Biomedical & Nanomedical Technologies Concise Monograph Series Silver Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis Techniques, Characterizations, Antibacterial and Anticancer Studies Rajawat Shweta and Malik M.M.
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Dedication Preface Dedicated to Dr. M. S. Qureshi, Retd. Professor, Department of Physics MANIT, Bhopal. Dr. Qureshi was a meritorious student right from the start of his education. He received National Merit Scholarship from Higher Secondary to Post Graduation, as he had earned 30th position in the merit list of the M.P. Board of Secondary Education. He did his B.Sc. with merit from Vikram University, Ujjain M.P., India. He got his M.Sc. (Physics) degree with specialization in X-Ray diffraction from Motilal Vigyan Mahavidhyalay, Barkatullah University, Bhopal. In 1969, he received a Gold Medal from the former Prime Minister of India, Late Shrimati Indira Gandhi, for first position among the whole faculty of science of Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P. India. He started his research work under Junior Research Fellowship of Council of Scientific Research, India, at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), under the guidance of Dr. C.S. Bhatnagar in 1969. He joined MANIT as lecturer in 1971. He was awarded PhD degree in 1975. At the time of the award, he had 17 research publications to his credit on various aspects of Magneto-electrets, published and read at International conferences, IEEE at Miami, Florida, Bureau of Standards, Gettysburg and Institute of Chemical Physics, Osaka, Japan. Dr. Qureshi visited Libya as Associate Professor at Azzawia Faculty of Education of Alfateh University. He initiated research work on electrets and was involved in organising First Libyan conference in Physics, Tripoli 1988. Back in India he worked on Luminescence and Nanotechnology. One of the greatest achievements of Dr. Qureshi is the development of Phenomenological Theory of Magneto-Electrects. He retired in 2013 as Professor, Department of Physics, MANIT, Bhopal. He guided 20 PhD students. He also has to his credit some pioneer work on preparation, characterization and application of silver and copper nanoparticles.
Series Editors Preface Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies (B&NT) This concise monograph series focuses on the implementation of various engineering principles in the conception, design, development, analysis and operation of biomedical, biotechnological and nanotechnology systems and applications. The primary objective of the series is to compile the latest research topics in biomedical and nanomedical technologies, specifically devices and materials. Each volume comprises a collection of invited manuscripts, written in an accessible manner and of a concise and manageable length. These timely collections will provide an invaluable resource for initial enquiries about technologies, encapsulating the latest developments and applications with reference sources for further detailed information. The content and format have been specifically designed to stimulate further advances and applications of these technologies by reaching out to the non-specialist across a broad audience. Contributions to Biomedical and Nanomedical Technologies will inspire interest in further research and development using these technologies and encourage other potential applications. This will foster the advancement of biomedical and nanomedical applications, ultimately improving healthcare delivery. Editor: Ahmed Al-Jumaily, PhD, Professor of biomechanical Engineering & director of the Institute of biomedical technologies, Auckland University of technology. Associate Editors: Christopher H.M. Jenkins, PhD, PE, Professor and Head, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University. Said Jahanmir, PhD, President & CEO, MiTiHeart Corporation. Shanzhong (Shawn) Duan, PhD, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University. Conrad M. Zapanta, PhD, Associate Department Head of Biomedical Engineering, Teaching Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University. William J. Weiss, PhD, Professor of Surgery and Bioengineering, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University.
