... - " " ..,.., , -

" " 1011 1 010

1011 010 65 1 1011

4 1 5 8 3 8 4 1 5 16 6 19 7 4 8 3 9 35 10 39 11 44 58 59 60 ( ) 60 = 98 K61 63 64 3

10 11 " 40" 10 11 " " " " 4

CuSO 4 CuSO 4( ) Cu + ( ) + SO 4 ( ) ( ) CuSO 4 5H O ( ) 50 CuSO 4 5H O CuSO 4 + 5H O CuSO 4 5H O [Cu(H O) 4 ]SO 4 H O [Fe(H O) 6 ]SO 4 H O FeSO 4 7H O CuSO 4 H O CuSO 4 5H O AlCl 3 6H O Na CO 3 10H O Na CO 3 10H O Na CO 3 + 10H O ( 10 ); K SO 3 H O K SO 3 + H O ( 00 ); CaCl 6H O CaCl + 6H O ( 50 ) CuSO 4 5H O ( ) 105 CuSO 4 H O ( ) CuSO 4 H O ( ) 50 5

( ) Al (SO 4 ) 3 18H O Al (SO 4 ) 3 + 18H O ( 40 ); oso 4 7H O CoSO 4 + 7H O ( 410 ); (FeCl 3 6H O) = Fe O 3 + 6HCl + 9H O ( 50 ); (AlCl 3 6H O) = Al O 3 + 6HCl + 9H O (00 450 ) 1? ( )? 3 K 391%? 4 644? 5 500 acl H O 10? 6 538 9 331% 7 10% (II) 5%? 6

" " 1 (m 0 ) 5 10 (m 1 ) 110 10 30 (m ) 30 (m 3 ) 0 30 60 90 m = m m 7

* * * ( ) ( ) (U) (q) (W) U q W q = U + W (1) (1) ( = const) q r = U + p V = (U + pv ) (U 1 + pv 1 ) = H H 1 = H () H W = 0 (1) q v = U (3) =const H H 1 H ( ) +? ( ) ( ) rh (98) = 86 / rh (1 ) = const VT = const 500 1) Ca ( ) +?O ( ) ao ( ) fh (CaO; T) = 6369 / 8

) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) fh (Ca(OH) ; T) = 9880 / 3) ( ) +? ( ) ( ) fh ( ; T) = 850 / 4) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) rh =? fh ( ( H 0) ( H 0) ) (4) (1) (3) (4) = () (1) (3) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ao ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) + Ca ( ) +?O ( ) + ( ) +? ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) rh 4 = rh r H 1 r H 3 rh 4 = 9880 ( 6369) ( 850) = 661 / 0 n = 500000/56 = 8986 661 8986 = 590179 1?? 3 4 1 5 6? 7? 8 fh (98) rh (98)? 9 9

10 1 8 393 / 86 / K lo 3( ) KCl ( ) + 3/O ( ) rh (98)= 494 ; K lo 4( ) KCl ( ) + O ( ) rh (98)= 33 4K lo 3( ) 3K lo 4( ) + KCl ( ) 98 K 3 494 197 ( 1013 7 0 ) (IV) 3935 418 770 / 4 98 K ZnS Zn + S rh 1 = 005 ; ZnS + 3 ZnO + SO rh = 8935 ; SO + SO 3 rh 3 = 198 ; ZnSO 4 ZnO + SO 3 rh 4 = 350 5 * 13 ( ) 19 0 5? " " ( ) 05 05 10

1 NaOH ( ) Na + ( ) + OH ( ) rh 1 1) 001 ) 00 3) 1 4) 5) NaOH ( ) + H + ( ) + Cl ( ) H O + Na + ( ) + Cl ( ) rh 1) 1 5 1 00 015 HCl 3 Na + ( ) + OH ( ) + H + ( ) + Cl ( ) H O + Na + ( ) + Cl ( ) rh 3 1) 100 05 ) 100 05 3) 4) 1) ; ) ; 3) c ; 4) ; 5) N OH ; 6) 1 NaOH; 7) rh r H 1 + rh 3 ; 8) 11

