DESPRE COMPLEMENTAREA METODELOR JEFFERSON, ADAMS, WEBSTER ŞI HUNTINGTON-HILL

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DESPRE COMPLEMENTAREA METODELOR JEFFERSON ADAMS WEBSTER ŞI HUNTINGTON-HILL Dr hab prof unv Ion BOLUN ASEM Sunt propuse compementăr de depăşre a stuaţor în care foosrea metodeor Jefferson Adams Webster ş Huntngton-H de uare a deczor coectve mutopţonae prn votare cu reprezentare proporţonaă nu permte obţnerea souţe scontate Cuvnte-chee: uarea de decz metodă votare reprezentare proporţonaă stuaţe compementare 1 Introducere La uarea de decz coectve mutopţonae prn votare cu reprezentare proporţonaă se foosesc or s-au foost asemenea metode (regu votur-decze ) ca: Jefferson [2] propusă în 1792 Webster [1 2] propusă în 1832 Huntngton-H [2] propusă în 1911 şa În aceaş scop în 1822 a fost propusă [2] ş metoda Adams Cee ma cunoscute practc prvnd foosrea sstemeor de votare sunt probab cee ce ţn de scrutnee eectorae De aceea în contnuare aspectee abordate prvnd asemenea ssteme se vor cerceta fără a dmnua dn unversatate prn prsma scrutneor eectorae cu reprezentare proporţonaă de ste de partd (coaţ bocur) Fe: M număru tota de mandate în organu eectv; n număru de partde care au atns sau depăşt pragu eectora; V număru tota de votur exprmate vaab pentru cee n partde; V număru de votur exprmate în favoarea partduu x număru de mandate ce se aocă partduu = 1 n Toate cee patru metode nomnazate ma sus au a bază găsrea unu astfe de dvzor Q * ca suma vaoror rapoarteor V /Q* = 1 n rotunjte până a întreg obţnând şru de vaor x = 1 n să satsfacă egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Deosebrea dntre ee constă doar în modatatea rotunjr până a întreg a acestor rapoarte: prn psă a metoda Jefferson prn adaos a metoda Adams în mod ordnar a metoda Webster ş în baza mede geometrce a metoda Huntngton-H După cum este demonstrat în [3] în unee cazur de exempu a vaor V egae pentru două sau ma mute partde se poate întâmpa ca un asemenea dvzor Q* să nu exste Aceasta însă nu înseamnă că în aşa cazur nu poate f obţnută souţa scontată determnată de vaore respectve ae mărmor x = 1n Doar că în acest scop sunt necesare operăr ABOUT COMPLEMENTATION OF JEFFERSON ADAMS WEBSTER AND HUNTINGTON- HILL METHODS HabDr Professor Ion BOLUN ASEM Compementaton to avod stuatons n whch the use of Jefferson Adams Webster and Huntngton- H methods when takng coectve mut optona decsons by votng wth proportona representaton does not ead to the desred souton are proposed Key words: takng decsons method votng proportona representaton stuaton compementaton 1 Introducton When takng coectve mut optona decsons by votng wth proportona representaton are beng used or were used such methods ( votes-decson rues) as: Jefferson [2] proposed n 1792 Webster [1 2] proposed n 1832 Huntngton-H [2] proposed n 1911 etc Wth the same am n 1822 the Adams method was proposed too [2] The most known practces wth reference to the use of votng systems are probaby the ones reated to eectons Therefore further the addressed aspects referrng the ndces of dsproportonaty w be nvestgated (not harmng the unversaty) through the party-sts (bocks coatons) eectons wth proportona representaton Let: M number of seats n the eectve body; n number of partes that have reached or exceeded the representaton threshod; V tota vad votes cast for the n partes; V tota vad votes cast for party x number of seats to be aocated to party = 1 n A the four nomnated methods are based on the retreve of a such dvsor Q * that the sum of ratos V /Q* = 1n vaues rounded to ntegers obtanng the set of vaues x = 1 n w satsfy the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The dstncton between them conssts n the modaty of roundng to nteger of these ratos ony: down at Jefferson method up at Adams method n the ordnary mode at Webster method and basng on geometry average at Huntngton-H method As shown n [3] n some cases by exampe at vaues of V equa for two or more partes t may happen that such a dvsor Q* does not exst Ths s not to say that n such cases the expected souton determned by the respectve vaues of quanttes x = 1n cannot be obtaned But n ths purpose addtona operatons are needed Two such procedures are proposed n [3] Both of these procedures sha provde frst the nterva [Q* (-) ; 118 Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013

