Science 8 Unit 1 Test Review How does water shape our world? 1. Define a water system in your own words 2. What is water important for? (3 things at least) 3. What is water made of? Water in our world 311-8 Analyze factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and fresh water environments. 1. Where is most of the world s liquid water found? 2. What is salinity? 3. Where can you find salt water? 4. What is fresh water? Where can it be found? 5. Know the differences between salt and fresh water. 6. What type of water has more biodiversity? Salt or fresh? 7. Why are there less species as you go deeper in the ocean? Waves and Tides 311-10 Explain how waves and tides are generated and how they interact with shorelines. 112-3 Provide examples of various technologies designed to contain damage due to waves and tides 1. How are waves made? (Think of tsunamis and waves from wind) 2. What is the difference between a tropical storm and a hurricane? 3. In the ocean, is the water moving or energy when a wave passes through the water? 4. What positive and negative effects do waves have on coastal areas? 5. What are tides? 6. How are tides caused? 7. Where are the world s largest tides found? 8. What two things effect how high the tides will be in a place? 9. What are some ways that people have tried to stop damage to coastal areas due to waves/tides?
Erosion and Deposition 311-11 Describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow. 209-5 & 311-11 Select and integrate information, from various print and electronic sources, related to processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow. 1. What is sediment? 2. What is erosion? What causes erosion? 3. What is deposition? 4. How can erosion in one area lead to deposition in another area? 5. What activities increase erosion? 6. What is flooding? How can it damage land quickly? 7. What is the difference between spring floods and flash floods? 8. What is an avalanche? How can it damage land quickly? 9. How does the repeated freeze/thaw process cause damage to land? Geological Features at Sea and on Land Curriculum Outcome: 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems. Curriculum outcome 110-8 Provide examples of how technologies used to investigate the ocean floor have improved over time Curriculum outcome: 210-3 Identify some strengths and weaknesses of technologies used to investigate the ocean floor 1. Briefly describe plate tectonics (what it is and how it causes land formations) 2. Who thought the world looked like a giant jigsaw? 3. What is an ocean basin? 4. What is the continental shelf? 5. What is the difference between a volcano and seamount? 6. What are canyons? 7. What are trenches? 8. What are guyots? 9. What is a lake and how does water gather in a lake? 10. Where do lakes drain? What are tributaries? 11. What is an inlet? 12. What is a sea? What is a cavern? 13. What are some technologies that are used to investigate the ocean floor? 14. Know the strengths and weaknesses of two technologies that are used to explore the ocean floor.
Currents Curriculum Outcome: 311-9 Describe the interactions of the ocean currents, winds, and regional climates. Curriculum Outcome: 209-1 Carry out procedures in order to investigate how temperature differences in water cause currents Curriculum Outcome: 209-4 & 210-11 State a conclusion based on experimental data about the formation of water currents 1. What is a current? 2. What causes currents? 3. What is the difference between shallow water currents and convection currents? 4. What are the differences and similarities between currents and gyres? 5. Explain the significance of convection currents to the survival of many aquatic organisms. 6. Where are some important fishing areas in the oceans? Water, Weather and Climate Curriculum outcome 311-9 Describe the interaction of the ocean currents, winds, and regional climates DIVERSITY 1. What has a large effect on world climate? 2. How might a lake or ocean affect the weather of an area during the summer and winter? 3. Cities A and B lie at about the same latitude and both are close to water. Which city do you think has the larger body of water next to it? Why? 4. Why does a large body of water affect the weather and climate of an area? 5. How do you think the Alaska current affects the climate of western British Columbian and southern Alaska? Why? 6. What percentage of the Earth s surface is covered by oceans and fresh water? 7. What nickname is given to our planet because of the percentage of water coverage? 8. What is the difference between climate and weather? 9. What factors affect weather and climate? 10. What heats up more quickly, land or water? Why? Curriculum Outcome: 311-8 Analyze factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and fresh water environments. 1. What is diversity? What is an ecosystem? 2. How does pollution affect an ecosystem? 3. How does diversity affect an ecosystem? 4. Why must all food chains have producers? 5. Why does diversity decrease as you go deeper in the ocean?
GLACIERS: RIVERS OF ICE Curriculum Outcome: 311-12 Describe factors that affect glaciers and polar icecaps, and describe their consequent effects on the environment Curriculum Outcome: 210-16 Identify new questions that arise from the study of glaciers and polar icecaps? 1. What are glaciers? 2. What is a polar icecap? 3. What is a continental glacier? 4. What are some advantages and disadvantages of glaciers? 5. When was the last ice age? How has the land changed? 6. What do you think will happen if the ice caps melt quickly? 7. What 4 effects do glaciers have on the environment?
