1. In the diagram below, letters A through D represent the locations of four observers on the Earth's surface. Each observer has the same mass. 3. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth? A) B) The gravitational force is weakest between the center of the Earth and the observer at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 2. The Earth is slightly flattened from a perfect spherical shape because of A) its rotation B) the pull of the sun and moon C) storms on the sun's surface D) its molten core C) D)
4. The diagrams below represent photographs of a large sailboat taken through a telescope over time as the boat sailed away from shore out to sea. Each diagram shows the magnification of the lenses and the time of day. Which statement best explains the apparent sinking of this sailboat? A) The sailboat is moving around the curved surface of Earth. B) The sailboat appears smaller as it moves farther away. C) The change in density of the atmosphere is causing refraction of light rays. D) The tide is causing an increase in the depth of the ocean. 5. The Earth's actual shape is most correctly described as A) a circle B) a perfect sphere C) an oblate sphere D) an eccentric ellipse 6. Which object best represents a true scale model of the shape of the Earth? A) a Ping-Pong ball B) a football C) an egg D) a pear 7. Compared to the weight of a person at the North Pole, the weight of the same person at the Equator would be A) slightly less, because the person is farther from the center of Earth B) slightly less, because the person is closer to the center of Earth C) slightly more, because the person is farther from the center of Earth D) slightly more, because the person is closer to the center of Earth 8. Precise measurements of the Earth indicate that its polar diameter is A) shorter than its equatorial diameter B) longer than its equatorial diameter C) the same length as its equatorial diameter 9. Measurements taken from space show the Earth to be A) greatest in diameter at the Equator B) greatest in diameter at the poles C) a perfect sphere D) pear shaped 10. A gravity meter is used to measure the amount of gravitational pull at the Earth's North Pole and at the Earth's Equator. How would these readings of gravitational pull compare? [Assume both readings are taken at sea level.] A) The reading would be lower at the North Pole than at the Equator. B) The reading would be higher at the North Pole than at the Equator. C) The readings would be the same at the North Pole and at the Equator. 11. The best evidence that the Earth has a spherical shape is provided by A) photographs of the Earth taken from space satellites B) the amount of daylight received at the North Pole on June 21 C) the changing orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun D) the cyclic change of seasons
12. In the diagram below, letters A through D represent the locations of four observers on the Earth's surface. Each observer has the same mass. 15. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth drawn to scale? A) B) C) D) The gravitational force is strongest between the center of the Earth and the observer at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 13. The table below shows the distance that an observer must travel on a north-south line along the surface of the Earth in order to change the observed altitude of Polaris by 5. The best inference about the Earth's shape that can be made from these observations is that the Earth A) is a perfect sphere B) is flattened at the Equator C) has a curved surface D) has a very smooth surface 14. The polar circumference of the Earth is 40,008 kilometers. What is the equatorial circumference? A) 12,740 km B) 25,000 km C) 40,008 km D) 40,076 km 16. An observer watching a sailing ship at sea notes that the ship appears to be "sinking" as it moves away. Which statement best explains this observation? A) The surface of the ocean has depressions. B) The Earth has a curved surface. C) The Earth is rotating. D) The Earth is revolving. 17. The best evidence of the Earth's nearly spherical shape is obtained through A) telescopic observations of other planets B) photographs of the Earth from an orbiting satellite C) observations of the Sun's altitude made during the day D) observations of the Moon made during lunar eclipses 18. According to the data below, what is the exact shape of the Earth? A) slightly flattened at both the Equator and the Poles B) slightly bulging at both the Equator and the Poles C) slightly flattened at the Equator and slightly bulging at the Poles D) slightly flattened at the Poles and slightly bulging at the Equator
19. The north-south distance between the Earth's Equator (0º) and the North Pole (90º N) is 10,002 kilometers. The distance between 0º and 10º N is 1,106 kilometers. Which statement is best supported by this information? A) The shape of the Earth is not perfectly spherical. B) The lines of longitude are not parallel. C) The north-south distance for every 10º of latitude is a constant value. D) The Earth's equatorial radius and polar radius are equal. 20. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature decrease with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 21. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature decrease with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 22. Which list contains three major greenhouse gases found in Earth's atmosphere? A) carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor B) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen C) hydrogen, oxygen, and methane D) hydrogen, water vapor, and nitrogen 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE
23. On the map of the United States shown below, four lines have been drawn and labeled A, B, C, and D. The length of which line best represents the distance from Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere? A) A B) B C) C D) D 24. Most scientists infer that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere are contributing to A) decreased thickness of the troposphere B) depletion of ozone C) increased absorption of ultraviolet radiation D) increased global temperatures 25. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer is located between 17 kilometers and 35 kilometers above Earth's surface in which atmospheric temperature zone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 26. In which atmospheric temperature zone does most precipitation occur? A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere 27. At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 70 km D) 100 km 28. In which two Earth regions is oxygen the second most abundant element by volume? A) crust and hydrosphere B) hydrosphere and troposphere C) troposphere and core D) core and crust
29. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the position of the jet stream relative to two air masses and a low-pressure center (L) over the United States. In which layer of the atmosphere is this jet stream located? A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere 30. What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth s lower atmosphere? A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94% 31. Which pie graph correctly shows the percentage of elements by volume in Earth's troposphere? A) B) C) D)
32. Most scientists believe Earth s Early Archean atmosphere was formed primarily by gases released from A) stream erosion B) chemical weathering C) volcanic eruptions D) plant transpiration 33. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 34. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 35. Which temperature zone of Earth s atmosphere contains the most water vapor? A) mesosphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) troposphere 36. If the base of a cloud is located at an altitude of 2 kilometers and the top of the cloud is located at an altitude of 8 kilometers, this cloud is located in the A) troposphere, only B) stratosphere, only C) troposphere and stratosphere D) stratosphere and mesosphere 37. Earth s early atmosphere formed during the Early Archean Era. Which gas was generally absent from the atmosphere at that time? A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) nitrogen D) oxygen 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE
Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth s atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. 38. What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen present in Earth s atmosphere at location 2? A) 10% B) 21% C) 33% D) 46% 39. Which temperature zone layer of Earth s atmosphere is shown in the cross section? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 40. Scientists have inferred that Earth s original atmosphere was formed by the A) outgassing from Earth s interior B) erosion of Earth s surface C) decay of microorganisms in Earth s oceans D) radioactive decay of elements in Earth s core 41. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the planetary wind and moisture belts in Earth s Northern Hemisphere. The tropopause is approximately how far above sea level? A) 12 mi B) 12 km C) 60 mi D) 60 km
42. The diagram below shows four different chemical materials escaping from the interior of early Earth. 47. Ozone is concentrated in Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 20 to 35 kilometers. Which atmospheric layer contains the greatest concentration of ozone? A) mesosphere B) thermosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere 48. The graph below shows the average concentration of ozone in Earth's atmosphere over Arizona during 4 months of the year. Which material contributed least to the early composition of the atmosphere? A) SiO2 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2 43. At an altitude of 95 miles above Earth s surface, nearly 100% of the incoming energy from the Sun can be detected. At 55 miles above Earth s surface, most incoming x-ray radiation and some incoming ultraviolet radiation can no longer be detected. This missing radiation was most likely A) absorbed in the thermosphere B) absorbed in the mesosphere C) reflected by the stratosphere D) reflected by the troposphere 44. An air temperature of 95ºC most often exists in which layer of the atmosphere? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 45. Earth s troposphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere contain relatively large amounts of which element? A) iron B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) potassium 46. As the altitude increases within Earth s stratosphere, air temperature generally A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) decreases, then increases D) increases, then decreases Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the greatest concentration of ozone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere
49. The diagram below shows spheres associated with Earth. 52. In which atmospheric layer is most water vapor found? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) mesosphere 53. According to the graph below, what happens to the density of a mass of air when its water vapor content increases? Which spheres are zones of Earth's atmosphere? A) lithosphere, hydrosphere, and troposphere B) stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere C) asthenosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere D) hydrosphere, troposphere, and stratosphere 50. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common? A) Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. B) Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere. C) Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere. D) Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere. 51. Which list shows atmospheric layers in the correct order upward from the Earth's surface? A) thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere B) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere C) stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere D) thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere A) Density decreases. B) Density increases. C) Density remains the same. 54. Which statement best describes the stratosphere? A) It is warmer at the top than at the bottom. B) It is located 75 kilometers above sea level. C) It has greater pressure at the top than at the bottom. D) It absorbs large amounts of water vapor from the troposphere. 55. When molecules of water evaporate into the air and replace the heavier molecules of oxygen and nitrogen, the density of the air generally A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 56. Why do most clouds form in the troposphere? A) Air pressure rises with increasing altitude. B) The dewpoint is too high in the other layers of the atmosphere. C) The other layers of the atmosphere are too cold to contain water. D) The lowest 11 km of the atmosphere contains almost all of the atmospheric water vapor.