supmentare Două asemenea procedur sunt propuse în [3] Ambee aceste procedur prevăd determnarea ma întâ a ntervauu [Q* (-) ; Q* (+) ] sufcent de îngust pentru confrmarea faptuu că dvzoru Q* nu exstă Nu este propus însă cum trebue determnat acest nterva În această ucrare se propun compementăr de depăşre a stuaţor pentru care dvzoru Q* nu exstă fără a f necesară determnarea ntervauu [Q* (-) ; Q* (+) ] Fără a perde dn unversatatea rezutateor se va consdera că au oc negatăţe V 1 V 2 V n negatăţ ce pot f obţnute prn renumerotarea partdeor 2 Metoda Jefferson ş compementarea acestea Metoda Jefferson este descrsă a paş 1 2 3- Jefferson ar compementarea acestea constă în înocurea pasuu 3-Jefferson cu ce 3 ş de asemenea paş supmentar 4 ş 5 1 Se cacuează [2] dvzoru standard (în unee ucrăr acesta se numeşte cotă-standard) Q = V/M; apo fecăru partd = 1 n se aocă nţa un număr de mandate ega cu partea întregor raportuu V /Q adcă x = a = V /Q 2 Dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M atunc dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat fnd proporţonaă 3-Jefferson La metoda Jefferson dacă a 1 + a 2 + + a n M atunc în mod teratv foosnd ma mute încercăr se găseşte un nou dvzor Q * < Q vaoarea împărţr a care a mărm V rotunjtă până a întreg prn psă ş se va consdera număru de mandate de dstrbut partduu ; vaoarea Q * se va aege astfe ca să abă oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat (se poate întâmpa ca un asemenea dvzor Q* să nu exste) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) 4 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a creşterea x cu o untate: Q := V /(x + 1) = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q: 51 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r ş trecere a pasu 4 52 Atfe xk : = x M k Δ Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat fnd totuş neproporţonaă Expunerea desfăşurată cu argumentarea obţner no vaor a mărm Q a pasu 4 de compementare a metode Jefferson este următoarea Pasu 4 Reducerea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă mcşorarea cu care cea a mărm Q ar conduce a creşterea x cu o untate: Q* (+) ] narrow enough to confrm that the dvsor Q* does not exst It s not proposed however how to determne ths nterva In ths paper compementatons to overcome stuatons when the dvsor Q* Q* does not exst wthout the need to determne the nterva [Q* (-) ; Q* (+) ] are proposed Wthout osng the unversaty of resuts t w be consdered that take pace nequates V 1 V 2 V n - nequates that can be acheved by renumberng the partes 2 Jefferson method and ts compementaton Jefferson method s descrbed n steps 1 2 3- Jefferson and ts compementaton conssts of repacng the step 3-Jefferson wth the step 3 and aso the addtona steps 4 and 5 1 Cacuate [2] the standard dvsor (n some papers t s caed standard quota) Q = V/M then to each party = 1 n to aocate ntay a number of seats equa to the nteger part of the rato V /Q e x = a = V /Q 2 If x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M then the dstrbuton of seats ended ths beng proportona 3-Jefferson At Jefferson method f a 1 + a 2 + + a n M then teratvey usng severa attempts t fnds a new dvsor Q * < Q the vaue of the dvson to whch of V rounded down to nteger w be consdered the number of seats to be dstrbuted to party ; the vaue of Q * w be chosen so as to have the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The dstrbuton of seats s competed (t may happen that such a dvsor Q * does not exst) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) 4 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the ncrease of x by one unt: Q := V /(x + 1) = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q: 51 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r and proceed to step 4 52 Otherwse xk : = x M k Δ Dstrbuton of seats ended ths beng however non proportona The detaed exposure wth arguments for obtanng the new vaue of Q n step 4 of compementng the Jefferson method s the foowng Step 4 Decreasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the decreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the ncrease of x wth one unt: Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013 119

