Spial Magnetic Gadient Moto Using Axial Magnets Cedit: Tom Schum fo spial stato constuction Thomas Valone, PhD, PE Integity Reseach Institute Pape on Science Diect, Physics
Gadients Ae Used fo All Powe Themal gadient is used fo heat pump Voltage gadient is used fo electicity pumping of cuent Gavity gadient is used fo hydoelectic powe Pessue gadient used fo natual gas and wate pumping Magnetic gadient is used fo nothing so fa
Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields = Magnetic Gadient --Moden Physics, Schaumm s Outline Seies, Gauteau et al., McGaw Hill, 1978 Thei expeimental setup: The magnetic field B is moe intense nea the pointed suface at the top than nea the flat suface below, ceating a slope in a gaph of B vs. z, which is the gadient db/dz. z Top View The net Foce ceated on the ball beaing = the magnetic field gadient multiplied by the induced magnetic moment, as with the Sten- Gelach Expeiment Hatman Patent #4,15,330 dop-off Side View 10 degee incline Steel ball beaing #4 Two expeimental examples that utilize the magnetic field gadient F z
Spial Magnetic Moto (SMM) Uses the Magnetic Gadient F M db cos d Popula Science, June 1979 F Z db cos dz z Hatman Patent 4,15,330
U M B M B Spial Magnetic Moto (SMM) Achimedean spial is used fo SMM stato magnets whee = 6 + θ/ and B() is linealy dependent on θ Ceates a constant toque fo 75% of each cycle 6 F = U whee U = M B and U M B M B
SMM Govening Equations B M B M F B M T 1 E U o E o B B U 1 Fo a maximum B field in ai of 0 kg ( Tesla), U B = MJ/m 3 Fo a maximum E field in ai of 3 MV/m, U E = 40 J/m 3,000,000 = 40 X 50,000! Maximize adial B field (B ) fo maximum toque 0 ENERGY DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS: B-FIELD = 50K x E-FIELD d T W
Expeimental Results Roto and Stato B Fields kg 7 6 5 4 3 1 0 1.5 3 4 6 10 Six SMM designs wee tested: 1, 3, 4, 6, 10 otos R o t o D iamet e ( in.) = oto, = stato magnetic flux density
Angula Velocity (ad/sec) Spial Magnetic Moto Angula Velocity 18 16 - - -Data acquisition limit- - - Polynomial Fit 14 1 10 8 6 1" oto 3" oto 4" oto 6" oto 10" oto Poly. (4" oto) 4 0 0 90 180 70 degees 0.4 0.8 1.6.4 3 3.8 4.6 Angula Displacem ent (adians)
Peak KE, Back Toque, Mass, B-Field 5 Rotos Tested: 1.5, 3, 4, 6, 10 10 oto: 0.80 joules Phototansisto detail Peak Values:
10" Roto Toque (N-m) 10" Roto Potential Enegy (J) Roto Toque and Potential Enegy fo One Cycle 0.9 0.8 Negative Wok Region W T d 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0. 0.1 Positive Wok Region Positive net wok equied to move latched oto at 315 to end (stating point) at 360 : W = 0.5 Joules when stating at 0.78 J KE 0 1.5 315 10 oto tests 1 0.5 0-0.5 0 90 180 70 360 Angula Displacement (degees) Toque Measuement T= x F
Pof. Eic Laithwaite s Suggestion fo Inceased Toque Place metal plate of paticula pemeability undeneath oto in ode to poduce: Favoable Hysteesis Cuents Laithwaite Eic, Populsion Without Wheels, English Univ. Pess, 1970
B H 8 1 e t Hysteesis Depends on Pemeability and Resistivity* B H t 1 e /(4 ) 8 Designing the Gowth of Eddy Cuents to Match Rotation Speed Choosing aluminum o coppe fo example, the pemeability will be the same as fee space (μ o = 4π x 10-7 ), which is vey low and the esistivity is also low. Choosing an aluminum plate that is about a centimete (1 cm) thick would also be a good choice since the thickness of the sheet "delta" is squaed and also in the numeato. Altogethe, the calculation shows a elatively slow build-up ove a tenth of a second and only about 30% at a millisecond afte the stato field magnet is applied to the otating disk, which is in keeping with a delayed eddy cuent that would push instead of etad the changing flux as would be nomally expected fom Lenz Law. ρ = esistivity, μ = pemeability, δ = thickness of plate, H field is suddenly applied *Bozoth, Feomagnetism, J. Wiley & Sons, 003
Wiegand causes Bakhausen jumps of magnetic domains that align quickly Pop. Science Wiegand wies ae FeCoV bistable Vicalloy metal with egions US 1973 patent # 3,757,754 Used fo yeas fo auto ignitions Povides epeatable magnetic pulse
MS-PZT Invese magnetostictive (MS) effect combined with a piezoelectic mateial (PZT) and voltage
Magnetic Switching fo SMM Piezoelectic Actuato that bends with vey little voltage applied IRI V-Tack Dual SMM with Radial Magnets Switching can be applied to the top stato magnet
Multi-Stage SMM