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2 ]pxnb Iº\n \nbaw FØp-tºmƒ Aº-Øntbgv h j-øn-\p-tijw ]pxnb Iº\n \nbaw FØp-I-bm-Wv. AXpw ]pxnb \nb-a-øn\v XpS- -an v Hc Zi-I-Øn\p -ti-jw. 2009- bp ]n F H mw ]Xn- s ImeØv ]mkm- m Dt±-in- n-cp \nb-a-amwv Ct m-ƒ {]m_- ey-øn hcp-hm t]mip- -Xv. 1956- se Iº\n \nb-a-øn\p ]Icw Imtem-Nn-Xambn ]cn-jvi-cn v \ho-i-cn Iº\n \nbaw C y ]m e-sa v ]mkv n-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. C\n {]kn-u ns H p IqSn e`n- m axn. XpS v N -ßƒ \n an- -Ww. Iº\n \nbaw _nkn-\-kns F m hi-ß-tfbpw _m[n- p kml- N-cy-Øn Hcp cmpy-øs kmº-øni hf -bn \n Wm-b-I-ÿm-\-amWv Cu \nb-a-øn-\p-f-f-xv. G hpw kpxm-cy-amb \nbaw _nkn-\kv snøp- Xv G hpw Ffp- -am- p p F -XmWv hkvxp-x. ]pxnb \nbaw \S- n-em-ip- -txmss C y-bn _nkn-\kv snøp-ibpw AXp dnt m p snøp-ibpw snøp- Xv Ipd- qsn Ffp- hpw kpxm-cy-hp-am-ip-i-bm-wv. Ime-l-c-W-s \nb-a-ß-fpw t`z-k- Xn-I-fp-ambn tazkv ap n \n n-cp ( t`z- KXn snbvsx- nepw hn m-]\w snbvx aq p Uk-t\mfw hip- p-iƒ Dƒs ss) C y Iº\n \nbaw C\n saen-bp-i-bm-wv. 1956- ]mkm- n-bxpw Ct mƒ \ne-\n-ev p- -Xp-amb Iº\n \nb-a-øn 700 hip- p-i-fm-wp-f-f-xv. ]pxnb \nb-a-øn AXv 29 A[ym-bßfpw 470 hip- p-ifpw 7 sjuyq-fp-i-fpam-bn Ipd-bp- p. Ign 57 h j- m-e- Øn-\n-S-bn 25 XhW Iº\n \nb-a- Øn t`z-kxn hcp-øn-bn- p- v. \ne-hnep-ff \nb-a-øns ]e hip- p-ifpw Imtem-Nn-X-a- m-sb hnen-b-cp-ø-emwv ]pxnb \nb-a-øn\v Kh-s ns\ t{]cn- n- -Xv. Iº-\n-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw h [n- n- p- -Xn-s\m w ( IqSp-X Imcy-ßƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øp-hm Iº-\n-Isf \n _- -am- p- p) aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-, ]ckv]-c-ap-ff eb\w, Iº\n hmßƒ, \yq\-] Hmlcn DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw kwc- n- XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw _n e y-an-sp- p-sh v ]pxnb \nb-a-øns Bap-J-Øn ]d-bp- p. cmpym- -c, A`y c kmº-øn-im- -co- -Øn-ep- mb am -ßtfbpw cmpy-øns kmº- ØnI hf -bn h- n- p-ff am -ßtfbpw IW- n-se-sp-ømwv ]pxnb \nbaw ]mkm- p- -sx v \nb-a-øns Bap-J-Øn ]d-bp- p. C Kth-W kv ]pxnb Iº\n \nbaßƒ Fs ms am -ß-fmWv sim p-h- n- pf-f-sx v ]cn-tim-[n- mw. G hpw {][m- \-am-bn- p-f-f-xv, Iº-\n-Iƒ IqSp-X Imcyßƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øp-hm \n _- -am-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. \nt -]-Isc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw CXp hfsc {][m-\-s kwk-xn-bm-wv. Iº-\n-IfpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn- Xz-t_m[w h [n- n- p- -XmWv ]pxnb \nbaw. C Kth-W kpw kmaqly DØc-hm-Zn-Xzhpw h [n- n- p- p. cmpysø HmUn v {]^-j\pw amdp- I-bmWv ]pxnb Iº\n \nb-a-tømss. Iº-\nbpw HmUn- am-cp-am-bp- m-bn-cp apjy- \n t±-i-ßƒ H t\m -Øn * ss{]h v enan- Uv Iº-\nbnse ]c-amh[n AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw Ct mgsø Aº-Xn \n v 200 Bbn Db Øn * H -bmƒ Iº\n Bcw-`n- mw. CXns\ ss{]h v enan- Uv Iº-\n-bmbmWv ]cn-k-wn- p-i. * \n{znx ( tum sa v) Iº-\n-Iƒ F Bibw BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. `mhn-bnse Bh-iy-Øn- \mbn BkvXn-Ifpw a pw kq n- p- -Xn-\mbn cq]o-i-cn- p Iº-\nbm-Wn-Xv. * F m Iº-\n-Ifpw Htc-t]mse Htcm [\-Im-cy-h jw B[m-c-am- p-i. G{]n - -am v [\-Im-cy-h j-amwv CXn-\mbn FSp-t - -Xv. * s]mxp-km-º-øni h j-øn \n v hyxy-kvx-amb h jw B[m-c-am- phm {]txyi A\p-aXn t\s-ww. * F m-øcw skiyq-cn- n-ifpw Cu \nbaw hgn-bmwv \nb-{ n- -s -SpI * XpI kam-l-cn- p- -Xn\pw a pw Xbmdm- p t{]mkvs]-ivs-kn IqSp- X hni-zmw-i-ßƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øp- Ww. t{]mkvs]-ivskv hgn kzcq-]n- p XpI a v Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hmlcn-Iƒ hmßp-hm\pw a pw D]-tbm- Kn- p-hm ]msn-. t{]mkvs]-ivskn Fs - nepw am w hcp-øphm Iº\n Dt±-in- p- p-sh- n AXn\p apºv t\c-sø-bp-ff Hmlcn DS-a-Iƒ v Ah-cpsS Hmlcnbn \n p ]pd-øp-i-s- phm kui-cy-sam-cp- -Ww. * ss{]h v ]vtfkvsa v \S-Øp-tºmƒ AXns hni-zmw-i-ßƒ \evin-bncn- -Ww.- A-Xn\v Hmlcn DS-a-I-fpsS AwKo-Icw kvs]j sdk-eq-j hgn t\sn-bn-cn- -Ww. * _mt -X-c-[-\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ßƒ Unt m-kn v hmßp- Xp kw_- n Imcy-ß-fn Iº\n \nb-a- Øn\v _ -an-. AXns \nb- { Ww dnk hv _m n\v Bbn-cn- pw. * Hml-cn-bp-S-a-I-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\ptijw am{xw Iº-\n- v Ah-bpsS AwK-ß-fn \n v Unt m-kn v kzoi-cn- m-\m-iq. Unt m-kn v kzoicn- p- -Xn-\p-ff \n_- -\-Iƒ _ -Øn am w hcp-i-bm-wv. HmUn v Iº-\nsb \n nx Ime-b-f-hn-\p-tijw am n \nb-an- -W-sa v \nbaw hyhÿ snøp- p. CXm-Zy-ambn Iº-\n-bpsS tcj- I-sf mw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv cq]-øn kq n- -W-sa v ]pxnb _n A\p-imkn- p- p. [m an-i-ambn DØ-c-hm-Zn-XztØmsS s]cp-am-dm Iº-\n-Isf