Preface Silver nanoparticles are found to have wide applications in diverse areas like optical receptors, bio-labelling sensors, bio active materials, solar energy conversion, signal enhancers in SERS based enzyme Immunoassay [1]. Silver nano particles exhibit high antimicrobial and anti cancer activities. The fabrication of silver nanoparticles and nano structures has aroused the interest of many researchers. Various synthesis methods have also been developed. Among the existing synthesis methods, mostly chemical methods, which involve toxic and potentially hazardous chemicals, are mostly used. The green synthesis based on green chemistry, replaces hazardous chemicals by environmental friendly products. Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances. Biological methods are better substitute for the chemical procedures, because they are convenient, widely distributed along the ecological boundaries and are safe to handle. The objective of the present work is to synthesize silver nanoparticles by the methods designed on the principles of green chemistry. The designed methods focus mainly on control over the size of the nanoparticles. This work also includes the study of the effect of current (through the circuit), temperature, strength of the precursor, reducing/capping agents and concentration of the capping agents on nanoparticles and the nanostructures. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles are analyzed using various characterization techniques e.g. XRD, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy etc. This work finds application of the silver nanoparticles in biomedical field. The findings of the tests conducted for antibacterial properties show almost 100% killing efficiency against E. coli, S. Aureus, S. Typhi and P. Aeruginosa. In case of testing the samples for anti-cancer activities, the results show 80 98% growth inhibition for MCF-7 Breast Cancer cell lines and He-La cervical cancer cell lines. The monograph contains 5 chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction of silver nanoparticles, covering their properties, synthesis approaches and applications. Chapter 2 introduces historical background of silver and narrates exhaustive literature review conducted during the research. The chapter gives details about the existing physical, chemical and biological
viii Silver Nanoparticles approaches and identifies the gap in the present synthesis methods. It justifies the need and importance of the present work. Chapter 3 gives details about the materials and the synthesis methods used in the present research work. It describes the five different methods, designed in the present research work, with varying parameters that control the morphology of the nanoparticles and nanostructures. Chapter 4 gives the results and discussions in details regarding the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles. The results are analyzed and discussed, sequentially according to the five methods. Chapter 5 provides summary and conclusion of the present research work and the scope of future work.
Acknowledgement With great pleasure, we acknowledge Dr. Rajnish Kurchania, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Dr. Fozia Zia Haque, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, MANIT for their consistent support. We also acknowledge Dr. K.K.S. Gautam, Department of Physics, MANIT for SEM and AFM characterization. We also extend thanks to our research group, specially Dr. Sonali Saha, for the help in designing and putting up experimental set ups. Further we express sincere gratitude to the Director, MANIT Bhopal, for providing research facilities in the institute. Thanks are also due to Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha, Professor, civil engineering, MANIT, for providing UV-Visible spectroscopy, IUC Indore, RRCAT Indore, AMPRI, Bhopal for XRD, and Dr. Rajukumar, HSADL, Bhopal for technical support.
Table of Contents Dedication iii Series Editors Preface v Preface vii Acknowledgement ix Abstract xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Properties of silver nanoparticles 2 1.2.1 Diameter, surface area, and volume 2 1.2.2 Shape and crystallinity 3 1.2.3 Stabilization of silver nanoparticles against agglomeration 3 1.2.4 antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles 4 1.2.5 Synthesis approaches 5 1.3 Brief introduction of the present research 6 2. Literature review 9 2.1 Synthesis processes 9 2.1.1 Physical approaches 10 2.1.2 Chemical approaches 12 2.1.3 Biological approaches 15 3. Materials and methods of synthesis 19 3.1 Black tea leaves extract 19 3.2 Garlic extract 19 3.3 Onion extract 19 3.4 method I: Electrolytic deposition of silver nanoparticles based on principles of green chemistry 20 3.5 Method II: Tollens method using green technology 22 3.6 method III: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by electrolytic deposition of X-Ray films 24 3.7 method IV: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using X-Ray films 26 3.8 method V: Green deposition of silver nanoparticles on iron nails using electronegative property 27 4. Results and discussion 29 4.1 method I: Electrolytic deposition of silver nanoparticles based on principles of green chemistry 29 4.1.1 XRD characterization for set 1 31 4.1.2 TEM characterization for set 1 32 4.1.3 UV-visible characterization for set 1 36 4.1.4 XRD characterization for set 2 38 4.1.5 TEM characterization of set 2 39