" " ( ) = C/ t (4) aa + bb + cc + dd ( ) = k[a] na [B] nb (5) 1

n A n B n A + n B k (5) ( ) 10 0 4 ( ) /10 (6) / 1 = k = Ae E/RT (7) R + K K K + + K 1? 3 ) Cl Cl (k 1 ); ) Cl Cl (k 1 ); ) l + Cl l + Cl (k ) 4? 13

5? 6?? 1 * + / [A] 0 M [B] 0 M 0 M c 1 1 05 10 0 05 0 80 3 10 30 360 4 0 30 70 66 (IV) 80 (IV)? 3 60 70 0 4 5 0 75 0? 5 + = + 88 K 31 10 4 /( ) 9796 / 313 K? 6 75 / 1 0 8 5 0? 14

3 " " 1 5 10 (Na S O 3 ) 005 6 6 3 6 6 0015 Na S O 3 Na S O 3 H SO 4 /( ) 0 01 1 4 5??? 15

16 ( ) ( ) ma + nb pc + qd 1 = k 1 [A] m [B] n = k 1 [C] p [D] q (8) 1 = K = k 1 /k 1 = [C] p [D] q / [A] m [D] n (9) [A] [B] [C] [D] (9) V = const p = const K ( ) ( ) (

) 1 + + D 1 [A] 0 = 3 [B] 0 = M [A] M [B] M [C] M [D] M 3 0 0 3 K = [C] [D] / [A] [B] = (x x) / (3 x) ( x) = 1 M [A] = 3 1 = 18 M; [B] = 1 = 08 M; [C] = [D] = 1 M N O 4( ) NO ( ) rh o = 580 ) N O 4 ; ) NO ; ) ; ) ; )? ) N O 4 ; ) NO ; ) ; ) ( ) ; ) 17

1?? 3 3( ) ( ) + ( ) 4 K ) S ( ) + 4H ( ) H 4( ) + H S ( ) ; ) 4NH 3( ) + 5O ( ) 4NO ( ) + 6H O ( ) ; ) 4NH 3( ) + 3O ( ) N ( ) + 6H O ( ) 5 NO + O NO NO [NO] = 0056 [O ] = 008 [NO ] = 0044 / 6 + + D 1 [A] = 3 [B] = / 7 N + 3H NH 3 1 4 CrO 4 ( ) + + ( ) Cr O 7 ( ) + H O ( ) 01 01 1 1 1) 1 1 1 1?? ) 1 1 1? 18

Cr O 7 ( ) + ( ) CrO 4 ( ) + + ( ) +??? BaCrO 4( ) Ba + (p ) + ro 4 ( ) 01 1 01 1) 1 1 1 ) 4 5? 3) 4 5? CrO 4 ( ) + + ( ) Cr O 7 ( ) + H O ( ) Cr O 7 ( ) + ( ) CrO 4 ( ) + + ( )? ( ) ( ) ( ) 19

1 W = m / (m 1 + m ) (10) W ; m ; m 1 1 = n / V (11) / ; n ; V = n / (n + n 1 ) (1) X ; n 1 n 1 S 100 1 00 01 (II)? (II) 00 n = V C n(cuso 4 ) = 0 01= 00 n(cuso 4 5H O) = n(cuso 4 ) M(CuSO 4 5H O) = 64 + 3 + 16 4 + 18 5 = 50 / m = 00 50 = 5 5 0

38% HCl 119 / 1? 1614? n(hcl) = 1 = HCl m(hcl) = 365 = 73 m( HCl) = 73 / 038 = 191 V( HCl) = 191 / 119 = 1614 3 96% 100 m(c H 5 OH) = 100 096 = 96 ; m(h O) = 100 96 = 4 ; M(C H 5 OH) = 1 + 1 6 + 16 = 46 / ; (H O) = 1 + 16 = 18 / n(c H 5 OH) = 96 / 46 = 09 ; n(h O) = 4/18 = 0 ; (C H 5 OH) = 09 / (09 + 0) = 0905 (H O) = 1 0905 = 0095 0905 0095 4 400 80 0? K SO 4 14 80 111 0 80 W = 14 / 114 = 0176 m(k SO 4 ) = 400 0176 = 7051 K SO 4 0 (400 ) W(K SO 4 ) = (7051 x)/(400 x) = 111 / 1111 = 01 = 339 339 5 40 (II) 10 43 385% FeCl + xh O FeCl xh O 1