41 Se determnă δ conform formue 41 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ := Q V /(x + 1) = 1 n (1) δ := Q V /(x + 1) = 1 n (1) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q δ ) = x + 1 (2) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q δ ) = x + 1 (2) Astfe cea ma mare vaoare a mărm Q < Q care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate faţă de Thus the hghest vaue of Q < Q whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one to the use of Q s foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q δ = V /(x + 1) = 1 n (3) Q = Q δ = V /(x + 1) = 1 n (3) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde corresponds Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V max 1 n x + = 1 (4) Este uşor de observat că regua (4) de determnare a no vaor a mărm Q ş respectv a partduu cărua trebue aocat următoru mandat este smară regu votur-decze a metode d Hondt [1] Astfe metoda Jefferson compementată presupune aocarea nţaă fecăru partd = 1 n a unu număr de mandate ega cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg prn psă adcă x = a = V /Q ; apo dacă a 1 + a 2 + + a n M atunc consecutv pentru unee partde se măreşte x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (4) adcă de fecare dată se măreşte x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mare vaoare a raportuu V /(x + 1) până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Metoda descrsă concde cu agortmu respectv propus în [4] 3 Metoda Adams ş compementarea acestea Metoda Adams este descrsă a paş 1 2 3- Adams ar compementarea acestea constă în înocurea pasuu 3-Adams cu ce 3 ş de asemenea paş supmentar 4 ş 5 1 Se cacuează [2] dvzoru standard Q = V/M; apo fecăru partd = 1 n se aocă nţa un număr de mandate ega cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg prn adaos adcă x = g = V /Q 2 Dacă g 1 + g 2 + + g n = M atunc dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat fnd proporţonaă 3-Adams La metoda Adams dacă g 1 + g 2 + + g n M atunc în mod teratv foosnd ma mute încercăr se găseşte un nou dvzor Q * > Q vaoarea împărţr a care a mărm V rotunjtă până a întreg prn adaos ş se va consdera număru de mandate de dstrbut partduu ; vaoarea Q * se va aege astfe ca să abă oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat (se poate întâmpa ca un asemenea dvzor Q* să nu exste) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ); evdent are oc ΔM < 0 4 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a mcşorarea x cu o untate: Q := V / 1) = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q: Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V max 1 n x + = 1 (4) It s easy to see that the rue (4) of determnng the new vaue of Q and respectvey of the party to whch to aocate the next seat s smar wth the "vote-decson" rue of the d'hondt method [1] So the compemented Jefferson method nvoves the nta aocaton to each party = 1 n of a number of seats equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded down to nteger e x = a = V /Q ; after f a 1 + a 2 + + a n M then consecutve for some partes x ncreases by one n the order determned by rue (4) e every tme x ncreases by one for the party wth the hghest vaue of rato V /(x + 1) t t w take pace the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The descrbed method concdes wth the agorthm proposed n [4] 3 Adams method and ts compementaton Adams method s descrbed n steps 1 2 3- Adams and ts compementaton conssts of repacng the step 3-Adams wth the step 3 and aso the addtona steps 4 and 5 1 Cacuate [2] the standard dvsor Q = V/M; then to each party = 1 n to aocate ntay a number of seats equa to the nteger part of the rato V /Q rounded up to nteger e x = g = V /Q 2 If g 1 + g 2 + + g n = M then the dstrbuton of seats ended ths beng proportona 3-Adams At Adams method f g 1 + g 2 + + g n M then teratvey usng severa attempts t fnds a new dvsor Q * > Q the vaue of the dvson to whch of V rounded up to nteger w be consdered the number of seats to be dstrbuted to party ; the vaue of Q * w be chosen so as to have the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The dstrbuton of seats s competed (t may happen that such a dvsor Q * does not exst) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ); evdenty t takes pace ΔM < 0 4 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the decreasng of x by one unt: Q := V / 1) = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Q = Q =1 k 5 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q: 120 Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013