xii Silver Nanoparticles 4.1.6 UV-visible characterization of set 2 41 4.1.7 Study of antibacterial properties 42 4.1.8 Anti-cancer studies 46 4.1.9 XRD characterization of set 3 50 4.1.10 TEM characterization of set 3 51 4.1.11 UV-visible characterization of set 3 53 4.1.12 XRD characterization of set 4 54 4.1.13 TEM characterization of set 4 55 4.1.14 UV-visible characterization of set 4 55 4.1.15 FTIR characterization of set 4 57 4.1.16 Anti-cancer studies 59 4.1.17 XRD characterization of set 5 61 4.1.18 TEM characterization of set 5 62 4.1.19 UV-visible characterization of set 5 63 4.1.20 XRD characterization of set 6 64 4.1.21 TEM characterization of set 6 65 4.1.22 UV-visible characterization of set 6 67 4.1.23 Anti-bacterial studies 67 4.2 Method II: Tollens method using green technology 74 4.2.1 XRD characterization of set 1 75 4.2.2 TEM characterization of set 1 76 4.2.3 UV-visible characterization of set 1 77 4.2.4 FTIR characterization 78 4.2.5 XRD characterization of set 2 82 4.2.6 TEM characterization of set 2 82 4.2.7 UV-visible characterization of set 2 84 4.2.8 XRD characterization of set 3 85 4.2.9 TEM characterization of set 3 86 4.2.10 UV-visible characterization of set 3 88 4.3 method III: Electrolytic deposition of silver nanoparticles using waste X-Ray films and green approach 89 4.3.1 XRD characterization of set 1 89 4.3.2 SEM characterization of set 1 90 4.3.3 XRD characterization of set 2 91 4.3.4 TEM characterization of set 2 92 4.3.5 UV-visible characterization of set 2 93 4.3.6 XRD characterization of set 2 (second part) 93 4.3.7 TEM characterization of set 2 (second part) 94 4.3.8 XRD characterization set 3 95 4.3.9 TEM characterization of set 3 96 4.3.10 UV-visible characterization of set 3 98 4.3.11 XRD characterization of set 4 100
Table of Contents xiii 4.3.12 TEM characterization of set 4 101 4.3.13 UV-visible characterization of set 4 103 4.4 Method IV: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using X-Ray films 105 4.4.1 XRD characterization of set 1 105 4.4.2 TEM characterization of set 1 105 4.4.3 UV-visible characterization of set 1 107 4.4.4 XRD characterization of set 2 109 4.4.5 TEM characterization of set 2 109 4.4.6 UV-visible characterization of set 2 111 4.5 method V: Green deposition of silver nanoparticles on iron nails using electronegative property 113 4.5.1 XRD characterization of set 1 113 4.5.2 TEM characterization of set 1 114 4.5.3 UV-visible charcterization of set 1 116 4.5.4 XRD characterization of set 2 117 4.5.5 TEM characterization of set 2 118 4.5.6 UV-visible characterization of set 2 120 4.5.7 XRD characterization of set 3 121 4.5.8 TEM characterization of set 3 122 4.5.9 UV-visible characterization of set 3 124 4.5.10 XRD characterization of set 4 125 4.5.11 TEM characterization of set 4 126 4.5.12 UV-visible characterization of set 4 129 5. Conclusion 131 5.1 Conclusion 131 References 135 List of figures 151 List of tables 163 Author biographies 167
Abstract Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 Nanometres. Particles at nanoscale are called nanoparticles. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. Silver nanoparticles are found to have wide applications in various areas like optical receptors, bio-labeling sensors, bio active materials, solar energy conversion, signal enhancers in SERS based enzyme Immunoassay. Silver nanoparticles exhibit high antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer activities. The properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms at the surface of a material becomes significant. Nanoparticles, of desired morphology and required application, can be synthesized using physical, chemical and biological synthesis methods. This monograph introduces historical background of silver and narrates exhaustive literature review conducted during the research. It gives details about the existing physical, chemical and biological approaches. It also mentions innovative green synthesis methods, designed to render pure silver nanoparticles, and their characterization results. The green synthesis methods replace hazardous chemicals by environment friendly products using principles of green chemistry. The monograph includes the study of the effect of the current, temperature, strength of the precursor, reducing/capping agents and their concentration on the morphology of nanoparticles and the nanostructures. The findings of the tests conducted for antibacterial properties show almost 100% killing efficiency against E. coli, S. Aureus, S. Typhi and P. Aeruginosa. In case of in-vitro testing for anti-cancer properties, 80 98% killing efficiency for MCF-7 Breast cancer cell lines and He-La cervical cancer cell lines were noticed. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles finds wide applications in the field of medicine, especially targeted drug delivery.