Heliospheric Magnetic Field 13-1 Leif Svalgaard Stanford University, CA leif@leif.org http://www.leif.org/research http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1/1.93.pdf Svalgaard & Cliver JGR 9JA19 (in press) SORCE 1, Keystone, CO, May 19, 1 1
-hour running means of the Horizontal Component of the low- & midlatitude geomagnetic field remove most of local time effects and leaves a Global imprint of the Ring Current [Van Allen Belts]: A quantitative measure of the effect can be formed as a series of the unsigned differences between consecutive days: The InterDiurnal Variability, IDV-index
IDV is strongly correlated with HMF B, but is blind to solar wind speed V nt 1 9 7 3 1 1 B obs B calc from IDV B obs median 1% => B std.dev Coverage 19 19 197 197 19 19 199 199 1 HMF B as a Function of IDV9 B nt 193-1 y = 1.771x. R =.9 y =.77x +.397 R =.37 1 1 1 1 IDV 1 9 7 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nt IDV B 19 197 19 199 1 IDV vs. Solar Wind Speed V (193-1) IDV IDV Independent of Solar Wind Speed R =.91 V km/s 3? V 3 1 3
IDV and Heliospheric Magnetic Field Strength B for years 13-9 IDV Index and Number of Contributing Stations IDV nt N Individual stations 1 1 13 1 1 1 17 1 19 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1 B nt Heliospheric Magnetic Field Strength B (at Earth) Inferred from IDV and Observed 1 B (IDV) 13 3 B (obs) 13 1 1 1 17 1 19 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1 Year 7 3 1
The previous Figures showed yearly average values. But we can also do this on the shorter time scale of one solar rotation: 1 Heliospheric Magnetic Field Magnitude B from Geomagnetic Activity IDV (7-Day Bartels Rotations) 1 B = 1.333 IDV.7 13-rotation running means B obs. 1 1 1 19 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1 Floor The Figure shows how well the HMF magnitude B can be constructed from IDV. Some disagreements in the 19s are due to the HMF being only sparsely sampled by spacecraft: in some rotations more than two thirds of the data is missing
The negative part of the Dst-index is a measure of the strength of the Ring Current. IDV has an excellent correlation with Dst computed only from times when Dst was negative. J. Love has reconstructed Dst back to 19 using data from several geomagnetic observatories. For yearly averages: IDV = -. [-Dst] 1 IDV nt 1 Negative Dst and IDV measure the same effect 1 1 1 <IDV> -. <-Dst> 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1
The HMF [and the open flux calculated from B] has been controversial in the past, with claims of a centennial doubling of the Sun s coronal magnetic field. This is no longer the case. Several groups have converged to a firm consensus: 1 B nt Convergence of HMF B of Lockwood & Rouillard et al. to Svalgaard & Cliver 1 IDV IDV9 L1999 R7 L9 HMF obs 1 19 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1 7
Reconstruction of HMF B from cosmic ray modulation [measured (ionization chambers and neutron monitors) and inferred from 1Be in polar ice cores] first gave results [McCracken 7] discordant from our geomagnetic method: Heliospheric Magnetic Field Comparisons 1 B nt 1 Be data spliced to Ionization Chamber data spliced to Neutron Monitor data B S&C B McC B LR&F B OBS Krakatoa? 13 1 17 19 191 193 19 197 199 1 The splicing of the ionization chamber data to the neutron monitor data around 19 seems to indicate an upward jump in B of 1.7 nt which is not seen in the geomagnetic data. The very low values in ~19 are caused by excessive 1Be deposition [of unknown origin]
A reconstruction by Steinhilber et al [1] on basis of 1Be agrees much better with ours based on IDV. The excessive deposition of 1Be ~19 is still a problem for cosmogenically-based reconstructions [-yr means]: Webber & Higbie [1] point out those are most likely not solely related to changes in solar heliospheric modulation, but other effects such as local and regional climate near the measuring sites may play a significant role. 9
Since we can also estimate solar wind speed from geomagnetic indices [Svalgaard & Cliver, JGR 7] we can calculate the radial magnetic flux from the total B using the Parker Spiral formula: Radial Component of Heliospheric Magnetic Field at Earth Br nt Ceiling R =.19 3 Floor Year 1 13 1 1 1 17 1 19 19 191 19 193 19 19 19 197 19 199 1 There seems to be both a Floor and a Ceiling and most importantly no longterm trend since the 13s. 1
The absence of long-term trend probably means that there was no long-term trend in TSI as well: And that brings us within the subject of this meeting 11