How does water shape our world? 1. Define a water system in your own words A water system is all the water on earth acting together. 2. What is water important for? (3 things at least) Life, industries, and shaping our world 3. What is water made of? 2 parts hydrogen, 1 part oxygen Water in our world 1. Where is most of the world s liquid water found? Oceans 2. What is salinity? The amount of dissolved salts in water 3. Where can you find salt water? Oceans, swamps, marshes, lakes and estuaries 4. What is fresh water? Where can it be found? Fresh water has a low amount of dissolved salts. It is found in lakes, marshes, rivers and glaciers. 5. Know the differences between salt and fresh water. Salt water covers 71% of Earth, denser and more buoyant than fresh water and not drinkable. Fresh water covers 2% of Earth, less dense and less buoyant than salt water and drinkable 6. What type of water has more biodiversity? Salt or fresh? Salt 7. Why are there less species as you go deeper in the ocean? Less light, so less food. Waves and Tides 1. How are waves made? (Think of tsunamis and waves from wind) Either from wind (hurricane) or plates moving and causing earthquakes (tsunamis) 2. What is the difference between a tropical storm and a hurricane? Topical storms have winds that aren t as strong 3. In the ocean, is the water moving or energy when a wave passes through the water? Energy is moving through the water, the water moves at the shore or as a result of currents 4. What positive and negative effects do waves have on coastal areas? Positive beaches and surfing Negative damage to property and animal habitats 5. What are tides? Rise and fall of oceans due to gravitational pull of sun and moon 6. How are tides caused? Tides are caused from the pull of gravity from the Moon and Sun, when the Sun and Moon line up, they cause the highest tides. 7. Where are the world s largest tides found?
Bay of Fundy 8. What two things effect how high the tides will be in a place? Topography (shape of land) and seiche (movement of Earth) 9. What are some ways that people have tried to stop damage to coastal areas due to waves/tides? Breakwaters, jetties and dune vegetation Erosion and Deposition 1. What is sediment? Particles of rock, sand, silt, mud 2. What is erosion? What causes erosion? The process of carrying away of soil particles by wind, water or ice 3. What is deposition? The build up of sediment in a new area 4. How can erosion in one area lead to deposition in another area? If sand gets eroded by wind near the water, it can build dunes. 5. What activities increase erosion? Cutting down trees, removing vegetation, land cultivation 6. What is flooding? How can it damage land quickly? Flooding is a lot of water coming down quickly and it can damage the land by oversaturating it and making it muddy, etc. 7. What is the difference between spring floods and flash floods? A spring flood occurs when the spring thaw is rapid and is worse in areas where riverbanks have been clear- cut. A flash flood is a flood that occurs within a few hours (usually less than six) of heavy or excessive rainfall. 8. What is an avalanche? How can it damage land quickly? An avalanche is a landslide of snow. It can take down trees, move land from one place to another very quickly, etc. 9. How does the repeated freeze/thaw process cause damage to land? The freeze/thaw process can break up roads, driveways, and concrete structures. Creating potholes and lifting shingles on a roof. Geological Features at Sea and on Land 1. Briefly describe plate tectonics (what it is and how it causes land formations) The Earth s crust is made up of plates and these plates move. When they move some go on top of and underneath each other. They can cause mountains, volcanoes, seamounts, etc. 2. Who thought the world looked like a giant jigsaw? Alfred Wegener 3. What is an ocean basin? An ocean basin is the floor of the deep ocean 4. What is the continental shelf?
