT

6 m n n BL d B1 np[ X ( n 27027) ] B1 1 f B1 B1 0 ohw 7 m 7 m 7 m 7 m n n IT BL d Coun Coun 1 m m 1 T A1 B1 A1 3 0 A1 3 1 A1 3 2 A1 3 3 A1 3 4 A1 3 5 A1 3 6 A1 3 7 1 1 f A1 0 1 f A1 1 1 f A1 2 1 f A1 1 f A1 1 f A1 1 f A1 1 f A1 1 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 T A1 A1 D 1 f D D 1 ohw 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 wod wod 1 Coun 0 m 0 n n D 61 3 A1 D 100 d 8

APPENDIX B: TABLES 62

Tb 1: VAB D Run 5 hu 8 S Pof VAB D Run (PMT 3) (7mm) Run #5 (PMT Suppy Vog 750) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End Run #6 (PMT Suppy Vog 750) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 53 mw) Bkgound No End Run #7 (PMT Suppy Vog 750) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 56 mw) Bkgound No End Run #8 (PMT Suppy Vog 750) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End VAB D Run (PMT 2) (1mm) Run #5 (PMT Suppy Vog 1000) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End Run #6 (PMT Suppy Vog 1000) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 53 mw) Bkgound No End Run #7 (PMT Suppy Vog 1000) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 56 mw) Bkgound No End Run #8 (PMT Suppy Vog 1000) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End Mn B Coun Mn. B Coun Mx. B Coun Vn 76.63 154.205 79.748 70 75 73 85 3006 87 0.699 11675 0.694 80.505 154.331 82.147 74 79 70 88 3004 91 0.676 11910 0.740 80.646 154.998 79.191 75 76 73 89 3003 86 0.856 11261 0.664 79.064 155.309 77.06 71 73 71 87 3004 84 0.661 12132 0.709 Mx. B Coun Vn Mn B Coun Mn. B Coun 50.782 148.941 52.979 41 45 44 60 2996 64 2.481 21224 2.525 53.314 143.325 54.625 45 47 40 65 2995 68 2.531 20662 2.654 53.225 151.617 52.163 43 46 42 64 2995 62 2.683 23003 2.525 52.059 156.55 51.055 44 45 43 62 2995 60 2.506 27322 2.493 63

VAB D Run (PMT 1) (3mm) Run #5 (PMT Suppy Vog 750) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End Run #6 (PMT Suppy Vog 800) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 53 mw) Bkgound No End Run #7 (PMT Suppy Vog 800) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 56 mw) Bkgound No End Run #8 (PMT Suppy Vog 800) Bkgound No S Sgn (L Pow 55 mw) Bkgound No End Mn B Coun Mn. B Coun Mx. B Coun Vn 34.065 78.379 35.4 28 30 28 41 2338 43 0.682 4404 0.635 60.458 135.592 61.915 53 57 51 68 2995 73 0.799 14573 0.848 60.036 135.076 59.206 53 55 53 68 2996 66 0.964 13039 0.812 59.412 140.598 58.345 53 55 52 68 3000 67 0.805 15881 0.828 64

Tb 2: Summy of Eff of Ampud Moduon on Pobby of Eo VAB Run Run # 10 Run # 11 Run # 12 Run # 13 PMT 3 Inpu Gn Vog L Oupu Pow (mw) 800 800 800 800 80 38 26 13 65 Thhod Vu (b oun) 139 139 139 138 Mnmum B Eo R 0.0006377 0.0013683 0.0052764 0.0097599

Tb 3: VAB D Run 10, 11, 12 nd 13 S fo PMT 2 nd PMT 3. VAB D Run (PMT 2) 1mm Run #10 (80 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #11 (38 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #12 (26 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #13 (13 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End VAB D Run (PMT 3) 7mm Run #10 (80 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #11 (38 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #12 (26 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Run #13 (13 mw) Bkgound No S Sgn (L On) Bkgound No End Mn B Coun Mn. B Coun Mx. B Coun Vn Snon Indx (SI) 55.674 306.958 55.096 43 43 44 65 3001 63 2.516 119600 2.51 0.00080 1.27000 0.00083 55.464 182.646 55.419 45 46 45 64 2993 63 2.526 33360 2.547 0.00082 1.00052 0.00083 55.267 139.329 55.007 46 48 46 63 2993 63 2.529 14000 2.535 0.00083 0.72148 0.00084 55.091 103.46 54.789 44 48 43 63 2356 63 2.51 4590 2.528 0.00083 0.42848 0.00083 135.571 402.519 134.669 127 133 126 142 3011 140 0.719 118500 0.722 0.00004 0.73145 0.00004 135.705 273.103 135.662 128 128 127 141 3005 141 0.743 34450 0.753 0.00004 0.46190 0.00004 135.466 227.522 135.165 127 132 127 141 3007 140 0.746 15920 0.755 0.00004 0.30754 0.00004 135.49 188.028 134.7 127 131 127 142 3000 141 0.738 4832 0.744 0.00004 0.13671 0.00004 66