40 + 10 43 = 57 57 0385 = 990 FeCl 40 0385 = 154 43 154 + 10 99 = 155 FeCl (FeCl ) = 17 / (FeCl xh O) = (17 + 18 ) / W(FeCl ) = 155 / 43 = (17 / 17 + 18 ) = 4 FeCl 4H O 1 50 10% 750 15%? 30% ( = 1 / )? 3 %? 4 300 80 0 658 548? 5 40 96% HNO 3 ( = 15 / ) 30 48% HNO 3 ( = 13 / ) 145 / 6 50 50 15 35 15 330 NH 4 Cl 50 " " 5 1 100

Na S O 3 5H O CrK(SO 4 ) 1H O CoSO 4 7H O K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3H O CuSO 4 5H O CuNO 3 3H O NiSO 4 7H O CoCl 6H O CrCl 3 6H O 1) 100 01 ) 001 3) 4) 100 5% CuSO 4 1) ) 5% CuSO 4 100 0013 ( 001; 0015; 000; 0030 ) 3) 4) 3

( ) K + K K + + K p [ K ][ A [ KA] ] K p K n n n n K K ( ~ 1) ( < 1) ( << 1) 4 1

1???? 3 4 5 ) ) (II) ) (IV) ) )? 6 85% ( = 104 / 3 ) 138 10 1 1 3 ( 945%) 7 HNO 1 01 615 10? ( %) " " 6 ( ) AgNO 3 NO 3 34 34 5

N Cl + AgNO 3 AgCl ( ) + N NO 3 SO 4 Cl + Ag + AgCl Cl CO 3 PO 4 3 AsO 4 3 AgCl ( ) + N 4 [Ag(N 3 ) ]Cl + Cl Cl ( ) [Ag(N 3 ) ]Cl + N 3 AgCl ( ) + N 4 NO 3 7 " " SO 4 Cl ( ) NO 3 ( ) CO 3 6 ( ) ( ) 4 3 ( ) NO 3 " " 3 4 6 8 (II) 5 6 [Fe(NO)SO 4 ]

CO 3 6FeSO 4 + NaNO 3 + 4H SO 4 3(Fe (SO 4 ) 3 + NO ( ) + 4 + Na SO 4 FeSO 4 + NO ( ) [Fe(NO)SO 4 ] (II) Fe + Fe 3+ 3 NO 3 + 4 + + 3 NO ( ) + 1 3Fe + + NO 3 + 4 + 3Fe 3+ + NO ( ) + 3 4 4 5 Na CO 3 + CH 3 COOOH CH 3 COONa + H O + CO ( ) CO 3 + + CO 3 H O + CO ( ) SO 4 3 4 3 4 Na SO 4 + Cl SO 4( ) + NaCl SO 4 + + SO 4( ) 7

4 3 NH 4 OH MgCl NH 4 Cl 3 4 3 4 Na 4 + MgCl + NH 4 Cl Mg NH 4 4( ) +NaCl + HCl 4 3 + Mg + + NH 4 + MgNH 4 4( ) MgNH 4 4( ) + 3HCl MgCl + NH 4 Cl + 3 4 " " 8 Fe 3+ (III) 1 (II) K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] ( ) 4 5 (III) 4 5 (II) (III) (" ") " " 4Fe 3+ +3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4 Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 " " (NH 4 CNS) (K 4 CNS) 4 5 (III) 45 (III) 8