t{]cn- n- p- p. Iº-\n-I-fp-ambn _ -s v 33 ]pxnb \n h-n-\-ßƒ _n n \evin-bn- p- v. kn Fkv B BZy-ambn tim ]-td v tkmjy sdkvt]m kn-_n-fn n ( kn Fkv B ) F Bibw Iº\n \nb-a-øn Dƒs - AXn\papºv ]men- n-cn- -Ww. s{iun v td nwkv Dƒs -ss-bp-ff Imcy-ßƒ ]men- -tijta ]_vfniv Iº-\n-Iƒ v s]mxp-p-\-ßfn \n v Unt m-kn v kzoicn- m- \m-ip-i-bp-f-fp. * enãuv Iº-\n-Iƒ \n nx t^man dnt ^b snø-ww. {]tam- am, Iº-\n-bnse ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff 10 Hml-cn-bp-S-a-I-fpsS F n-h-cpss Hml-cn-D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn hcp am - ßƒ 15 Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn cpnkv{smsd Adn-bn- n-cn- -Ww. * enãv snbvxxpw A m-ø-xp-amb F m Iº-\n-Iƒ pw t]mã _me v _m[-i-am-bn-cn- pw. * Hcp Iº\n \jvs-øn Iem-in Izm -dn CS- me em`-hoxw {]Jym-]n- p-i-bm-sw- n AXv sxm p-ap-ºp-ff aq p-h jw \evinb icm-icn em`-ho-x-tø- mƒ IqSphm ]msn * _me kv jo v, t{]m^n v B Uv temkv A u- v, Imjv ^vtfm tã vsa v F nh Dƒs - -Xm-bn-cn- Ww _me kv jo v * \mj-w AssUz-kdn IΩn n Hm A u- nwkv Ãm Um Uvkns t]cv Z \mw-j-w ^n\m jy dnt m nwkv AtYm-dn n F m n am n. HmUn- nwkv Ãm Um Uv, A u- nwkv Ãm Um Uv F n-hbn Bh-iy-amb D]-tZiw \evip- I-sb- -XmWv F F^v B F bpss ZuXyw. * Iº-\n-bpsS BZy hm jni s]mxptbmkøn HmUn- sd \nb-an- - Ww. Cu HmUn- v Bdm-asØ hm jn-i-s]m-xp-tbmkw Ah-km-\n- p- -Xp-hsc Cu ÿm\øv XpScmw. HmUn- -dpss \nb-a-\sø hm jni s]mxp-tbmkw AwKo-I-cn- -Ww. hy n-kx HmUn- v 5 h jhpw HmUn- nwkv ÿm]-\- ßƒ v ]Øph jw hscbpw enãvuv Iº-\n-I-fpsS HmUn- nwkv ÿm\øv XpS-cmw. * HmUn- am HmUn v Ãm Um Uv A\pk-cn v h Øn- Ww * {]Xy- -amtbm ]tcm- -amtbm Hcp Iº-\n-bpsS HmUn- AXns Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. kmº-øni hf -bn ] m-fn-bm-ip- -Xn-s\m w [m an-i-ambn {]h Øn- p-hm\pw Iº- \n-bnse tpmen- m-cp-tsbpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw Iº\n {]h Øn- p ÿe-tøbpw P\-ß-fpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\papff [m ani DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv ]pxnb Iº\n \nb-a-øn hnhn- n- p- -Xv. ]pxnb \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn v Hcp [\- Im-cy-h j-øn 500 timsn cq] s\ v h Øpw 1000 timsn cq]bn A[nIw hn p-h-chpw A p-timsn cq]-bn-e-[niw A m-zm-b-hp-ap-ff Iº-\n-Iƒ v kn k_vkn-un-b-dn, tlmƒunwkv Iº- \n-iƒ F n-hbv v {]Xy- -amtbm ]tcm- -amtbm