HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Second Edition John R. Brand Inm!I VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ~ New York

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6493-1 e-isbn-13: 978-1-4684-6491-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6491-7 Copyright @ 1992 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 91-30692 All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work @1979 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any fonn or by any means --graphic. electronic. or mechanical. including photocopying. recording. taping. or infonnational storage and retrieval systems -- without written pennission of the publisher Manufactured in the United States of America Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York. New York 10003 Chapman and Hall 2-6 BOIDldary Row London. SE 1 8HN Thomas Nelson Australia 102 Dodds Street South Melbourne 3205 Victoria. Australia Nelson Canada 1120 Birc1unount Road Scarborough. Ontario M1K 5G4. Canada 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data Brand.lohn R. Handbook of electronics fonnulas. symbols. and definitions/lohn R. Brand. -- 2nd ed. p. em. 1. Electronics--Handbooks. manuals. etc. I. Title. TK7825.B73 1991 621.381--dc2O 91-30692 ClP

PREFACE The Handbook o[ Electronics Formulas, Symbols and Definitions has been compiled for engineers, technicians, armed forces personnel, commercial operators, students, hobbyists, and all others who have some knowledge of electronic terms, symbols, and theory. The author's intention has been to provide: A small, light reference book that may be easily carried in an attache case or kept in a desk drawer for easy access. A source for the majority of all electronic formulas, symbols, and defmitions needed or desired for today's passive and active analog circuit technology. A format in which a desired formula may be located almost instantly without the use of an index, in the desired transposition, and in sufficiently parenthesized linear form for direct use with any scientific calculator. Sufficient information, alternate methods, approximations, schematic diagrams, and/or footnotes in such a manner so that technicians and hobbyists may unl!erstand and use the majority of the formulas, and that is acceptable and equally useful to engineers and others very knowledgeable in the field. iii

INTRODUCTION All formulas in this Handbook use only the basic units of all terms. It is especially easy in this age of scientific calculators to convert to and from basic units. Formulas in all sections are listed alphabetically by symbol with the exception of applicable passive circuit symbols, where, for a given resultant, all series circuit formulas are listed first, followed by parallel and complex circuit formulas. If the symbol for an electronic term is unknown, a liberally cross-referenced listing of electronic terms and their corresponding symbols may be found in the appendix. Symbols of all reactive magnitude terms in formulas have been consistently given the signs conventionally associated with them to maintain capacitive or inductive identity. In rectangular quantities, this also allows identification of the complex number as representing a series equivalent impedance/ voltage or a parallel equivalent admittance/current. To prevent possible confusion, all symbols representing vector quantities in polar or rectangular form have been printed in boldface. A number of formulas have the potential to develop a zero divisor. Conventional mathematics prohibits a division by zero, and calculators will overflow if this is attempted. However, formulas noted <a> allow the manual conversion of the reciprocal of zero to infinity and the reciprocal of infmity to zero. Division by zero in formulas noted is prohibited. Textbooks conventionally use italic (slanted) type for quantity symbols and roman (upright) type for unit symbols. However, this Handbook follows the example of almost all technical manuals, using roman type for both quantity and unit symbols. v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the material in this Handbook is based upon a small loose-leaf notebook containing formulas and other reference material compiled over many years. With the passagj:. (!If time, the sources of this material have become unknown. It is impossible therefore to list and give the proper credit. Special thanks are due to my wife and family for their understanding and acceptance of long periods of neglect, without which this book would not have been possible. vi

CONTENTS Preface Introduction iii v Section 1 Passive Circuits 1.1 English Letters 1.2 Greek Letters 1 185 Section 2 Transistors 2.1 Static Conditions 2.2 Small Signal Conditions 201 221 Section 3 Operational Amplifiers 3.1 Symbols and Definitions 3.2 Formulas and Circuits 253 277 Appendix A Table of 5% Value Ratios 363 B Table of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.1% Standard Values 369 C Electronics Terms and their Corresponding Symbols 371 vii