Currents The continental shelf is the area off shore from a continent that slopes gently before the steep drop to the deep ocean floor. 5. What is the difference between a volcano and seamount? A seamount is an underwater volcano. Also know as a submarine volcano 6. What are canyons? Canyons are deep, steep-sided valleys. These valleys were formed by rivers carving their way through the surrounding rock. This is a process of long time erosion. 7. What are trenches? A trench is a steep sided hole in the ocean floor that forms when one of the Earth s plates slides under another. They are the deepest part of the oceans and the lowest points on the crust of the Earth. 11km 35,000ft 8. What are guyots? Guyots were volcanic islands. Over time, their tops eroded enough that the ocean covered them again. 9. What is a lake and how does water gather in a lake? A lake is a large body of water, usually fresh water, surrounded by land. Lakes are water lying in the low spots or basins. Water enters lakes through precipitation, ground water and inlets 10. Where do lakes drain? What are tributaries? Lakes drain in the ocean. Tributaries are small rivers and streams that join a larger river. Some of this water is a valuable source of liquid water which helps in the water cycle. Tributaries do not reach the sea. 11. What is an inlet? A narrow strip of water extending into a body of land from a river, lake, ocean, small bay or creek. 12. What is a sea? What is a cavern? A large area of water, usually salt water that is partly or completely surrounded by land. A cave/cavern is a natural underground place large enough for a human to enter. 13. What are some technologies that are used to investigate the ocean floor? Sonar, Satellite, photography, submarines 14. Know the strengths and weaknesses of two technologies that are used to explore the ocean floor. We presented in class and everyone was responsible to listen and ask questions 1. What is a current? A current is water moving in a certain direction. 2. What causes currents? Currents are caused by cooler water sinking and pushing warmer water upward 3. What is the difference between shallow water currents and convection currents? Shallow water currents are at the top of the water and caused by wind. Deep water currents are below and caused by salinity and water temp
4. What are the differences and similarities between currents and gyres? Currents are only in a small area, they tend to move in a linear fashion and gyres are big currents that are circles in the northern and southern hemisphere 5. Explain the significance of convection currents to the survival of many aquatic organisms. In both lakes and oceans, convection currents stir up and redirect nutrients and dissolved oxygen throughout the water body. This adds to the survival of aquatic organisms. 6. Where are some important fishing areas in the oceans? The best fishing grounds are usually where two currents meet, causing the water to gush and become unstable. Nutrients are brought to the surface of the water, promoting growth of aquatic plants and algae. Any food chain with a good supply of producers (plants) also has large numbers of animals, so plenty of fish would feed in these areas. Water, Weather and Climate 1. What has a large effect on world climate? Ocean currents have a large effect on world climates 2. How might a lake or ocean affect the weather of an area during the summer and winter? In the summer, a lake or ocean might affect the weather by cooling it and increasing precipitation. In the winter, the water body tends to warm the area and increase precipitation. 3. Cities A and B lie at about the same latitude and both are close to water. Which city do you think has the larger body of water next to it? Why? City A is Toronto City B is Halifax City B because more moderate temperatures and more rain/precipitation 4. Why does a large body of water affect the weather and climate of an area? A large body of water helps to moderate temperature, making the land warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. An area can experience an increase precipitation depending on the wind. 5. How do you think the Alaska current affects the climate of western British Columbian and southern Alaska? Why? Since the Alaska current comes from warmer water in the south, it has a warming effect on the lands it passes near. 6. What percentage of the Earth s surface is covered by oceans and fresh water? 71% 7. What nickname is given to our planet because of the percentage of water coverage? Blue Planet 8. What is the difference between climate and weather? Climate is historical weather patterns in an area and weather is day to day atmospheric conditions 9. What factors affect weather and climate? Weather Temperature
Pressure Humidity (moisture content) Speed and direction Climate Latitude how far you are from equator Oceans Topography Altitude Earth winds 10. What heats up more quickly, land or water? Why? Land because it has a low heat capacity
DIVERSITY 1. What is diversity? What is an ecosystem? Diversity is a measure of the number of different types of organisms living in an area. An ecosystem is a community of animals and plants and the environment in which they live. 2. How does pollution affect an ecosystem? Pollution affects and ecosystem by destroying animals and plants and the environment in which they live. 3. How does diversity affect an ecosystem? The more diverse an ecosystem is the more it can withstand change. If one organism disappears, other species will grow and provide food for other organisms. Ecosystems with little diversity can not withstand change. 4. Why must all food chains have producers? Producers are the only organisms that can make their own food, using energy from the Sun. All other organisms must eat producers, eat other organisms that eat producers, or eat dead matter or waste products form all other organisms 5. Why does diversity decrease as you go deeper in the ocean? The deeper you go, the fewer producers there are because of the reduced or lack of sunlight. Reducing the number and types of producers reduces the number of different consumers that can feed on them. Fewer types of organisms means less diversity. GLACIERS: RIVERS OF ICE 1. What are glaciers? A glacier is a large mass of ice and snow They occur in high altitudes of mountains and on land near the Earth s poles. 2. What is a polar icecap? The polar icecap is a large sheet of ice on the Arctic Ocean 3. What is a continental glacier? A glacier that covers the entire continent of Antarctica. 4. What are some advantages and disadvantages of glaciers? The advantage of a glacier is it provides a source of fresh water One disadvantage of a glacier is icebergs break away from glaciers which can cause ships to sink if they flow into shipping lanes and can cause damage to offshore oil rigs 5. When was the last ice age? How has the land changed? The last ice age ended roughly 15000 years ago and once the ice melted the land moved upward because the weight of the ice was no longer on it. 6. What do you think will happen if the ice caps melt quickly? Ice age, water levels will rise, people will have no homes, etc. 7. What 4 effects do glaciers have on the environment? Store fresh water Source of water for many rivers Create deep ocean currents Help form many landforms