tkh\tam D]-tZitam \evin- q-sm. * C y Iº-\n-Iƒ v hntzi Iº-\n- I-fn ebn- p-hm A\p-a-Xn. ]gb Iº\n \nb-a-øn hntzi Iº- \n v C y Iº-\n-bn ebn- phm-\p-ff A\p-a-Xntb D m-bn-cp- pffp * enãv snbvxv Iº-\n v enãv snømø Iº-\n-bn ebn- mw. ]t Hmln-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ v Hmlcn ssisbm-gn-bp-hm-\p-ff Ah-kcw \evi-ww. * sslt m-s-xn-bn \n- p-ff A\p-aXn IqSmsX Iº-\n-Iƒ v ebn- mw. Iº-\n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff eb-\w, Iº\n hmß, Iº\n enizn-tuj XpS-ßn-bh C\n Ffp- -am-ipw. apjy Hml-cn-bp-S-abv v \yq\-] v Hml-cn-bp-S-a-bn \n v Hmlcn hmßp- -Xn-\p-ff hni-z-amb \S-]- Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ]pxnb _n n Dƒs - Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. * Iº-\n-Iƒ Ub-d-IvS t_m Un Ipd- Xv 1 h\n-xsb Dƒs -Sp-Ønbn-cn- -Ww. * F m Iº-\n-I-fp-tSbpw Ub-d-IvS t_m Uv AwK-ß-fn aq n-sem v kzx{ Ub-d-IvS am-cm-bn-cn- -Ww. Ah-cpsS Imem-h[n 5 h jw hoxap-ff c p tsw Bbn-cn- pw. Hcp kzx{ Ub-d-IvS v ]c-am-h[n 20 Iº-\n-I-fn Ub-d-IvS BImw. kzx{ Ub-d-IvS am- F m-bn-cn- -W-sa v IrXy-ambn \n h-nn- n- p- v. kzx{ Ub-d-IvS BIphm B{K-ln- p- -h Khs n cpn-ã snbvxn-cn- -Ww. Kh-s n \n v Ub-d-IvS sfu n-^n-t -j \º ( Un ) e`n- pw. Un e`n- -h t Ub-d- IvS-dm-Ip-hm km[n- p-i-bp-f-fp. * Hcp Iº-\n-bn hnhn[ skiyq-cn n DS-a-I-fpsS ( Hml-cn, Un_-, Unt m-kn v XpS-ßn-b-h) FÆw 1000 Ihn- m AØcw Iº-\nbn t\m FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ubd-IvS snb am-\mbn tãiv tlmƒtugvkv dnte-j jn]vkv IΩn n cq]o-i-cn- - -Ww. Fkv B hip- p-iƒ _m[-i-am-bn-cn- pw. XpS -bmb aq p ]n Ime kmº- ØnI h j-ß-fnse A m-zm-b-øns 2 ix-am-\-sa- nepw kmaq-lym-h-iy-ßƒ pth n sne-h-gn- -W-sa v kn Fkv B hip v A\p-im-kn- p- p. Ipd- Xv Hcp kzx{ Ub-d-IvSsdsb- nepw Dƒs -Sp-Øn. Iº-\n-Iƒ CXn- \mbn kn Fkv B IΩn n cq]o-i-cn- - Ww. ss{]h v enan- Uv Iº-\n pw CXp _m[-i-am- n-bn- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS kn Fkv B \bw Xbm-dm n Iº-\n-bpsS Ub-d-IvS t_m Un\v ka n- p-i-sb- Xv kn Fkv B IΩn- n-bpss Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. ð P-9