57. If atmospheric pressure measurements were taken at regular intervals from sea level to the stratopause, the measurements would most likely show that the pressure A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) remains the same D) decreases, then increases 58. As altitude increases from the tropopause to the mesopause, the atmospheric temperature will A) decrease, only B) increase, only C) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease 59. Which element has the highest percentage by volume in the troposphere? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) carbon dioxide 60. What is the approximate altitude of the mesopause in the atmosphere? A) 50 km B) 66 km C) 82 km D) 90 km 61. Which graph best represents the relationship between air temperature and elevation in the troposphere? A) B) C) D) 62. As altitude within the troposphere increases, the amount of water vapor generally A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) remains the same D) decreases, then increases 63. As a stationary airmass is heated, its density will generally A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 64. The element oxygen is found in the Earth's A) troposphere, only B) hydrosphere, only C) troposphere and hydrosphere, only D) troposphere, hydrosphere, and crust 65. Which circle graph best represents the volume of gases in the troposphere? A) B) C) D) 66. What is the approximate elevation above sea level at which atmospheric pressure is 10 1 atmosphere? A) 7.0 km B) 17 km C) 27 km D) 37 km 67. Which statement most accurately describes the Earth's atmosphere? A) The atmosphere is layered, with each layer possessing distinct characteristics. B) The atmosphere is a shell of gases surrounding most of the Earth. C) The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean. D) The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere. 68. What is the approximate elevation of the stratopause? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 50 km D) 80 km
69. An observer recorded the barometric pressure while traveling up the west side of a mountain and down the other side. Which graph best represents the probable air pressure changes that were observed? A) B) 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE C) D) 70. Which graph best represents the effect that heating has on air density in the troposphere? A) B) C) D) 71. The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere
A) B) 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE 72. Which bar graph best shows the percent by volume of the elements that make up Earth's hydrosphere? C) D) 73. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) less dense and more basaltic B) less dense and more felsic C) more dense and more granitic D) more dense and more mafic 74. Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the A) solid outer layer of Earth B) liquid outer layer of Earth C) magma layer located below Earth's stiffer mantle D) gaseous layer extending several hundred kilometers from Earth into space
75. The maps below show the Earth as viewed from above the North Pole and from above the South Pole. 76. Which graph best represents the percentage by volume of the elements making up the Earth's hydrosphere? A) B) C) D) 77. The graph below represents percentage of elements by volume. Which statement is best supported by these maps? A) Most of the Earth's surface is land. B) Most of the Earth's landmass is in the Northern Hemisphere. C) The geographic North Pole is the south magnetic pole. D) The geographic North Pole is the north magnetic pole. This graph best represents the elements of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere
78. In the diagrams below, the dark zone at the surface of each wedge-shaped segment of the Earth represents average ocean depth. Which segment is drawn most nearly to scale? A) B) C) D) 79. The graph below shows the percentage distribution of the Earth's surface elevation above and depth below sea level. 81. Which two elements make up the greatest percentages by mass in Earth's crust? A) oxygen and potassium B) oxygen and silicon C) aluminum and potassium D) aluminum and silicon 82. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 2900 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) 4900 83. In which Earth layer does the pressure reach 3.5 million atmospheres? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 84. Which atmospheric temperature zone is located between 8 and 32 miles above Earth s surface and contains an abundance of ozone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 85. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume in Earth's A) inner core B) troposphere C) hydrosphere D) crust 86. The data table below shows the origin depths of all large-magnitude earthquakes over a 20-year period. Approximately what total percentage of the Earth's surface is below sea level? A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 90% 80. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 6000 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) 4900 According to these data, most of these earthquakes occurred within Earth's A) lithosphere B) asthenosphere C) stiffer mantle D) outer core
