Unit 1: Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems Big Ideas The cell is the basic scientific unit of all living things. Cells must interact with the external environment to meet their basic needs. Your health depends on the effective functioning of your independent organ systems. Good health can be viewed as a balance among a person s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness.
Big Idea 1.0 The cell is the basic scientific unit of all living things. An Invisible World Two Worldviews Holistic Reductionist First Nation and Metis worldview everything is part of the cycle of life the Spirit connects all things gives them life scientific worldview break down complex structures or processes into smaller parts to better understand the whole A person s worldview influences the way they live. How does each worldview influence the way people interact with the world around them? What are the characteristics of Living things? Are made up of one or more cells Respire (breathe) Require energy to live Respond to stimuli in their environment Grow and develop Reproduce Excrete (get rid of waste)
The Microscope Extends the Sense of Sight The human can only see clear, defined images that are 0.1 mm or larger Microscopes enlarge images smaller that 0.1 mm so we can see them The microscopes we use are called Compound Light Microscopes Compound because it has more than one lens Light because it requires a light source to see the image
Cells and Their Structures Do all living things have cells? Where do cells come from? Are cells different in dogs and cats? Dogs and plants? Cell Theory states that: All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things All cells are produced from other cells Living organisms can be: Multicellular they are made up of two or more cells (plants and animal) Unicellular they consist of only one cell (Paramecium)
Cell Structures and Their Functions There 2 types of cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells bacteria 2. Eukaryotic Cells includes animals and plants Important Terms: organelles vacuoles nucleus cytoplasm mitochondria chloroplasts cell membrane cell wall
Important Terms: Organelles the various structures in a cell which carry out different functions. Vacuole cell organelle that stores materials such as waters, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Nucleus holds the genetic information (DNA) for the cell. It is the control center of the cell. Cytoplasm liquid like substance in the cell that contains a variety of structures of the cell. Does not include the nucleus. Mitochodria the powerhouse of the cell and produces energy to fuel the cell s activities. Chloroplast organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. Cell Membrane thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Cell Wall strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
Big Idea 2.0 Cells must interact with their external environment to meet their basic needs. Investigating the Needs of Unicellular Organisms How would you respond to these situations? as a plant? as a paramecium? All organisms (unicellular and multicellular) require the following basic needs to be met: suitable temperature and living conditions food or the building blocks and energy to make food a way to eliminate or recycle waste products to divide and grow (and in multicellular organisms, to divide, grow and develop) to respond to changes in their environment to reproduce to make more of their kind
How substances Move Into and Out of Cells The Cell Membrane and Diffusion Important Terms : Diffusion the process in which particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration example: perfume sprayed in a classroom Cell Membrane it controls what substances pass into and out of the cell Selectively Permeable because a cell membrane allows certain substances, but not others, to pass through, it is called selectively permeable example: a tea bag Osmosis the movement of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration example: when your fingers prune up after a long bath
Onion Cells in distilled water solution and salt water solution
Cell Specialization Multicellular organisms have a wide variety of cells. These cells group together to carry out specific functions needed to support life. When specialized cells group together they form tissue. 4 types of tissues in the human body: Connective Tissue supports other tissues and connects parts of the body examples: blood, fat, bones, cartilage, tendons Epithelial Tissue covers the surface of the body and the organs examples: skin, linings of the trachea and esophagus, air sacs of the lungs Nervous Tissue carries messages to and from parts of your body examples: brain, spinal cord, nerve Muscle Tissue allows your body to move tissue specialized for contraction examples: muscles, heart
Big Idea 3.0 Your health depends on the effective functioning of your interdependent organ systems. How Your Body Is Organized Organ Systems in the body there are groups of tissues that have special functions these group of tissues are called an organ the organs that work together to perform a certain task or function is called an organ system The body s organ system are: Circulatory System (p.45) Respiratory System (p.46) Digestive System (p.46) Nervous System (p.47) Excretory System (p.47) Video The 11 Human Organ Systems The following organ systems will not be studied this year... Integumentary System (skin, hair, nails ) Skeletal System (bones and joints) Endocrine System (glands and hormones) Muscular System (muscles) Reproductive System (production of offspring) Immune System (defends the body from disease) Lymphatic System (supply and drain lymph fluid)
The Interdependence of Your Organ Systems Your body s organ systems work together as a single unit to carry out all the functions that are vital to your survival Each system depends on others to provide them with what they need to function properly Example: Circulatory System (see diagram below) What happens if one (or more) of your organs (or organ systems) don t work properly? Transplantation implanting a healthy organ from a donor Artificial replacement
Big Idea 4.0 Good health can be viewed as a balance among a person s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness. How Vital Substances Are Transported to and from Your Cells The Gas Exchange Process To create energy, cells require oxygen (0 2 ) and food molecules. This process where energy is released is called CELLULAR RESPIRATION. A by product of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) and cells need to rid themselves of this. The Respiratory System controls the exchange of these two gases (0 2 and C0 2 ) to and from the body. How Does This Process Happen? 0 2 enters the lungs 0 2 passes through a series of tube like passage ways that narrow and branch off The passageways ends at over 600 000 000 tiny air filled sacs called ALVEOLI Each alveoli is enveloped in a mesh of CAPILLARIES (extremely thin blood vessels) Blood with C0 2 travel from the ARTERIES (blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart) and enters the capillaries In the capillaries C0 2 diffuses into the alveoli and 0 2 in the alveoli diffuse into the capillaries Red blood cells, now rich in 0 2 leaves the capillaries by the VEINS (blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart and then to the rest of the body)
Factors That Affect the Health of Your Cells Some of the factors that affect your health and well being are: inherited diseases or conditions bacteria or viruses that cause infections sensitivity to environmental conditions or substances how you respond to physical, emotional and psychological, and spiritual stress the lifestyle you choose exercise level amount of nutritious food amount of sleep staying in physical, mental, emotional and spiritual balance
Reacting to Stimuli a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a change in the environment that triggers a reaction or response. It can be physical (results in changes to the body) or behavioural (results in causing a change in someone s behaviour) some stimuli cause extreme physical, behavioural and emotional reactions and can be harmful to your health and well being Alcohol interferes with thinking, coordination, and reaction time can be addictive can lead to enlargement of the heart, heart attack or stroke Tobacco cigarettes smoke has 4000 substances in it Nicotine raises blood pressure is a stimulant can cause cell damage and an abnormal growth of cells in the lungs can lead to emphysema or lung cancer E cigarettes (vaping) pros and cons still being debated more long term research required Drugs (illegal or prescriptive) can be extremely addictive cause immediate physical response based on the type of drug can lead to poor eating, malnutrition and self destructive behaviour
Traditional Medicine the medical knowledge gained over time and passed down from generation to generation believe that our mind, body, spirit and emotions are interconnected use traditional plants, healing ceremonies Alternative Medicine similarities to traditional medicine naturopathic medicine and acupuncture Developing a Theory for Disease Important Terms Vaccine a substance that contain weaker strains of a disease which leads to immunity Antigen a foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body Antibodies a blood protein the immune system produces to fight an antigen Immunity the ability to resist an infection Antibiotic a medicine that inhibits or destroys microorganisms