51 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r ş trecere a pasu 4 52 Atfe xk : = x M k Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat Expunerea desfăşurată cu argumentarea obţner no vaor a mărm Q a pasu 4 de compementare a metode Adams este următoarea Pasu 4 Creşterea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă creşterea cu care a mărm Q ar conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate: 41 Se determnă δ conform formue δ := V /(x 1) Q = 1 n (5) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q + δ ) = x 1 (6) Astfe cea ma mcă vaoare a mărm Q > Q care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate faţă de foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q + δ = V /(x 1) = 1 n (7) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V mn (8) = 1 n x 1 Astfe metoda Adams compementată presupune aocarea nţaă fecăru partd = 1 n a unu număr de mandate ega cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg prn adaos adcă x = g = V /Q ; apo dacă g 1 + g 2 + + g n M atunc consecutv pentru unee partde se mcşorează x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (8) adcă de fecare dată se mcşorează x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mcă vaoare a raportuu V /(x 1) până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M 4 Metoda Webster ş compementarea acestea Metoda Webster este descrsă a paş 1 2 3- Webster ar compementarea acestea constă în înocurea pasuu 3-Webster cu ce 3 ş de asemenea paş supmentar 4-7 1 Se cacuează [2] dvzoru standard Q = V/M; apo fecăru partd = 1 n se aocă nţa un număr de mandate ega cu partea întregor raportuu V /Q adcă x = a = V /Q dacă V /Q a < 05 sau cu x = a + 1 dacă V /Q a 05 Astfe x a vaoare egaă cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg în mod ordnar 2 Dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M atunc dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat 3-Webster La metoda Webster dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n M atunc în mod teratv foosnd ma mute încercăr se găseşte un nou dvzor Q * astfe ca suma vaoror rapoarteor V /Q* = 1 n rotunjte până a întreg în mod ordnar obţnând un nou şr de vaor x = 1 n să fe 51 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r and proceed to step 4 52 Otherwse xk : = x M k Dstrbuton of seats ended The detaed exposure wth arguments for obtanng the new vaue of Q n step 4 of compementng the Adams method s the foowng Step 4 Increasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the decrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the nreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the decrease of x wth one unt: 41 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ := V /(x 1) Q = 1 n (5) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q + δ ) = x 1 (6) Thus the hghest vaue of Q > Q whch aready eads to the decrease of x by one to the use of Q s Q = Q + δ = V /(x 1) = 1 n (7) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch corresponds Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V mn (8) = 1 n x 1 Thus the compemented Adams method nvoves the nta aocaton to each party = 1 n of a number of seats equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded up to nteger e x = g = V /Q ; after f g 1 + g 2 + + g n M then consecutve for some partes x decreases by one n the order determned by rue (8) e every tme x decreases by one for the party wth the owest vaue of rato V /(x 1) t t w take pace the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M 4 Webster method and ts compementaton Webster method s descrbed n steps 1 2 3- Webster and ts compementaton conssts of repacng the step 3-Webster wth the step 3 and aso the addtona steps 4-7 1 Cacuate [2] the standard dvsor Q = V/M; then to each party = 1 n to aocate ntay a number of seats equa to the nteger part of rato V /Q e x = a = V /Q f V /Q a < 05 or equa to x = a + 1 f V /Q a 05 Thus x takes a vaue equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded to nteger n an ordnary mode 2 If x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M then the dstrbuton of seats ended 3-Webster At Webster method f x 1 + x 2 + + x n M then teratvey usng severa attempts t fnds a new such dvsor Q * < Q that the sum of ratos V /Q* = 1n vaues rounded to nteger n an ordnary mode obtanng a new set of vaues x = 1 n be equa wth M e x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The dstrbuton Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013 121