cq]bpw Pn Un ]nbpw ]pxnb Kh Wdpw 3 ]pxnb Kh W-dpsS apºn sh p-hn-fn-i-tf-sd-bm-wv. cq]-bpss \jvs-s -Sp hnizm-kyx t\sn-sb-sp- p-ibpw kº-zvl-s-\-bn Bfl-hn-izmkw \nd-bv p-i-sb- -Xp-amWv BZysØ sh p-hn-fn. Zi-I-Ønse G hpw Xmgv hf -bn FØn \nev p kº-zvl-s-\sb hf m {Sm n Xncn-s -Øn- p-i-sb- -XmWv ASpØ sh p-hn-fn. Ahn-Sw-sIm pw ]co- -Iƒ Xocp- n-. ho pw Xe-s m n XpS-ßp ]W-s -cp- w, Db p \nev p [\-I-Ωn. hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bnse Xf, Db p \nevip ]en-i- \n-c- p-iƒ- - - ]co- -Ifpw ]co- -W-ßfpw Gsd-bm-Wv. CXn-\p-ff acp p tumivs-dpss ] -ept m? Nm Pv FSp- p- -Xn\v 17 Znhkw aptº \nbp Kh W tum. clpdmw tkmhnµv cmp dnk hv _m n-seøn tpmen snbvxp XpS-ßn. dnk hv _m ns Ncn-{X-Ønse BZysØ Hm^o-k kvs]j Uyq n-bmbn FØnb cmp sk]v w-_ A n-\m- Wv Kh W ÿm\w Gs -Sp- p- -Xv. dnk hv _m v \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ]Tn v kabw If-bm-\n- m-ø-xn-\m-emwv Hm^o-k kvs]j Uyq n-bn cmp t\csø FØn-b-Xv. sk]v w-_ 17- \v a[y-izm kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i\w ]pd- Øp-hn-Sp-hm-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-t\gv Znhkw aptº tpmen-s -Ønb cmp\v dnk hv _m ns t\xr-\n-c-bn-ep-f-f-hsc F m-h-tcbpw [\-Im-cy-a-{ m-e-b-øn apjb D]-tZ-i-I-s\ \ne-bn Adn-bmhp- -Xm-Wv. AXn-\m Xs BZy Znhkw Xs su]yq n Kh W am-cpambpw a pw N Bcw-`n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. cmps hchv G hpw {]bm-k-ic-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-ip cmpy-øns kº-zvl-s-\sb Xncn p hf -bn FØn- ptam? cq]-bpss hnizm-k-xyx cmps BZysØ ap K-W\ cq]- bpss hnizm-kyx t\sn-sb-sp- p-i-sb- - Xm-Wv. HmK-Ãn am{xw cq] 7 ix-am-\- Chief Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor In Charge: Joy Philip joyphilip@gmail.com Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar jayeshhin@yahoo.co.in Media Consultancy Current Business Inc. tømfw CSnhv ImWn- p. tumf-dn\v 64 cq]bv p api-fn FØn \nev p-i-bm- Wv. am{x-hp-a h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\-amwv cq]-bn Znh-khpw kw`-hn- p- -Xv. kz W-Øns Cd- p-axn Xocph h [n- n- p- -X-S w Ht sd \S-]-Sn-Iƒ [\- a-{ m-ebw FSp-Øp-sh- nepw cq]-bpss t]m v Htc Zni-bn-em-bn-cp- p. Xmtg-bv v. cmp\v Xo -bmbpw CsXmcp ]co- - WImeam-bn-cn- psa -Xn kwi-b-an. cq]-bn ÿncx sim p-h-cp- -Xns\m w kº-zvl-s-\sb hf -bntebv v Xncn- p-sim- p-h-cp- -Xn-\mWv cmps ASpØ ap K-W\. 