Fe 3+ + ncns [Fe(CNS) n ] (3n) ( ) (III) (III) Cu + NH 4 4 5 (II) 3 CuSO 4 + NH 4 [Cu( )] SO 4( ) + (NH 4 ) SO 4 Cu + + NH 4 [Cu( )] + + NH 4 + [Cu( )] SO 4( ) + 6NH 4 + (NH 4 ) SO 4 [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] SO 4 + 8 Cu + + 4NH 4 [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] + + 4 1 4 5 34 ZnCl + N Zn( ) ( ) + N Cl 8 10 N Zn( ) ( ) + N N [Zn( ) 4 ] 9

Zn( ) ( ) + Cl ZnCl + (NH 4 ) [Hg(CNS) 4 ] ( ) 4 5 3 Zn + + [Hg(CNS) 4 ] Zn[Hg(CNS) 4 ] ( ) K + 9 " ( " 1 N 3 [ (N ) 6 ] 4 5 K + + N 3 [ (N ) 6 ] K N [ (N ) 6 ] ( ) + N + 4 5 K + + Pb + + Cu + + 6N K Pb[ u(n ) 6 ] ( ) 30

NH 4 + 1 45 4 5 N NH + 4 + N NH 3( ) + N + + K [ gi 4 ] ( ) 3 4 8 10 ( ) NH + 4 + NH 3( ) + NH 3( ) + K [ gi 4 ] + 3K [NH Hg O]I ( ) + 7KI + N + Zn( 3 ) U ( 3 ) N + + Zn + +3U + + 9 3 + 9 N Zn(U ) 3 ( 3 ) 9 9 31

10 " " ( ) ( ) 3 Na + H O NaOH + CH 3 COOH 3 + H O CH 3 COOH + 4 1 3 NH 4 Cl + H O NH 4 OH + HCl NH 4 + + H O NH 4 OH + + 3

4 3 NH 4 + H O CH 3 COOH + NH 4 OH 3 + H O CH 3 COOH + NH 4 + + H O NH 4 OH + + ( ) = lg [ + ] 0 14 0 <7 7< 14 = 7 ( ) 3 4 7 < 7 > 7 8 10 0 14 1 (III)? NaCl BaCl FeCl 3? 3 33

11 " " 10 1 1 HCl 1 CH 3 COOH NaOH 3 NH 4 OH 4 CH 3 COONa 5 NH 4 NO 3 6 NaNO 3 7 34

* ( ) 1) ; ) ; 3) 1 H S S H S H SO 4 H SO 4 S H SO 4 S 3 ( ) Fe +3 Fe(III) Fe( ) 3 4 ( ) 1 FeCl 3 + KI Fe +3 Fe + ; I 35

I FeCl 3 + KI FeCl + KCl + I Fe +3 + e Fe + I e I Fe +3 +I Fe + + I FeCl 3 + KI FeCl + KCl + I + ( ) ( ) ; (II) FeS Fe 3+ (Fe(NO 3 ) Fe 3+ + 3NO 3 ) SO 4 (H SO 4 SO 4 + + ) FeS Fe 3+ +SO 4 8 16 + ( ) FeS +8H Fe 3+ + SO 4 + 16 + 0 +15 FeS 15 FeS +8H 15 Fe 3+ + SO 4 + 16 + NO 3 NO 1 + ( ) NO 3 + + NO + 36

( +1) NO 3 + + + NO + NO 3 + + + NO + 15 FeS +8 H 15 Fe 3+ + SO 4 + 16 + 1 FeS +8H + 15NO 3 + 30 + Fe 3+ + SO 4 + 16 + + 15NO +15 8H 16 + FeS + 15NO 3 + 14 + Fe 3+ + SO 4 + 15NO +7 NO 3 4 + FeS + 18 NO 3( ) Fe(NO 3 ) 3 +H SO 4 + 15NO +7 1 Cu + H SO 4 ( ) Fe + H SO 4 ( ) Fe + H SO 4 ( ) Zn + H SO 4 ( ) Cu S + O CuO + SO Ca 3 (PO 4 ) + C + SiO CaSiO 3 + P + CO 3 H S + HNO 3 H SO 4 + NO + H O KI + H SO 4 ( ) I + S + K SO 4 + H O 4 * MnO + KBr + H SO 4 Br + KMnO 4 + SO + H O K Cr O 7 +K S + H SO 4 S + CrCl 3 + NaClO + NaOH NaNO + Cl + NaOH 37