egaă cu M adcă x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat (se poate întâmpa ca un asemenea dvzor Q* să nu exste) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) Dacă ΔM < 0 atunc trecere a pasu 6 4 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a creşterea x cu o untate: Q := 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q a ΔM > 0: 51 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r ş trecere a pasu 4 52 Atfe xk : = x M k Δ Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat 6 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a mcşorarea x cu o untate: Q := 2V /(2x 1) = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 7 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q a ΔM < 0: 71 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r ş trecere a pasu 6 72 Atfe xk : = x M k Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat Expunerea desfăşurată cu argumentarea obţner no vaor a mărm Q a paş 4 ş 6 de compementare a metode Webster este următoarea Pasu 4 Reducerea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă mcşorarea cu care a mărm Q ar conduce a creşterea x cu o untate: 41 Se determnă δ conform formue δ : = Q 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n (9) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q δ ) = x + 1/2 (10) Astfe cea ma mare vaoare a mărm Q < Q care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate faţă de foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q δ = 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n (11) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V 2max (12) = 1n 2x + 1 Dn (12) este uşor de observat că regua de determnare a no vaor a mărm Q ş respectv a partduu cărua trebue aocat următoru mandat este smară regu votur-decze a metode Santeof seats s competed (t may happen that such a dvsor Q * does not exst) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) If ΔM < 0 then proceed to step 6 4 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the ncrease of x by one unt: Q := 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q at ΔM > 0: 51 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r and proceed to step 4 52 Otherwse xk : = x M k Δ Dstrbuton of seats ended 6 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the decrease of x by one unt: Q := 2V /(2x 1) = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Qk = Q =1 7 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q at ΔM < 0: 71 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r and proceed to step 6 72 Otherwse xk : = x M k Dstrbuton of seats ended The detaed exposure wth arguments for obtanng the new vaue of Q n steps 4 and 6 of compementng the Webster method s the foowng Step 4 Decreasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the decreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the ncrease of x wth one unt: 41 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ : = Q 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n (9) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q δ ) = x + 1/2 (10) Thus the hghest vaue of Q < Q whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one to the use of Q s Q = Q δ = 2V /(2x + 1) = 1 n (11) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch corresponds Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V 2max (12) = 1n 2x + 1 It s easy to see from (12) that the rue (4) of determnng the new vaue of Q and respectvey of the party to whch to aocate the next seat s smar wth the "vote-decson" rue of the Sante-Laguë 122 Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013