87. The pie graph below shows the elements comprising Earth's crust in percent by mass. 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE Which element is represented by the letter X? A) silicon B) lead C) nitrogen D) hydrogen 88. The two elements that make up the largest percentage by mass of Earth s crust are oxygen and A) silicon B) potassium C) hydrogen D) nitrogen 89. The cross section below shows a drill rig used to collect rock samples from below Earth's surface. The rock samples collected from the bottom of the drill hole came from which Earth layer? A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle 90. Which element is most abundant in Earth s lithosphere? A) oxygen B) silicon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen
A) B) 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE 91. Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth s crust? C) D) 92. The layer of bedrock near the Earth's surface that forms a continuous shell around the Earth is called the A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) lithosphere D) hydrosphere 93. The solid rock material that directly underlies the sediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) outer core 94. Approximately what percent of the Earth's radius is represented by the crust? A) less than 1% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% 95. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Massena, New York? A) 43 B) 45 C) 75 D) 90 96. The diagram below represents an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. At which latitude is this observer located? A) 16 N B) 37 N C) 53 N D) 90 N
97. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Syracuse, New York? A) 43 B) 47 C) 76 D) 90º 98. If an observer on Earth views Polaris on the horizon, the observer is located at the A) equator (0 ) B) North Pole (90 N) C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) 99. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately A) 43º B) 47º C) 75º D) 90º 100. At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? A) New York City B) Slide Mountain C) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh 101. At which location is the altitude of Polaris approximately 42? A) Niagara Falls B) Elmira C) Watertown D) Massena 102. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth viewing the star Polaris. 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE What is the observer's latitude? A) 38 N B) 38 S C) 52 N D) 52 S
103. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 20 N B) 20 S C) 70 N D) 70 S 104. From which New York State location would Polaris be observed to have an altitude closest to 43 above the northern horizon? A) Binghamton B) Utica C) Watertown D) New York City 105. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris. 106. At which New York State location will an observer most likely measure the altitude of Polaris as approximately 42? A) Jamestown B) Plattsburgh C) Oswego D) New York City What is the latitude of this observer? A) 90 N B) 66.5 N C) 43 N D) 23.5 N
107. Which statement about Polaris is best illustrated by the diagrams shown below? 109. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of this observer? A) 43 N B) 43 S C) 47 N D) 47 S 110. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the latitude and longitude of five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth. A) Polaris is located in a winter constellation B) Polaris is located at the zenith at each location. C) Polaris' apparent movement through the sky follows a south-to-north orientation. D) Polaris' altitude is equal to a locations latitude. 108. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, an observer on the ship measures the altitude of Polaris at 60. What is the ship's location? A) 60 south latitude and 0 longitude B) 60 north latitude and 0 longitude C) 0 latitude and 60 east longitude D) 0 latitude and 60 west longitude What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star) above the northern horizon for observer A? A) 0 B) 10 C) 80 D) 90