1 " " 000 M 05 05 05 1% 005 5% (365%) 10% 1 1 10% 3? 005? 3 1 000 3 10 % 005 005 4 01 05 3 005 5 5 10 38

* * * 1 Cl e Cl K Na + + e Na o = 714 NaCl Na + Cl ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( F ) F 39

Na SO 4 c 4 4 + + = 13 SO 4 S O 8 = 01 SO 4 Cl e Cl = 1360 K + + = 088 NaCl + Cl + H + NaOH ( ) (II) Cu(NO 3 ) ( ) Cu + + NO 3 Cu o e Cu + K Cu + + e Cu o 4 4 + + = 19 K Cu + + e Cu o = 0337 Cu(NO 3 ) + Cu + 4HNO 3 + O 1) ) 3) m = I t / n F (13) 40

m ; / ; n ; I ; t ; F 96500 / 3 50 10% ( ) NaNO 3( ) A + + K H O 4e 4H + + O H O H + O m(nano 3 ) = 50 01 = 5 m(h O) = 50 5 = 5 W (NaNO 3 ) = 0 0 = 5 / (50 ) = 15 n = 15 / 18 = 694 694 694 / = 347 ( ) V(H ) = 694 4 = 1556 V(O ) = 347 4 = 777 1556 777 4 100 14 ( = 117 / ) 540 AgNO 3( ) A Ag + + e Ag o 4 K H O 4e 4H + + O 4AgNO 3 + H O = 4Ag o + 4HNO 3 + O n(agno 3 ) = 14 01 = 014 n(ag) = 54 / 107 = 005 n(hno 3 ) = 005 m(hno 3 ) = 005 63 = 315 n(o ) = 0015 m(o ) = 04 n(agno 3 ) = 005 005 170 = 85 41

m(h O) = 005 18 = 045 n(h O) = 005 54 + 04 = 58 100 117 = 117 117 58 = 111 W(HNO 3 ) =315 / 111 = 0083 83% W(AgNO 3 ) = (014 005) 170 / 111 = 0113 1130% W(AgNO 3 ) = 1130% W(HNO 3 ) = 83% 1 68 10 100 4% NaOH * 400 8% (II) 05 1 C H SO 4 CuCl AgNO 3 3 ) ; ) 4 ) ; ) 5? 6 7 (II) ) Sn e Sn + ; ) Cl e Cl ; ) H O 4e 4H + + O? ) KCl; ) CuCl ; ) Cu(NO 3 )? 4

8 (II) H O 4e 4H + + O? " " 13 1 U 05 5% (II) U 1 15 3 4 5 6? 7 [OH ] 8 01 (III) 9 10 U 10 11 43

I 1 CaSO 4? M r CaSO 4 M r (CaSO 4 ) = 136 40 3 16 4 136 H SO 4? m ( H) 1 m( S) 3 m( O) 16 m H m( S) 4m( O) 1 3 4 16 m (H) m (S) m (O) = 1 16 3 3 64 116 3 3 CaSO 4? M r CaSO 4 40 3 16 4 136 40 136 09 44 9%

3 136 04 4% W O 1 09 04 047 47% CaSO 4 Ca 09; S 03; O 047 4 Na 706%; N 1647%; O 5747%? Na x N y O z ( %) 706 1647 5747 x y z 117117353 3 14 16 117 117 353 x y z 113 117 117 117 NaNO 3 5 1 857%; 143% 05 14? 857 1 143 1 45 715143 1 CH 1 ( ) x x 1 3 x (05 14 ) ( 1 ) 14 05 8 /

x = 8 / /14 / = ( ) 4 x 1 x + x = 8 x = C H 4 C H 4 ( ) 36 4 ( ); 16? 1 D M( ) ( ) 16 M 3 / 36 1 / n( HO) 0 18 / 4 n( N) 0 1 4 / n( H) n( HO) 0 4 n N) n( N ) 0 ( 3 n ( ) n( N) 04 0 1 (N ) x x 1 x (14 + ) = 3 x = N H 4 (H N NH ; ) 46