Laguë [1] Pasu 6 Creşterea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă creşterea cu care a mărm Q ar conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate: 61 Se determnă δ conform formue δ : = 2V /(2x 1) Q = 1 n (13) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q + δ ) = x 1/2 (14) Astfe cea ma mcă vaoare a mărm Q > Q care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate faţă de foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q + δ = 2V /(2x 1) = 1 n (15) 62 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V 2mn 1 n 2x = 1 (16) Astfe metoda Webster compementată presupune aocarea nţaă fecăru partd = 1 n a unu număr de mandate ega cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg în mod ordnar adcă x = a = V /Q dacă V /Q a < 05 sau x = a + 1 dacă V /Q a 05) Apodacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n M atunc: (a) a x 1 + x 2 + + x n < M consecutv pentru unee partde se măreşte x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (12) adcă de fecare dată se măreşte x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mare vaoare a raportuu V /(2x + 1) până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M; (b) a x 1 + x 2 + + x n > M consecutv pentru unee partde se mcşorează x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (16) adcă de fecare dată se mcşorează x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mcă vaoare a raportuu V /(2x 1) până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M 5 Metoda Huntngton-H ş compementarea acestea Metoda Huntngton-H este descrsă a paş 1 2 3-Huntngton-H ar compementarea acestea constă în înocurea pasuu 3-Huntngton-H cu ce 3 ş de asemenea paş supmentar 4-7 1 Se cacuează [2] dvzoru standard Q = V/M; apo fecăru partd = 1 n se aocă nţa un număr de mandate ega cu partea întregor raportuu V /Q adcă x = a = V /Q dacă V /Q < a ( a sau x = a + 1 dacă V /Q a ( a Astfe x a vaoare egaă cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg în baza mede geometrce respectve 2 Dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M atunc dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat 3-Huntngton-H La metoda Huntngton-H dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n M atunc în mod teratv foosnd ma method [1] Step 6 Increasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the decrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the ncreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the decrease of x wth one unt: 61 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ : = 2V /(2x 1) Q = 1 n (13) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q + δ ) = x 1/2 (14) Thus the owest vaue of Q > Q whch aready eads to the decrease of x by one to the use of Q s Q = Q + δ = 2V /(2x 1) = 1 n (15) 62 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch corresponds Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V 2mn 1 n 2x = 1 (16) Thus the compemented Webster method nvoves the nta aocaton to each party = 1 n of a number of seats equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded to nteger n an ordnary mode e x = a = V /Q f V /Q a < 05 or x = a + 1 f V /Q a 05) After f x 1 + x 2 + + x n M then: (a) at x 1 + x 2 + + x n < M consecutve for some partes x ncreases by one n the order determned by rue (12) e every tme x ncreases by one for the party wth the hghest vaue of rato V /(2x + 1) t t w take pace the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M; (b) at x 1 + x 2 + + x n > M consecutve for some partes x decreases by one n the order determned by the rue (16) e every tme x decreases by one for the party wth the owest vaue of rato V /(2x 1) t t w take pace the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M 5 Huntngton-H method and ts compementaton Huntngton-H method s descrbed n steps 1 2 3-Huntngton-H and ts compementaton conssts of repacng the step 3-Huntngton-H wth the step 3 and aso the addtona steps 4-7 1 Cacuate [2] the standard dvsor Q = V/M; then to each party = 1 n to aocate ntay a number of seats equa to the nteger part of rato V /Q e x = a = V /Q f V /Q < a ( a + 1) or x = a + 1 f V /Q a ( a + 1) Thus x takes a vaue equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded to nteger n base of the respectve geometrc mean 2 If x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M then the dstrbuton of seats ended 3-Huntngton-H At Huntngton-H method f x 1 + x 2 + + x n M then teratvey usng severa attempts t fnds a new such dvsor Q * that the sum of Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013 123