111. Which diagram represents the approximate altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer located Syracuse, New York? A) B) C) D) 112. The dashed line on the map below shows a ship's route from Long Island, New York, to Florida. As the ship travels south, the star Polaris appears lower in the northern sky each night. 114. The North Star (Polaris) can be used for navigation in Earth's Northern Hemisphere because A) Polaris is located directly over the Tropic of Cancer B) Polaris is the brightest and most easily located star C) the altitude of Polaris is equal to the observer's latitude D) the position of Polaris changes with the seasons 115. The diagram below shows a student in New York State observing Polaris. The student is located nearest to which city in New York State? A) Plattsburgh B) Albany C) New York City D) Kingston The best explanation for this observation is that Polaris A) rises and sets at different locations each day B) has an elliptical orbit around Earth C) is located directly over Earth's Equator D) is located directly over Earth's North Pole 113. At which location will the highest altitude of the star Polaris be observed? A) Equator B) Tropic of Cancer C) Arctic Circle D) central New York State
116. Which diagram best shows the altitude of Polaris observed near Buffalo, New York? A) 118. Which diagram best represents the location of Polaris for an observer located at the Equator? A) B) B) C) C) D) D) 117. The diagram below shows an instrument made from a drinking straw, protractor, string, and rock. This instrument was most likely used to measure the A) distance to a star B) altitude of a star C) mass of the Earth D) mass of the suspended weight
119. The diagram below represents the route of a ship traveling from New York City to Miami, Florida. Each night, a passenger on the ship observes Polaris. 121. The diagram below shows the angular altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. Which statement best describes the observed changes in the altitude of Polaris made by the passenger during the voyage? A) Each night the altitude decreases in the northern sky. B) Each night the altitude decreases in the southern sky. C) Each night the altitude increases in the northern sky. D) Each night the altitude increases in the southern sky. 120. The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 15 N B) 25 N C) 30 N D) 65 N 122. Which graph best represents the altitude of Polaris observed at northern latitude positions on the Earth's surface? A) B) C) D) What is the latitude of the observer? A) 10 N B) 40 N C) 50 N D) 90 N 123. As a person travels due west across New York State, the altitude of Polaris will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same
124. Which graph best represents the relationship between the latitude of an observer and the observed altitude of Polaris above the northern horizon? A) B) 8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE C) D) 125. As a person travels northward from the Equator, the altitude of Polaris will appear to A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 126. An observer on a moving ship notices that the altitude of Polaris increases each night. Local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. In what direction is the ship moving? A) due east B) due south C) due west D) due north 127. At which latitude will Polaris be overhead? A) 0º B) 23 ½ºN. C) 90º S. D) 90º N. 128. What could be the approximate location of an observer if he measured the altitude of Polaris to be 41 degrees above the horizon? A) Watertown B) Massena C) Buffalo D) New York City
129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map. Identify two cities on the map where measurements of the altitude of Polaris are within one degree of each other.
130. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a north polar view of Earth on a specific day of the year. Solar times at selected longitude lines are shown. Letter A represents a location on Earth's surface. State the altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer at the North Pole.
Answer Key 8R EARTHS SHAPE QUIZ EXTRA REVIEW 1. A 37. D 73. B 109. A 2. A 38. B 74. B 110. B 3. D 39. A 75. B 111. B 4. A 40. A 76. D 112. D 5. C 41. B 77. B 113. C 6. A 42. A 78. A 114. C 7. A 43. A 79. C 115. D 8. A 44. D 80. C 116. B 9. A 45. B 81. B 117. B 10. B 46. B 82. A 118. D 11. A 47. D 83. D 119. A 12. D 48. B 84. B 120. B 13. C 49. B 85. D 121. B 14. D 50. B 86. A 122. B 15. A 51. B 87. A 123. C 16. B 52. A 88. A 124. D 17. B 53. A 89. A 125. B 18. D 54. A 90. A 126. D 19. A 55. A 91. D 127. D 20. B 56. D 92. C 128. D 21. B 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. B 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C 61. A 93. A 94. A 95. B 96. C 97. A 129. Denver and Reno New York City and Omaha Milwaukee and Buffalo 130. 90 26. D 62. A 98. A 27. B 63. A 99. A 28. B 64. D 100. D 29. D 65. A 101. B 30. A 66. B 102. C 31. A 67. A 103. A 32. C 68. C 104. B 33. C 69. B 105. B 34. B 70. A 106. A 35. D 71. A 107. D 36. A 72. A 108. B