II 1 1) ; ) ; 3)? 700 )? 1 m( N m( H m( ) ) m( He) 8 4 8 ) 9 4 1 4 15 / 8 / DH N 1400 / 8 / D N 096 9 / 8 / D He N 700 4 / ( 1 ) 15 / 1) 1400; ) 096; 3) (IV) ( M CO m( CO ) 1 44 / 16 1 44 / 44 47

(IV) 4 V( CO) 11 44 (IV) ( ) 11 3 1 56 (IV) ( )? n ( NO ) V V m (IV) M NO 14 16 46 / m V M V m n ( NO ) 56 46 4 / m M 56 (IV) 115 / 115 05 10? m( H m( 10 D H ( ) ) 4 (05 4 / ) (05 ) x / 1 4 48 ) 1 05 4 05 4 3 3 10

V(H ) = 0 V(O ) = 03 ( ) ( H )% 0 05 100 % = 0 40 % (O ) = (100 40)% = 60% ( ) 40% 60% III 1 100% 500 10%? (m ) (m) m = m W = 500 01 = 50 ( ) m 1 = m m =500 50 = 450 500 10% 450 50 100% * 50 10% 96% ( = 184 / 3 )? 1 96% x m = (x 096) m 1 = (x 096 x) 50 10% m = 50 010 = 5 m 1 = 50 5 = 45 3 x x 096 = 5 x = 51 4 96% 50 10% V = m / = 51 / 184 / = 83 V = 45 (x 096 x) = 4479 50 10% 4479 83 96% 49

* 40% 100 10% 60%? (VI) 100 10% m(so 3 ) = 100 01 = 10 100 10 = 90 (VI) 90 m = 90 80 / / 98 / = 735 (VI) 735 + 10 = 835 100 40% 40 (VI) 40 m = 40 80 / / 98 / = 365 (VI) 100 60% m = 60 80 / / 98 / = 49 10% 100 40% x (VI) 365 x/100 60% y (VI) 49 y/100 100 x y 11 365 835 100 x = 11 x 49 y 100 50 50 96% ( = 184 / )? 96% m 50 184 / 9 H SO 4 m = 9 096 = 883 50

m' = 50 + 9 = 14 883 W 06 6% 14 6% IV 100 C 0 C 50? ( 100 ) 0 C 5 100 C 34 50 100 C 0 C 100 C 171 0 C 5 171 0 C 5 171 5 = 146 146 1 V ( ) 50% 161 Zn H SO4 ZnSO4 H n ZnSO ) 161 /161 / 0 1 ( 4 n(znso 4 ) = n(h ) = n(h SO 4 ) V( H ) Vm n 4 51

m( H SO 4 n M 9 8 m( ) = 98 / 05 = 196 196 50% ; 4 ( ) 31 95% Ca ( PO ) C 3SiO 3CaSiO P 5CO 3 4 5 3 31 n 0 1 310 / n Ca3 ( PO4 ) 05n( P) n(p) = 0 m(p) = 0 31 / = 6 m'(p) = 6 095 = 599 589 30% 6? Ca ( PO ) C 3SiO 3CaSiO P 5CO 3 4 5 3 n(p) = 6 /31 / = 0 n Ca3 ( PO4 ) 05n( P) n Ca PO ) 0 1 3( 4 3 ( PO4 ) m Ca 01 310 / 31 30% m = 31 / 07 = 443 443 30% 5

