ENSC 388 Assignment #8 Assignment date: Wednesday Nov. 11, 2009 Due date: Wednesday Nov. 18, 2009 Problem 1 A 3-mm-thick panel of aluminum alloy (k = 177 W/m K, c = 875 J/kg K, and ρ = 2770 kg/m³) is finished on both sides with an epoxy coating that must be cured at or above = l50 C for at least 5 min. The production line for the curing operation involves two steps: (l) heating in a large oven with air at, = l75 C and a convection coefficient of = 40 W/m² K, and (2) cooling in a large chamber with air a, = 25 C and a convection coefficient of = 10 W/m² K. The heating portion of the process is conducted over a time interval, which exceeds the time required to reach l50 C by 5 min ( = + 300 s). The coating has an emissivity of 0.8, and the temperatures of the oven and chamber walls are l75 C and 25 C, respectively. If the panel is placed in the oven at an initial temperature of 25 C and removed from the chamber at a safe-to-touch temperature of 37 C, what is the total elapsed time for the two-step curing operation? M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 1
Problem 2 Consider a steel pipeline (AISI 1010) that is l m in diameter and has a wall thickness of 40 mm. The pipe is heavily insulated on the outside, and before the initiation of flow, the walls of the pipe are at a uniform temperature of -20 C. With the initiation of flow, hot oil at 60 C is pumped through the pipe, creating a convective surface condition corresponding to h = 500 W/m² K at the inner surface of the pipe. l. What are the appropriate Biot and Fourier numbers 8 min after the initiation of flow? 2. At t = 8 min, what is the temperature of the exterior pipe surface covered by the insulation? 3. What is the heat flux q" (W/m²) to the pipe from the oil at t = 8 min? 4. How much energy per meter of pipe length has been transferred from the oil to the pipe at t = 8 min? T(x, 0)= 20 T(L, t) T(0, t) Insulation 60, 500/. Steel, AISI 1010 T(L, t) x L=40 mm M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 2
Problem 1: Known: Operating conditions for a two-step heating/cooling process in which a coated aluminum panel is maintained at or above a temperature of l50 C for at least 5 min. Find: - Total time required for the two-step process. Assumptions: 1. Panel temperature is uniform at any instant. 2. Thermal resistance of epoxy is negligible. 3. Constant properties. Analysis: To assess the validity of the lumped capacitance approximation, we begin by calculating Biot numbers for the heating and cooling processes. 40 /². 0.0015 3.410 177 /. 10 /². 0.0015 8.510 177 /. Hence the lumped capacitance approximation is excellent. To determine whether radiation exchange between the panel and its surroundings should be considered, the radiation heat transfer coefficient is determined from:,, A representative value of h, for the heating process is associated with the cure condition, in which case,, M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 3
0.8 5.67 10 /². 423 448423 448 15 /². Using = l50 C with, = 25 C for the cooling process, we also obtain, = 5.1 /².. Since the values of,, and, are comparable to those of and, respectively, radiation effects must be considered. With 2, and,, 2, applying conservation of energy: Selecting a suitable time increment t, the right-hand side of this equation may be evaluated numerically to obtain the panel temperature at t= t, 2t, 3 t, and so on. At each new step of the calculation, the value of T computed from the previous time step is used in the integrand, Selecting t = 10 s, calculations for the heating process are extended to 300 s, which is 5 min beyond the time required for the panel to reach = l50 C. At the cooling process is initiated and continued until the panel temperature reaches 37 C at. The integration was performed using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme, and results of the calculations are plotted as follows: The total time for the two- step process is 989 with intermediate times of = 124 s and = 424 s. M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 4
Problem 2: Known: Wall subjected to sudden change in convective surface condition. Find: 1. Biot and Fourier numbers after 8 min. 2. Temperature of exterior pipe surface after 8 min, l 3. Heat flux to the wall at 8 min. l 4. Energy transferred to pipe per unit length after 8 min. Assumptions: 1. Pipe wall can be approximated as plane wall, since thickness is much less than diameter. 2. Constant properties. 3. Outer surface of pipe is adiabatic. Properties: Table A. 24, steel type AISI 1010 [T= (-20+60) C/2 300k]: ρ=7823 kg/m³, c= 434 J/kg.K, k= 63.9 W/m.K, α= 18.8 10 /. Analysis: 1. At t = 8 min, the Biot and Fourier numbers are respectively, with. Hence 500 /². 0.04 0.313 63.9 /. 18.8 10 / 8 60 / 5.64 63.9 /. 2. With Bi = 0.313, use of the lumped capacitance method is inappropriate. However, since > 0.2 and transient conditions in the insulated pipe wall of thickness L correspond to those in a plane wall of thickness 2L experiencing the same surface condition, the desired results may be obtained from the one-term approximation for a plane wall. The midplane temperature can be determined from: M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 5
exp where, with Bi = 0.1313, = 1.047 and = 0.531 rad from Table 11.2. With 5.64, 1.047 exp0.531 5.64 0.214 Hence after 8 min, the temperature of the exterior pipe surface, which corresponds to the midplane temperature of a plane wall, is 0, 8 min 60 0.214 20 60 42.9 3. Heat transfer to the inner surface at x = L is by convection, and at any time t the heat flux may be obtained from Newton`s law of cooling. Hence at t = 480 s, ", 480 ", 480 Using the one-term approximation for the surface temperature, Equation: with x* = 1 has the form cos cos, cos, 8 min 60 20 60 0.214 cos 0.531 45.2 The heat flux at t = 8 min is then " 500. 45.2 60 7400 /² 4. The energy transfer to the pipe wall over the 8-min interval may be obtained from following Equations 1 sin it follows that sin 0.531 1 0.214 0.80 0.531 M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 6
0.8 or with a volume per unit pipe length of V' = πdl, 0.8 0.8 7823 434. 1 0.0420 60 2.7310 / M. Bahrami ENSC 388 Assignment # 8 7