2012-13- se hf bmb 5 ix-am\w Cu Zi-I-Ønse G hpw Ipd hf -bm-wv. CXpw hen-sbmcp ]co- -bm-wv. F m-hcpw s]s - p-ff dnk n-\p-th n ImØn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CtXm-sSm w \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ cmps apºn kpo-h-ambn p v. s]mxpta-je _m p-i-fpss Dbcp In m- -Sßƒ, ]pxnb _m p-iƒ Bcw-`n- p- - Xn\v _nkn-\kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ v A\paXn \evi, ho pw Db-cp-hm XpS-ßnbn- p-ff ]W-s -cp- w, hymh-km-bni amµyw,... ]W-s -cp w {]iv\w ASpØ ]co- Ww ]W-s -cp- - Øns \nb-{ Ww Xs -bm-wv. Un kp -dm-hp-hns ISpØ \ne-]msv aqew ]W-s -cp w PqWn 4.86 ix-am-\-øn FØn-sb- nepw Pqsse-bn 5.89 ix-am- \-am-wv. kl-\o-b-\n-e-bmb 4 5 ix-am- \-Øn\p api-fn ]W-s -cp w FØnbn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ` y-hn-e-bnse h [- \-bmwv ]W-s -cp w Db Øn-b-Xv. ani a kq CXn\v sndnb CS-thf-bv p-f-fn CXn\v ]cn-lm-c-ap- m- n- Ø-cp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Ign GXm\pw h j-ß-fmbn C ybn ]W-s -cp w hfsc Db p \nev p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. h txm-xn k_vknun \evti n hcn-ibpw AXns KpWw kaq-l-ønse D p In p- -Xp-amWv ]W-s -cp- sø Db Øn \nev p Imc-W-ß-fn-sem- v. dnk hv _m v Kh W-td- mƒ Khs n-\mwv ChnsS icn-bmb Imcy-ßƒ snøp-hm km[n- p- -Xv. F m thm p cmjv{so-b-øn kω ±-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn [\-IΩn Db-cp- -Xn-s\- Xntc I-Æ-S-bv p-i-bmwv Kh-s v. Chn-sS-bmWv cmps [\-a-{ m-eb-hp-am-bp-ff _ w D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am- p- -Xv. 1997- A sø Kh W-dm-bncp kn cwk-cm-p-\pw A p [\-a-{ nbm-bn-cp NnZw-_chpw XΩn [mc-wbp- m-bn-cp- cq]bv p acp- p-amsbmcp tumivs temisø 10 kmº-øni imkv{x- -cn Hcm-fmbn IW-s -s -Sp clpdmw tkmhnµv cmp dnk hv _m ns Ccp-]-Øn-aq mw Kh W-dmbn \nban- -s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. 2008- se BtKmf kmº-øn-i-ip-g- -ß-sf- p-dn v hfsc IrXy-amb ap -dn-bn v \evin-b-txm-ss-bmwv clpdmw cmp temi-{i ]nsn p ] n-b-xv. 11963 s^{_phcn aq n\v t`m men Bbn-cp p P\- \w. Xan-gv\m- n \n- pff C y _yqtdm- {Im v tkmhnµv cmp- \mwv ]nxm-hv. ]nxmhns tpmen-tbm-s-\p- _- n v ]e cmpy-ßfn-em-bn- mwv BZy- Ime hnzym-`ym-kw. Ggmw Ivfmkv hsc t`m m-en ]Tn cmp XpS v {ioe-, Ct m-t\-jy, ]pxnb dnk hv _m v Kh W clpdmw cmp _ Pnbw F n-hn-sß-fn ]Tn- p. 1974- C y-bn Xncns -Ønb cmp U ln-bn-emwv XpScv v kviqƒ hnzym-`ymkw ]q Øn-bm- nb-xv. 1985- sf sf Sn U ln-bn \n v kz W-sa-U-temsS Ce-Iv{SnIv F Pn- \o-b-dnwkv _ncpzw t\snb cmp Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv sf sf FΩn \n v