3 1 745 KCl 10 85% 1 AgNO3 KCl KNO3 AgCl 745 n(kcl) 01 745 / n( AgNO ) 3 10 170 085 / 005 3 n( AgCl) 0 05 m(agcl) = 005 1435 / = 7175 7175 48 00 1% ( = 105 / )? 1 Mg + H SO 4 = MgSO 4 + H n(mg) = n(mgso 4 ) = n(h ) = m(mg) / M(Mg) = 48 / 4 = 00 n(h SO 4 ) = 105 00 01 / 98 = 06 m(mgso 4 ) = n(mgso 4 ) M(MgSO 4 ) = 0 10 = 4 m(h ) = n(h ) M(H ) = 0 = 04 3) m 1 ( ) = V(H SO 4 ) = 105 00 = 10 m ( ) = m 1 ( ) + m(mg) m(h ) = 10 + 48 04 = 144 53

4) MgSO 4 W(MgSO 4 ) = m(mgso 4 ) / m ( ) = 4 / 144 = 011 11% 11% 3 100 30% ( = 111 / ) 300 0% ( = 110 / ) 8%? 1) H lo 4 + NaOH = NaClO 4 + H O ) n(naoh) = 300 11 0 / 40 = 165 n(h lo 4 ) = 100 111 03 / 1005 = 033 3) n(naclo 4 ) = n(h lo 4 ) = 033 m(naclo 4 ) = 033 15 = 404 4) 404 0 08 x = 64 100 111 300 11 x V(H O) = 64 VI V(H O) = 64 ) ( 1 1 S O SO ( r H ( T) 97 / ) 1 97 1 rh ( T)' ( 97 / 1000 ) / 3 / 981 1 981 54

( ) 1970? O O r H ( T) 394 / O O r H ( T) 394 / 1 394 x 1970 x = ( 1970 1 )/( 394 ) = 5 ( ) ( ) V Vm n 5 4 / 11 11 VII 1 ( ) 1 466 179 ( )? 1) n(h ) V 179 n ( H ) 008 V m 4 / ) x x Fe + H SO 4 = FeSO 4 + H y y Zn + H SO 4 = ZnSO 4 + H 3) x y 008 56x 65y 466 x = 008 y 56(008 y) + 65y = 466 448 56y + 65y = 466 55

018 = 9y y = 00 ( ) x = 006 ( ) n( Fe) 006( ); n( Zn) 00( ) m( Fe) n M 006 56 336( ) 4) m( Zn) 00 65 13( ) m(fe) = 336 ; m(zn) = 13 3 11 ( )? 1 Fe Cu 3Cl Cl 56 FeCl CuCl x y m Fe 56 x ; m Cu 64 y 56x 64y 3 (1) () 1 5x y 0 05 56x 64y 15x y 005 x 0005 m( Fe) 56 / 0005 0 8 y 00175 m( Cu) 64 / 00175 7 08 ; 7 ( ) 1 04? 1 m(cu) = x x n( Cu) ( ) 64 3 3 1

x 64 CuSO4 Fe FeSO4 x 64 Cu 1 1 n( Fe) n( Cu) x ( 64 ) 3 m(fe) m( Fe) x 64 56 0875x( ) 4 m(cu) x 0875x = 04x; x = 3 3 100 50 (II) 0% 10 (II) 1 m( ) = 10 100 = m ( ) = 50 = 48 3 m(cuso 4 ) m( CuSO4 ) W1 ( CuSO4 ) m1 ( ) 0 50 50 4 x x x CuSO4 Fe FeSO4 1 Cu 1 n ( Cu) n( Fe) ( ) 5 x 6 n CuSO ) ( 4 n( CuSO4 ) n( Cu) 7 n (Cu) 100 56 x + 64x = 10; x = 05 8 m(cuso 4 ) m (CuSO 4 ) = 05 160 = 40 9 m (CuSO 4 ) m (CuSO 4 ) = 50 40 = 10 10 10 W ( CuSO4 ) 48 0 04 4% W CuSO ) 4% ( 4 57

1 11 ( ) 008 06 11 ( ) 009 3 3 10 ( ) 007 1 4 10 ( ) 008 463 5 8 11 008 58 6 ( ) / 00 336 7 010 831 8 11 004 368 9 10 004 304 10 1973 431 11 1991 1 58 1 007 36 13 55 000 07 58