Tb 4: Sgn Fd Ch PMT 3 (7 mm). VAB D Run (PMT 3) 7mm Run #10 (80mW) Run #11 (38mW) Run #12 (26mW) Run #13 (13mW) Thhod Vu Fd Fq / Mx. Fd (m) Mn. Fd (m) Avg. Fd (m) To Fd m / Mx m bwn fd () 0.00062 Avg m bwn fd () 0.2155 139 4.635 1.6157 0.0103 0.1298 143 26.522 1.9733 0.0096 0.1964 0.00521 0.03751 0.7853 145 43.468 2.4790 0.0086 0.2169 0.00943 0.02279 0.5143 139 14.968 1.3567 0.0108 0.1367 0.00202 0.06676 1.1920 143 145 73.611 3.9035 0.0115 0.2438 0.0179 0.0134 0.5245 109.978 4.4400 0.0103 0.2775 0.0472 0.00859 0.3198 139 54 3.49 0.0099 0.1865 0.0101 0.0182 0.4239 143 162 6.105 0.0136 0.3011 0.0487 0.00588 0.205 145 213 10.3 0.0087 0.3446 0.0734 0.00435 0.1459 139 147 5.92 0.0115 0.2271 0.0334 0.00658 0.3116 143 310 15.3 0.0106 0.3766 0.1166 0.00285 0.1043 145 366 19.4 0.0115 0.4407 0.1613 0.00229 0.0759 67 4.2574

Tb 5: Sgn Fd Ch PMT 2 (1 mm) VAB D Run (PMT 2) 1mm Run #10 (80mW) Run #11 (38mW) Run #12 (26mW) Run #13 (13mW) Thhod Vu Fd Fq / Mx. Fd (m) Mn. Fd (m) Avg. Fd (m) To Fd m / Mx m bwn fd () 0.0109 Avg m bwn fd () 0.01299 61 76 1.930 0.00925 0.1438 66 166 3.225 0.00463 0.2073 0.0344 0.00582 0.1692 70 228 5.112 0.0062 0.2462 0.0560 0.00415 0.1396 61 184 66 310 2.858 0.00925 0.1768 0.0326 0.00525 0.1464 6.360 0.00655 0.2739 0.0848 0.00296 0.0775 70 377 10.628 0.007064 0.3351 0.1262 0.00232 0.0551 61 304 3.863 0.00874 0.2234 0.0680 0.00306 0.1100 66 421 6.463 0.00799 0.3471 0.1462 0.00203 0.0468 70 474 11.6118 0.00781 0.4281 0.2029 0.00168 0.0379 61 482 8.220 0.00991 0.2797 0.1349 0.00179 0.0599 66 566 14.825 0.0103 0.4486 0.2537 0.00132 0.0311 70 579 19.894 0.0082 0.5696 0.3300 0.00116 0.0256 68 0.3180

Tb 6: No Sug Ch fo PMT 3 nd PMT 2 VAB D Run (PMT 3) 7mm Sug Fq / Mx. Sug (m) Mn. Sug (m) Run #10 (80mW) Thhod Vu 138.9 0.00145 Avg. Sug (m) 0.00496 21 0.05735 Run #11 (38mW) 138.9 29 Run #12 (26mW) 138.9 Run #13 (13mW) 0.000105 0.04810 0.00136 0.00441 0.000129 15 0.04840 0.00148 0.00404 0.000061 138.9 15 0.05162 0.00167 0.00432 0.000064 Sug Fq / Mx. Sug (m) Mn. Sug (m) Avg. Sug (m) Run #10 (80mW) Thhod Vu 60.9 36 0.01018 0.00087 0.00568 0.000204 Run #11 (38mW) 60.9 25 0.00786 0.00099 0.00529 0.000133 Run #12 (26mW) 60.9 17 0.00762 0.00106 0.00459 0.000076 Run #13 (13mW) 60.9 12 0.00881 0.00106 0.00425 0.000049 VAB D Run (PMT 2) 1mm 69 To Sug m / To Sug m /

