NCEA Chemistry 3.5 Flash Cards Instructions: Cut individually and fold/glue. Can be either laminated or folded around cardboard. Ideas for Use: 1. Group reactants (or products) into functional groups 2. Arrange cards into reaction s check back. s are colour coded below. 3. Test in pairs for reagent/ conditions of reaction 4. Test for naming s using functional IUPAC conventions 5. Use cards like dominos to construct large reaction scheme. 6. Create different starting and draw/name products created with same reaction. Substitution reactions are characterized by replacement of an atom or group (Y) by another atom or group (Z). Aside from these groups, the number of bonds does not change. Polymerisation reactions join monomers together to form a polymer. Condensation polymerisation removes a small molecule (such as a H from one monomer and OH from another) and joins the two ends of the monomers together Oxidation reactions involve a lost of electrons from the organic molecule or a gain of oxygen. An oxidant such as dichromate or permanganate is used. Condensation (or dehydration) reactions are a of elimination reaction where a small molecule is removed) in esterification OH and H is removed from alcohol and carboxylic acid and they are joined to form an ester Addition reactions increase the number of bonds to the Carbon chain by bonding additional atoms, usually at the expense of one or more double bonds. Hydrolysis reactions involve water as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller molecules and the water becomes part of the reaction product. Elimination reactions decrease the number of single bonds by removing atoms and new double bonds are often formed. Reduction reactions involve a gain of electrons from the organic molecule or a loss of oxygen. A reductant such as LiAlH 4 is used.
addition addition H 2 (Ni/Pt) with Heat HCl (in CCl 4 ) propane 1. Minor: 1-chloropropane 2. Major: 2-chloropropane addition addition (double) H 2 O/H+ heat Br 2 1. Minor: propan-1-ol 2. Major: propan-2-ol 1,2-dibromopapane
elimination elimination Conc. H 2 SO 4 with Heat Alcoholic KOH reflux Propan-2-ol 2-chloropropane oxidation oxidation Cr 2 O -2 7 /H + reflux Cr 2 O -2 7 /H + cold Propan-2-ol butan-1-ol propone butanal
SOCl 2 reflux KOH (aq) reflux Propan-2-ol 2-chloropropane 2-chloropropane Propan-2-ol reduction warm LiAlH 4 Butan-1-ol propone 1-aminobutane Propan-2-ol
reduction LiAlH 4 (NaBH 4 ) H 2 O butanal ethanoyl chloride butan-1-ol ethanoic acid SOCl 2 condensation (esterification) ethanol ethanoyl chloride Ethanoyl chloride ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate
1 2 acid hydrolysis base hydrolysis H 2 O/H + NaOH Ethyl ethanoate Ethyl ethanoate 1. Ethanol 2. Ethanoic acid 1. Ethanol 2. Sodium ethanoate Alcoholic condensation (esterification) ethanol Butyl chloride Ethanoic acid butanamide Ethyl ethanoate
base hydrolysis acid-base reaction in ethanol ethyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid ethanamide Ammonium ethanoate acid hydrolysis base hydrolysis H 2 O/H + NaOH butanamide ethanamide 1. Ammonium ion 2. Butanoic acid 1. ammonia 2. Sodium ethanoate
Br 2, Cl 2 + UV light heat propane ammonium ethanoate 1-chloropropane 1. water 2. ethanamide Alcoholic: 1-aminoethane ethanoyl chloride 1-aminoethane 1-chloroethane N-ethyl ethanamide N-ethyl ethanamine
condensation polymerisation condensation polymerisation 1. di acid chloride 2. di amine 1. Amino acid 1 2. Amino acid 2 polyamide Dipeptide (don t need to name) 1 2 acid hydrolysis base hydrolysis Dilute acid NaOH Triglyceride (do not have to name) Triglyceride (do not have to name) 1. Triol 2. Carboxylic acid x 3 1. Triol 2. Carboxylate salt x 3
C3.5 Scheme Alkane Dibromoalkane Amino Acid Br 2 Conc. H 2 SO 4 heat Alkene H 2 (Ni) Heat H 2 O/H + heat Slow fast Br 2 Cl 2 HCl Alc. KOH reflux Do not need to name 2 and 3 for L3 3 Amine Turn red litmus to blue 1 Amine warm 2 Amine Haloalkane warm Alcohol KOH (aq) reflux Polymerisation Condensation protein polyester 1 alcohol H 2 O NaBH 4 Positive reaction to Tollens Oxidants Benedict s Aldehyde Cr 2 O 7 2- /H + 1 alcohol cold 2 alcohol Cr 2 O 7 2- /H + reflux Cr 2 O 7 2- /H + NO reaction to Tollens, Oxidants Benedict s heat PCl 5, SOCl 2 reflux LiAlH 4 Ketone Oxidation di-alcohol and di-carboxylic acid H 2 O Conc. H 2 SO 4 H 2 O/H + Cr 2 O 7 2- /H + reflux Carboxylic Acid Acid + Base Carboxylate salt + NH 4 + Carboxylate ion Ester ethanol Violent reaction to water SOCl 2 reflux H 2 O Acid chloride NH 4 + or amine In ethanol H 3 O + heat NaOH Amide NaOH In ethanol