59

( ) 60

= 98 K E E Li e Li 3045 D e?d 00034 K e K 95 H e?h 0000 Rb e Rb 95 Ge e Ge +001 Cs e Cs 9 Cu e Cu 0337 Ba e Ba 906 Cu e Cu 051 Sr e Sr 888 Te 4 4e Te 0560 Ca e Ca 870 Rh e Rh 0600 Na e Na 713 Ag e Ag 0799 Mg e Mg 380?Hg e Hg 0798 Be e Be 1847 Hg e Hg 0854 U 3 3e U 1800 Pd e Pd 0987 Al 3 3e Al 1660 Pt e Pt 100 Ti e Ti 168 H + +?O e H O +18 Zr 4 4e Zr 159 Au 3 3e Au 1498 V e V 1186 Au e Au 1691 Mn e Mn 1180 H O e?h + OH 0879 Cr 3 3e Cr 0913 S e S 0480 Zn e Zn 0763 H O?O e OH 0401 Cr e Cr 0744?J e J 0536 Ga 3 3e Ga 059?Br e Br 1066 Fe e Fe 0440?Cl e Cl 1358 Cd e Cd 040 H e H 00 Tl e Tl 0335?F e F 870 Co e Co 077 Ca(OH) e Ca OH 300 Ni e Ni 050 Sr(OH) e Sr OH 880 Mo 3 e Mo 000 Ba(OH) e Ba OH 810 Sn e Sn 0140 Mg(OH) e Mg OH 690 Pb e Pb 016 Al(OH) 3 3e Al 3OH 300 Fe 3 3e Fe 0036 MnCO 3 e Mn CO 3 1500 61

( ) Cr(OH) 3 3e Cr 3OH 1480 V 3 e V 055 Zn(OH) e Zn OH 145 GeO 4H 4e Ge H O 0150 CdS e Cd S 1175 Ti 4 e Ti 3 0040 ZnCO 3 e Zn CO 3 1060 Sn 4 e Sn 0150 PbS e Pb S 0930 Sb O 3 6H 6e Sb 3H O 015 Cd(OH) e Cd OH 0809 Cu e Cu 0153 HgS e Hg S 0690 UO 4H e U 4 H O 0334 PbO H O e Pb OH 0578 3 4 Fe(CN) 6 e Fe(CN) 6 0360 Ag CrO 4 e Ag CrO 4 0464 H 3 AsO 4 H e H 3 AsO 3 H O 0559 PbSO 4 e Pb SO 4 0356 MnO 4 e MnO 4 0564 PbBr e Pb Br 084 UO 4H e U 4 H O 060 PbCl e Pb Cl 068 O H e H O 068 AgJ e Ag J 015 C 6 H 4 O H e C 6 H 4 (OH) 0699?Hg J e Hg J 0040 Fe 3 e Fe 0771 AgCN e Ag CN 0017 Hg e Hg +0910 AgBr e Ag Br 0071 Pu 4 e Pu 3 0970 HgO H O e Hg OH 0098 JO 3 6H 5e?J 3H O 1195?Hg Br e Hg Br +0140 MnO 4H + + e Mn + + H O 130 AgCl e Ag Cl 0 Tl 3 e Tl 150?Hg Cl e Hg Cl 068 Cr O 7 14H + + 6e Cr 3 + 7H O +1330 AgJO 3 e Ag JO 3 +0354 PbO 4H e Pb H O 1456 Hg SO 4 e Hg SO 4 0615 MnO 4 8H 5e Mn 4H O 150 Ag C H 3 O e Ag C H 3 O +0643 Ce 4 e Ce 3 1610 Ag SO 4 e Ag SO +0654 4 PbO 4H SO 4 PbSO 4 H O e 1685 4H O 6e W 8OH 105 MnO 4 4H + + 3e MnO + 1695 H O Cr 3 e Cr 0410 Co 3 e Co 1840 Ti 3 e Ti 0369 WO 4 6

" " 1 * 63

1 ( ) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 14 15 64

1011 603950 3 65

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