Biol/Env St 204 Quiz 2 Spring 2008 Name: 40 points Short-Answer Section (20 points total) 1. In the reading Interview with a Fungus, why did Mr. Pilobolus conclude that fungi characterize mankind as expendable? In your answer, be sure to mention at least two important ecological roles played by fungi and at least two economically important products from fungi. 4 points 2. The females of many species of freshwater mussels use parts of their bodies or unfertilized eggs to make structures that resemble crawfish or other food sources for fish. Why do they do this? 4 points
3. List two major features (characters, adaptations) of arthropods and explain how each has contributed to the incredible success of this group. 4 points 4. What is the relationship between gene flow and speciation? 4 points 5. List two major features (characters, adaptations) of flowering plants (angiosperms) and explain how each has contributed to the great success of this plant group. 4 points
Multiple Choice Section (1 point each; 8 points total). Indicate the single best answer for each question. 1. Bryophytes had to stay small a. because they had no fungal mycorrhizae to help them grow bigger. b. due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation on early land plants. c. because few nutrients were available in their habitats. d. so that their sperm could swim to their eggs. e. because gravity would crush them if they got bigger. 2. The following features are shared by all members of the animal kingdom EXCEPT for a. multicellular body b. mechanism for internal circulation c. bilateral symmetry d. diploid body e. feeding by ingestion 3. Which one of the following statements about protists (protoctists) is false? a. All of the animal-like protists are more closely related to each other than to any other groups of protists. b. Some dinoflagellates can glow in the dark. c. The organisms that cause malaria and potato blight are both classified as protists. d. Some protists move by means of flagellae while others ooze along like amoebas. e. Some protists, such as Euglena, exhibit both animal-like and plant-like characteristics. 4. Endosymbiosis a. refers to the symbiotic relationship between either a blue-green or a green algae and a fungus to form a lichen. b. explains the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts through the capture and incorporation of prokaryotes into another cell. c. occurred only once in the evolution of chloroplast-containing eukaryotes. d. occurred multiple times in the evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes. e. never happened.
5. Prokaryotes a. were the only organisms on Earth for over half of its geologic history. b. are extremely well known in terms of their species diversity. c. cannot survive in extreme environments such as hot springs. d. provide few ecosystem services. e. reproduce sexually in the same way that eukaryotes do. 6. Which one of the following statements about plants is false? a. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) were the first plants to evolve on land. b. The vast majority of plant species diversity is found on land. c. Terrestrial plants needed to evolve the capacity for photosynthesis because their algal ancestors could not do this. d. A major adaptation in the diversification of plants was the evolution of the seed. e. Flowering plants (angiosperms) produce a wide array of chemical compounds for self-defense. 7. When an individual (a diploid) has two different alleles present for a given gene, that individual is described as a. genetically challenged b. homozygotic c. heterozygotic d. dominant e. recessive 8. The only group of animals that lacks both nerve and muscle tissue are the a. nematodes b. mollusks c. echinoderms d. radiates (cnidarians) e. sponges
True-False Section (1 point each; 12 points total) If a statement is true, mark T next to it. If the statement is false, mark an F next to it and then indicate how you would correct it to make it true. Example: If you wanted to protect as much higher level (phylum level) animal diversity as possible, you would focus on preserving terrestrial habitats. 1. Natural selection acts as an undirected filter of genetic variation that allows the bestadapted individuals to survive and reproduce more offspring over time. 2. Approximately 100,000 species of living organisms have been formally described and named. 3. The heaviest known fungus weighs about the same as a blue whale. 4. Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and a cyanobacteria or a green alga. 5. During the Carboniferous period, the flowering plants (angiosperms) produced the great deposits of coal and oil that we use today as fossil fuels. 6. Mutations are the ultimate source of all genetic variation. 7. There are more known species of mammals than of plants.
8. A gene is a length of DNA on a chromosome that contains the instructions for making a protein or RNA. 9. Certain lineages of protists (protoctists) were the first eukaryotes to evolve and later these gave rise to fungi, animals, and plants. 10. Prokaryotes are metabolically more diverse but structurally simpler than eukaryotes. 11. Speciation cannot happen in the absence of geographic isolation of populations. 12. Small populations tend to gain genetic diversity over time.