amt\- Pvsa nepw kz W-sa-U-tem-sS-bmWv Fw _n F FSp-Øp-Xv. 1991- v Ata-cn- -bnse akm-nyq-sk vkv C Ãn- yq v Hm^v ssivt\m-f-pn-bn \n v ^n\m kn tumivs-td v FSp-Øp. bqwn-th-gvkn n Hm^v Nn m-tkm-bnse _qøv kviqƒ Hm^v _nkn-\-knemwv cmp Xs Icn-b- XpS-ßn-b-Xv. k hokv {]^-k-dm-bn- m-bn-cp p XpS- w. ]n osv sf Fw F^ns No^v C -twm-an-ãm-bn. AXpw \mev]xmw hb-kn. Ata-cn- ^n\m kv Atkm-kn-tb-js {]kn-u mbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn- n- p- v.temi-_m- v, s^u-d dnk hv t_m Uv, kzouojv ]m esa dn IΩo-j F n-hn-s-ß-fn hnkn- nwkv {]^-k-dmwv. \mev-]xp hb-kn\p Xmsg-bp-ff G -hpw ani kmº-øni imkv{x- -\v Ata-cn- ^n\m kv Atkm-kn-tb-j \evip- ^nj _mfm v ss{]kv Dƒs ss \nc-h[n ]pckvim-c-ßfpw _lp-a-xn-ifpw cmp\v e`n- n- p- v. \nc-h[n ]pkvx-i-ßfpw tej-\-ßfpw At±lw {]kn- o-i-cn- n- p- v. tkhnwkv Im n- -enkw {^w Im n- -enãv CXn G hpw {it -b-amb ]pkvx- I-am-Wv. Nn mtkm _qøv {]^-k eyqpn sk\-sk-bn kp-ambn tn v 2004- BWv Cu ]pkvx-iw- c-nn- -Xv. ^n\m jy sssw-kv, tkmƒuvam kmivkv XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n Ah Uq-Iƒ hmßn- q- nb t^mƒ v sse kv: lu lnu {^mivtngvkv Ãn s{x Z thƒuv Ct m-wan F ]pkvxiw 2010 cnn- p. 2012- Zn {Sq sek kv Hm^v Z sdk-j ]pdøp h p. Ign h j-amwv Kh-s v Hm^v C y-bpss No^v C -twm-aniv AssUz-k-dmbn cmp \nb-an- -s - -Xv. Ct mƒ dnk hv _m v Kh W-dpw.

4 p. U ln-bnse kmº-øni ]cn-jvimc-ßƒ -\p-k-cn v apwss_-bn ]W-\- b-øn am pw hcp-øp-i. CtX kao]w NnZw-_-chpw clpdmw cmp\pw XΩn-ep- m- p-hm {]bm-k-ap- m-hp-i-bn-. CXv kº-zvl-s-\sb hf -bn-tebv v \bn- p-hm CS-bm- pw. Ct mgsø Kh W Un. kp dmhphns tkh\ Imemh[n sk]v w-_ \men\v Ahkm\n pibmwv. hne b w \nb{ n p Xn\p apjy]cnkw\ \ Ip kp dmhp hf bv mbn ]eni\nc p XmgvØWsa k m BhiyØn\p hgßmsx hfsc kzx- { -amb \ne ]msp kzoi-cn p hcn-i-bmbn-cp- p. dnk hv _m ns kzbw-`-cww Db Øn- n-sn- p- -Xn\pw ]pd-øp-\n- pff kω ±-ßsf AXn- -Po-hn- p- -Xn\pw kp -dmhphn\p Ign- p. k m ]n pw C m-xn-cp- n pw kp -dmhpw FSpØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]W-s -cp- sø XmgvØn. ]t AtXm-sSm w kmº- ØnI hf bpw Xmgv p. cmpysø ]mh-s - -h-cpƒs ss timsn- -W- n\mfp-i-sf _m[n- p Imcy-am-b-Xn-\m ]W-s -cp- sø Aa Øp-I-sb- -Xn\mWv apjy-]-cn-k-w- \-sb p kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-ß-fn-eqssbpw ]W-\-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw kp -dmhp Bh Øn