Tb 7: Ay Apu Smuon Numb o fpmt VAB 10 80mW PMT 3 (7mm) Sgn: Bkgound No: VAB 10 80mW PMT (1mm) Sgn: Bkgound No: VAB 13 13 mw PMT 3(7mm) VAB 13 13 mw PMT 2 (1mm) Mx Mn Mn Vn Sn Indx Mx Mn Mn Vn Sn Indx Mx Mn Mn Vn Sn Indx Mx Mn Mn Vn Sn Indx X1 X4 X8 X 12 X 16 3011 133 402.5 118500.731 142 127 136 0.719 3.9 E-5 3001 43 307 119600 1.27 65 46 55.7 2.5 8.1E-4 2638 145 402.5 31470 0.194 137.8 133 136 0.208 1.13E-5 1993 60 307 31427 0.333 60 52 55.7 0.658 2.12E-4 1540 159 402.5 15995 0.099 137.3 133.9 136 0.106 5.74E-6 1362 70.4 307 15929 0.169 58.4 53.1 55.7 0.326 1.05E-4 1179 173.8 402.5 10753 0.066 136.9 134.3 136 0.072 3.92E-6 1081 85.8 307 10668 0.113 57.8 53.7 55.7 0.218 7.03E-5 1107 184 402.5 8126 0.05 136.6 134.5 135.6 0.051 2.8E-6 988 96.8 307 8047 0.085 57.5 53.9 55.7 0.157 5.1E-5 X4 944.3 136.8 188 1262 0.036 138 133 135.5 0.189 1.0E-5 734.8 54.8 103.5 1191 0.111 58.8 51 55 0.633 2.1E-4 X8 569.8 140.5 188 633.3 0.018 137 134 135.5 0.098 5.0E-6 428 57 103.5 596 0.056 57.8 52.5 55 0.322 1.1E-4 X 12 441.8 143.4 188 424.1 0.012 136.8 134.3 135.5 0.068 4.0E-6 329 61.1 103.5 398 0.037 57.3 52.8 55 0.216 7.0E-5 X 16 377 145.2 188 317.4 0.009 136.7 134.4 135.5 0.054 3.0E-6 292 63.5 103.5 299 0.028 57.1 53.1 55 0.168 6.0E-5 Numb ofpmt X1 Mx 3000 Mn 131 Mn 188 Vn 4832 Sn Indx 0.137 Bkgound Mx 142 No: Mn 127 Mn 135.5 Vn 0.738 Sn Indx 4.0E-5 Sgn: Mx 2356 Mn 48 Mn 103.5 Vn 4590 Sn Indx 0.428 Bkgound Mx 63 No: Mn 44 Mn 55 Vn 2.51 Sn Indx 8.3E-4 Sgn: 70

Tb 8: Eff of Apu Sz on Snon Indx VAB 10 80 mw (5.5 m/) VAB 13 13 mw (5.5 m/) VAB 13 Bkgound (5.5 m/) 1 mm 50 mm 100 mm 200 mm 500 mm Mx Mn Mn 3001 43 306.7 2360 62.9 306.7 1772 70.1 306.7 1298 79.0 306.7 970.8 104.4 306.7 Snon Indx 1.267 0.375 0.282 0.201 0.108 Mx Mn Mn 2356 48 103.5 515.6 56.6 103.5 388 57.5 103.5 303.2 58.9 103.5 207.5 63.8 103.5 Snon Indx 0.429 0.118 0.089 0.063 0.033 63 48 55 55.7 54.5 55.1 55.5 54.7 55.1 55.4 54.8 55.1 55.3 54.9 55.1 0.00083.000007.0000034.0000018.0000008 Mx Mn Mn Snon Indx 71

Tb 9: Eff of Apu Sz wh Ay Confguon 50mm 100mm 200mm 500mm X4 X8 X4 X8 X4 X8 X4 X8 Mx 1016 699.6 783.8 564.9 629.4 492.6 518.4 447.7 Mn 105.5 131.1 113.8 155 133.8 181.8 168.8 211.7 Mn 305.6 305.6 305.7 305.6 305.6 305.6 305.6 305.7 Snon Indx.096.048.072.036.051.025.028.014 Mx 548.1 409.1 443.2 348.7 374.8 318.9 318.3 293 Mn 78.8 95.5 90.5 105.4 97.8 117.7 108.8 131.7 Mn 185.6 185.6 185.6 185.6 185.6 185.6 185.6 185.6 Snon Indx.075.038.056.029.04.021.023.013 Mx 229.5 191.9 205.7 173.9 186.2 151.5 146 129.2 Mn 64.3 72.8 65.4 76.9 68.1 78.1 75.5 84.3 Mn 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 Snon Indx.03.014.022.011.016.0079.0087.0044 VAB 10 80 mw (5.5 m/) VAB 11 38 mw (5.5 m/) VAB 13 13 mw (5.5 m/) 72

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