mute încercăr se găseşte un nou dvzor Q * astfe ca suma vaoror rapoarteor V /Q* = 1 n rotunjte până a întreg în baza mede geometrce respectve obţnând un nou şr de vaor x = 1 n să fe egaă cu M adcă x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat (se poate întâmpa ca un asemenea dvzor Q* să nu exste) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) Dacă ΔM < 0 atunc trecere a pasu 6 4 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a creşterea x cu o untate: Q := V / x = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q a ΔM > 0: 51 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r ş trecere a pasu 4 52 Atfe xk : = x M k Δ Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat 6 Determnarea no vaor a mărm Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a mcşorarea x cu o untate: Q := V / x = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } unde Qk = Q =1 7 Redstrburea mandateor conform no vaor a mărm Q a ΔM < 0: 71 Dacă r < ΔM atunc xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r ş trecere a pasu 6 72 Atfe xk : = x M k Dstrburea mandateor s-a încheat Expunerea desfăşurată cu argumentarea obţner no vaor a mărm Q a paş 4 ş 6 de compementare a metode Huntngton-H este următoarea Pasu 4 Reducerea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă mcşorarea cu care a mărm Q ar conduce a creşterea x cu o untate: 41 Se determnă δ conform formue δ := Q V / x = 1 n (17) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q δ ) = x (18) Astfe cea ma mare vaoare a mărm Q < Q care deja conduce a creşterea x cu o untate faţă de foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q δ = V / x = 1 n (19) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde ratos V /Q* = 1 n vaues rounded to nteger n base of the respectve geometrc mean obtanng a new set of vaues x = 1 n be equa wth M e x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M The dstrbuton of seats s competed (t may happen that such a dvsor Q * does not exst) 3 ΔM := M (x 1 + x 2 + + x n ) If ΔM < 0 then proceed to step 6 4 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the ncrease of x by one unt: Q := V / x = 1 n ; Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Qk = Q =1 5 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q at ΔM > 0: 51 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM r and proceed to step 4 52 Otherwse x : = x + 1 = 1 ΔM k Dstrbuton of seats ended 6 Determnng the new vaue of Q and the set G of partes canddates for the decrease of x by one unt: Q := V / x ( = 1 n ; Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 x Q n }; G := {k 1 k 2 k r } where Qk = Q =1 7 Redstrbuton of seats accordng to the new vaue of Q at ΔM < 0: 71 If r < ΔM then xk : = x r k ΔM := ΔM + r and proceed to step 6 72 Otherwse xk : = x M k Dstrbuton of seats ended The detaed exposure wth arguments for obtanng the new vaue of Q n steps 4 and 6 of compementng the Huntngton-H method s the foowng Step 4 Decreasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the decreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the ncrease of x wth one unt: 41 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ := Q V / x = 1 n (17) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q δ ) = x + 1) (18) Thus the hghest vaue of Q < Q whch aready eads to the ncrease of x by one to the use of Q s Q = Q δ = V / x = 1 n (19) 42 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch corresponds Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V max (20) = 1 n x ( + 1 ) x k 124 Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013

Q := max{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V max (20) = 1 n x ( + 1 ) x Pasu 6 Creşterea mărm Q cu cea ma mcă vaoare δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate pentru un sngur partd ce j sau pentru câteva partde cu vaor ae δ egae cu δ j Ac δ este vaoarea mnmă creşterea cu care a mărm Q ar conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate: 61 Se determnă δ conform formue δ :=V / x Q = 1 n (21) obţnute dn condţa evdentă V /(Q + δ ) = x (22) Astfe cea ma mcă vaoare a mărm Q > Q care deja conduce a mcşorarea x cu o untate faţă de foosrea mărm Q este Q = Q + δ = V / x = 1 n (23) 62 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } cărea î corespunde Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V mn (24) = 1 n x ( 1 ) x Astfe metoda Huntngton-H compementată presupune aocarea nţaă fecăru