Unit 1: Basic Physical Geography Geography Exam Review physical geography human geography prime meridian time zone international date line latitude longitude equator tropic of Cancer tropic of Capricorn North Pole South Pole continental drift plate tectonics Canadian Shield highlands lowlands folding faulting erosion Pangaea Rock cycle igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks glaciation (alpine and continental glaciers) glacial till/debris drumlin lake plain Lake Agassiz weather climate major factors affecting climate continental and maritime climates convectional precipitation orographic precipitation frontal precipitation air mass front prevailing winds jet stream soil/topsoil components of soil parent material humus leaching calcification natural vegetation transition zone ecozone coniferous forest deciduous forest Unit 2: Natural Resources groundwater surface water oceans water pollution (causes and effects) wetlands drainage basin fishing (inshore and offshore) aquaculture Grand Banks, NFLD/ North Sea, England (compare/contrast fishing issues) forestry (lumber, pulp and paper) clear cutting shelterwood logging selective cutting forestry in Thailand electricity (hydro, thermal, nuclear) Limestone generating station (Gillam, MB) Nelson River electricity in China (Three Gorges Dam) alternative energy (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) renewable and non renewable resource oil oil sands Ft. McMurray fracking Hibernia fossil fuels potash strip mine open pit mine underground/shaft mine ore milling smelting tailings/tailings ponds Ekati diamond mine 'sustainable development
Unit 3: Industry and Trade primary industry secondary industry (manufacturing) tertiary industry quaternary industry GDP import export labour force planned obsolescence perceived obsolescence location factors for industry branch plant multinational corporation (MNC) tariff developed country developing country standard of living globalization NAFTA CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) Kyoto Protocol global warming/greenhouse effect carbon sink Clean Air Act carbon footprint Unit 4: Food From the Land agriculture agribusiness subsistence farming cash crop genetically modified organism (GMO) BSE (mad cow disease) organic foods intensive agriculture extensive agriculture Green Revolution summer fallow no till cropping mixed farming ranching canola pork industry major crops grown in Manitoba and Canada selective breeding starvation famine malnutrition high yield crops biofuels local foods pharmafoods junk food Ethiopian plantations reasons for rising food prices/effects on both developed countries and developing countries Unit 5: Rural and Urban Places urban rural remote/isolated settlements urbanization population distribution population density site/situation of a city central business district (CBD) megacity suburbs urban sprawl urban decay deindustrialization core revitalization major problems facing large cities/solutions push/pull factors for cities Major Skills *Find cities, water features and physical features on a map of Canada, North America and the World *Identify the latitude and longitude coordinates of locations on a map *Construct and interpret information on a climate graph *Draw, label and explain diagrams (rock cycle, types of precipitation, soil profile, hydrologic cycle)
Review Questions 1. Define "continental drift" and explain how the theory of plate tectonics has shaped the physical appearance of the planet today. 2. How and when was the Canadian Shield created? What forces and processes have affected its appearance? 3. Explain the difference between igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and be able to draw a basic rock cycle. 4. Name the major highland and lowland areas in Canada. 5. How do glaciers form and move? Explain the differences between alpine and continental glaciers. What were their effects on the landscape? 6. Define the following glacier-related terms: a. till/debris b. erratic c. drumlin d. moraine e. lake plain 7. Explain the difference between weather and climate. Give 2 examples of each. 8. List and describe the effects of the six major factors affecting a region's climate (air masses, proximity to water, etc.) 9. Define the following weather-related terms: a. air mass b. front c. prevailing winds 10. Explain the difference between a maritime and continental climate. Which do we have in Manitoba? Why? Name 2 other locations with a maritime and with a continental climate. 11. Explain the difference between orographic, convectional and frontal precipitation and be able to provide basic diagrams that illustrate each. 12. How is soil formed? Draw and label a basic soil profile. 13. What is an ecozone? What types of natural vegetation are found in Manitoba's 4 major ecozones (Prairie, Boreal plains, Boreal shield, Taiga shield)
