Atoms- Basic Units of Matter

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Transcription:

Atoms- Basic Units of Matter

What is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space Things you can see (chair) Things you can t see (air) All matter is made of atoms. Matter or Energy Energy- Light, Sound, Heat, Fire

What is an Atom? It is a very small particle that makes up all matter. Atoms are so small that there are 5 million atoms in one period.

Democritus He was a Greek philosopher. He wanted to know if you could cut something in ½ enough times that you could have one piece left that was un-cut-able He was the first person to use the word atom that comes from the Greek word Atoma which means Indivisible (you can not divide it) Atomos - uncuttable

Parts of an Atom Proton - Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom Neutron- A neutral particle (NO charge) in the nucleus **Neutron, Neutral, No charge** Electron- A negatively charged particle that moves in the space around the nucleus.

An Atom Model of Lithium (Pg 175 textbook) Finish drawing for homework

Size of Atoms Protons have a mass of about 1 Neutrons have a mass of about 1 Electrons are 2000 times smaller than a proton or neutron (1/2000 th ) If you could make a model of the nucleus, think of a proton and neutron about the size of an apple and orange. At this size, an electron would be about the size of a fruit fly

Size of Atom Even though an atom is small, it is mostly empty space. If you could make a model of an atom the size of a football field. The nucleus of an atom would be the size of an ant!

Standard 3a The Structure of an Atom A typical single strand of human hair is 10 million carbon atoms wide! A single drop of water contains 2 sextillion (2x10 21 ) atoms of oxygen and twice as many hydrogen atoms! We are able to see the surface of atoms by using a scanning tunneling electron microscope.

What s Inside? How do we know what is inside of an atom?

Mystery Bags (Pg 2 Spiral) (These are directions- you don t have to write this) You will be given a paper bag that has something unknown inside. Your job is to guess what it is WITHOUT looking in the bag. (The bag stays closed at all times) You can touch it, smell it, listen to it, etc. Is it hard? Soft? Shape? Thickness? Write down all of your observations. Then guess what it might be.

Standard 3a The Structure of an Atom Question: How do we know what atoms are made of if we can only see the outside? Atomic Model Answer: Over many years scientists have developed a model based on indirect experiments on matter.

History of the Atom (pg 3 spiral) Who was responsible for our path of understanding the atom? We are still learning about the atom today.

Dalton 1766-1844 He thought an atom was a simple neutral sphere of indivisible matter that was the same throughout. Atoms of different elements, were different from one another (gold vs iron) All gold was made from gold atoms and all iron was made from iron atoms, etc. Pg 178TB Dalton s atomic symbols

Thomson 1897 In the 1800 s JJ Thomson discovered electrons. http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::100%::100%::/sites/dl/free/0072512644/117354/01_cathode_ray_tube.swf::cathode%20ray%20tube He was able to bend the light of a cathode ray with magnets. The ray bent towards the positive plate, so he knew that there was a negative charge. (He called that negative charge an electron) There must be a positive charge to balance this because atoms are neutral. Chocolate chip cookie model. (Positive dough with negative chocolate chips throughout) He concluded that atoms can be divided

Rutherford 1911 Discovered the nucleus (positive charge) Protons Gold foil experiment http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/ruther14.swf Positively charged Alpha particles were shot at a really thin piece of gold foil Some particles went through the foil, some went off to the sides and a few bounced back He compared the ones that bounced back as amazing as if a cannon ball bouncing off of a kleenex! (approx. 1 in 8000)

Chadwick 1932 Discovered neutrons Working with the cathode ray, they (Rutherford and his students) looked for protons (+1 charge) and knew the approximate mass of elements. They could not account for all of the mass, so he predicted that there was a neutral particle in the nucleus with the proton and named it a neutron *neutron- neutral-no charge*

Bohr Electrons are arranged in energy levels The closer energy levels hold just a few and the outer levels hold more. Just like a person stands on a ladder and has to move to the next step (rung), an electron can only jump to the next energy level. He discovered this working with spectral lines in a single wavelength of light.

Today s Model Electrons occupy a space around the nucleus, in the electron cloud. They do not orbit like planets around the sun, but move rapidly from one place to another.

Who s Model? 1. 1. Thomson 2 2 Bohr

Who s Model? 3 3 Dalton 4 4 Rutherford

Who s Model? 5 5 Today s model

Standard 3a The Structure of an Atom protons electrons nucleus neutrons Electron cloud About 1 amu About 1 amu The electron cloud About 0 amu

QUIZ TIME Quiz on clickers Write your answers on Page 4 in your spiral

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