partd = 1 n a unu număr de mandate ega cu vaoarea raportuu V /Q rotunjtă până a întreg în baza mede geometrce respectve adcă x = a = V /Q dacă V /Q < a sau x = a + 1 dacă V /Q ( a a ( a ; apo dacă x 1 + x 2 + + x n M atunc: (a) a x 1 + x 2 + + x n < M consecutv pentru unee partde se măreşte x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (20) adcă de fecare dată se măreşte x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mare vaoare a raportuu V / x până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M; (b) a x 1 + x 2 + + x n > M consecutv pentru unee partde se mcşorează x cu o untate în ordnea determnată de regua (24) adcă de fecare dată se mcşorează x cu o untate pentru partdu cu cea ma mcă vaoare a raportuu V / x până va avea oc egatatea x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M 6 Concuz Pentru fecare dn metodee Jefferson Adams Webster ş Huntngton-H de uare a deczor coectve mutopţonae prn votare cu reprezentare proporţonaă sunt propuse compementăr de depăşre a stuaţor în care foosrea metodeor nomnazate nu permte obţnerea souţe scontate dn cauza că nu exstă nc un dvzor Q* respectv Compementăre ncud acţun de modfcare consecutvă a vaor dvzoruu Q ş a muţm G de partde pretendente a modfcarea (mărrea sau mcşorarea în funcţe de stuaţe) treptată a număruu de mandate a cărora cu o untate până a Step 6 Increasng the sze of Q wth the owest vaue δ = δ j = mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } whch aready eads to the decrease of x by one for a snge party the j one or for severa partes wth vaues of δ equa to δ j Here δ s the mnmum vaue the ncreasng wth whch of Q woud ead to the decrease of x wth one unt 61 Determnng δ accordng to the formua δ :=V / x Q = 1 n (21) obtaned from the evdent condton V /(Q + δ ) = x (22) Thus the owest vaue of Q > Q whch aready eads to the decreasng of x by one to the use of Q s Q = Q + δ = V / x = 1 n (23) 62 δ := mn{δ 1 δ 2 δ n } to whch corresponds Q := mn{q 1 Q 2 Q n } = V mn (24) = 1 n x ( 1 ) x So the compemented Huntngton-H method nvoves the nta aocaton to each party = 1n of a number of seats equa to the vaue of rato V /Q rounded to nteger n base of the respectve geometrc mean e x = a = V /Q f V /Q < a ( + 1) or x = a + 1 f V /Q a a ( a + 1) After f x 1 + x 2 + + x n M then: (a) at x 1 + x 2 + + x n < M consecutve for some partes x ncreases by one n the order determned by the rue (20) e every tme x ncreases by one for the party wth the hghest vaue of rato V / x ( t t w take pace the equaty x 1 x + x 2 + + x n = M; (b) at x 1 + x 2 + + x n > M consecutve for some partes x decreases by one n the order determned by the rue (24) e every tme x decreases by one for the party wth the owest vaue of rato V / x t t w take pace the equaty x 1 + x 2 + + x n = M; 6 Concusons For each of the Jefferson Adams Webster and Huntngton-H methods of mutoptona coectve decson-makng by votng wth proportona representaton are proposed compementary actons to overcome stuatons n whch the use of mentoned methods can not gve the desred souton because the respectve dvsor Q* does not exst Compementaton ncudes actons of consecutve modfcaton of the dvsor Q vaue and of the set G of partes canddates for the graduay change (ncrease or decrease dependng on the stuaton) by one unt of the number of seats t the satsfyng of the condton of equaty Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013 125

satsfacerea condţe de egatate a număruu sumar x 1 + x 2 + + x n de mandate aocate ceor n partde cu număru M de mandate dsponbe between the summary number of seats x 1 + x 2 + + x n aocated to the n partes and the number M of avaabe seats Refernţe bbografce / Bbographc references: 1 GALLAGHER M Proportonaty Dsproportonaty and Eectora Systems In: Eectora Studes (1991) 10:1 pp 33-51 2 TANNENBAUM P Excursons n Modern Mathematcs Seventh Edton Pearson 2008 704 p 3 BOLUN I Despre echvaenţa metodeor Jefferson ş dhondt ş respectv a ceor Webster ş Sante- Laguë În: Compettvtatea ş novarea în economa cunoaşter confer şt ntern 28-29 sept 2012 Vo II Chşnău: Edtura ASEM 2012 p 10-13 4 BOLUN I Mnmzaton of dsproportonaty n PR votng systems In: Internatona Workshop on Integent Informaton Systems: Proceedngs IIS 13-14 sept 2011 Chşnău: Inst of Mathematcs and Computer Scence 2011 p 127-130 126 Revsta / Journa ECONOMICA nr 3 (85) 2013