14. Explain the difference between ground water and surface water. State 2 reasons why groundwater is preferred for human consumption. 15. Define "drainage basin". Name the basin that drains most of Manitoba and surrounding areas. Into which body does the water drain? 16. Explain the difference between biological and chemical water pollution. Provide 2 examples of each and describe the environmental or human impacts each has. 17. What is aquaculture? How is aquaculture related to the concept of sustainability? 18. State 3 reasons why the Grand Banks fishery in Newfoundland collapsed. 19. Explain the difference between clear cutting, shelterw000d logging and selective cutting. State the benefits and drawbacks of each of these forest harvesting techniques and draw diagrams to illustrate. 20. List the steps involved in the production of hydro electricity. Besides water, what other sources of energy are frequently used in Canada to produce electricity? 21. State one benefit and one drawback of the following alternative sources of energy in Canada: a. geothermal b. solar c. wind d. biodiesel e. other biofuels 22. Define: metallic mineral, non-metallic (industrial) mineral and fuel mineral. Provide 2 examples of each and have a basic idea where in Canada we find each type of mineral. 23. What are oil sands? Where in Canada are they located? In chart form, provide 3 benefits and 3 problems created by the extraction of oil sands. 24. What are "tailings"? State 3 environmental impacts that result from the disposal of tailings. 25. Compare and contrast Canadian issues in fishing, forestry and hydro electricity production with situations in the North Sea, Thailand and China.
26. Explain the difference between primary and secondary industry. Provide 2 examples of each. 27. Define "tertiary industry" and "quaternary industry". Provide 2 examples of each and explain how they differ from primary and secondary industry. 28. Define "GDP". In what ways are Canada's imports and exports related to our GDP? What problems are faced by countries that have a low GDP? 29. Name and explain the 7 location factors that affect industry. 30. What distinguishes a developed country from a developing country? With reference to the idea of "standard of living" explain 3 issues faced by developing countries like India, Mexico, Kenya or Nigeria. 31. What is NAFTA? State 2 positive and 2 negative effects that have resulted from the adoption of NAFTA. Is it a good agreement for Canada? What is CETA and how will it benefit and cause problems for Canada? 32. What is a multinational corporation? In what ways do MNCs benefit and cause problems for developing countries? 33. What is global warming? What causes it? Explain how both the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Air Act are designed to deal with global warming. How do carbon sinks factor in? 34. Define "agriculture". Identify the major agricultural products produced in Manitoba and explain what geographic factors influence agriculture in Manitoba. 35. Explain the difference between subsistence farming and growing cash crops. In what part of the world would each be used? 36. Explain the difference between intensive and extensive agriculture. Which parts of the world would use each technique. 37. State and explain 3 techniques used by farmers to reduce the effects of erosion on their farmland.
38. What is a GMO/GM food? Describe 2 positive and 2 negative outcomes that have occurred as a result of GM plants being used more frequently in agriculture. 39. What is an organic food product? State some benefits to and drawbacks of consuming organic foods. 40. What are local foods, junk foods and pharmafoods? State some benefits and drawbacks of consuming each of these types of foods. 41. Explain the difference between famine and starvation. State 3 reasons why parts of the world (especially the developing world) are, at times, affected by these conditions. 42. Why are food prices rising? State and explain 4 reasons for the rise in cost of food, and discuss the impacts this trend is having on the developed and developing world. 43. Explain the difference between urban, rural and remote/isolated areas of settlement. For what reasons are more people choosing to live in urban areas rather than rural ones? What impacts does the increase in urban population have on both Canadian and international cities? 44. What is a megacity? Identify and explain some issues faced by people that live in these large cities in both the developed and developing world. 45. Define "central business district" and explain 3 factors that would influence the location of this part of a city. 46. What is urban sprawl? Outline some benefits and drawbacks of this trend, using Toronto as an example. 47. Explain the difference between the site and situation of a city.