p hy -am- n-bn-cp- p. F nepw Hcn- t mepw Kh-s ns hf ] -Xn-Iƒ p XS-k-ambn \n ns p am{x-a-, ]e-t mgpw i -amb ]n p-wbpw \evin-bn-cp- p. AXv Khs pw hyh-km-b-ßfpw B{K-ln- p hn[-øn A m-bn-cp- p-sh p am{xw. B _n sfbpss ÿm\w `mhn-bn dnk hv _m ns ÿm\w Fs p \n h-nn- pi-sb- - Xm-bn-cn pw cmps as mcp sh p-hnfn. [\-Imcy ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ v cmp Xe-h-\mbn Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-ff dnt m pw dn -tbuv PÃokv _n F {ioirjvw snb am-\mbn Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-ff ^n\m jy - skivs sepn-kvtf- ohv dnt^mwkv IΩo-j dnt m n Nne in]m i-iƒ dnk hv _m ns\ t\cn v _m[n- p- -Xm-Wv. Ah-bn \ne-]msv FSp- p-i-sb- Xv cmp t\cn-sp sh p-hn-fn. ]W-\bw Hcp ] w hnz-kv[ Dƒs Sp IΩn n FSp- -W-sa- -XmWv Hcp in]m i. AXn-t\mSv cmp\pw tbmpn- m-wp-f-f-xv. ]t CXv Kh-s n\v ]W-\bw Xocp-am-\n- p- -Xn ta ss In p-sa- -XmWv {]iv\w. Khs v Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- p Hcp ÿm]-\-ambn dnk hv _m v Xcw-Xm-gp-sa- -XmWv CXnse A]-I-Sw. Kh-s v AXns DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz- Øn \n v Hgn- p-am-dm\p-ff Ah-kcw D m-hp-ibpw snøpw. ]pxnb Zni \eviptam? cmpysø kº-zvl-s-\bv p ]pxnb hf Zni \evip-hm {]bm-ks -Sp [\-a{ n ]n NnZw-_-c-Øn\p ]n n Dd ]n p-w-bpambn \evip cmps ]W-\-bhpw cmpym- -c-k-º-zvl- S-\-bnse ]cn-n-bhpw cmpy-øns kº- ZvL-S-\sb icnbmb Zni-bn-tebv v Xncn- p-hn-sp-sa {]Xo- -bm-wp-f-f-xv. {]W_v apj Pn cmjv{s-]-xn-bmbn sxc-s -Sp- -s Hgn-hn ]n NnZw- _cw [\-a-{ n-bmbn FØn-b-tXmsS bmwv Ct m-gsø ssu\-ankw kº- ZvL-S-\-bn D m-b-xv. F m AXp hfsc Xma-kn p t]mbn-cp- p. BZy-aq- p-h jsø BekyØns ^ew Ct mƒ kº-zvl-s\ A\p-`-hn p hcn- I-bm-Wv.AXn \n p Ic-I-b-dp-hm kab-sa-sp- p-sa- mwv Cu cwksø kw`h-hn-im-k-ßƒ hy -am- p- -Xv. CØ-c-Øn hfsc {]bm-k-i-camb Ah-k-c-Ønepw A -co- -Øn-epamWv NnZw-_cw [\-a-{ n-bmbn FØp- -Xv. A`y- -chpw cmpym- -c-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hf Hmtcm dnk hv _m ns\ \bn- -h 1935- dnk hv _m v Hm^v C y Bcw-`n- Xp apx 22 t] Kh W amcm-bn- p- v. Ccp-]Øn aq m-asø Kh W-dmWv clpdmw cmp. k Hkvt_m kvanøv ( 1935 G{]n 1 1937 Pq 30 ) dnk hv _m ns BZysØ Kh W-dm-Wv. _m -dmb At±lw 30 h jsø _m nwkv ]cn-n-b-hp-am-bmwv C y-bn 1926- FØn-b-Xv. Cw]o-cnb _m v Hm^v C y-bpss amt\-pnwkv Kh W-dm-bn- mbncp p At±-l-Øns hc-hv. dnk hv _m v Kh W Bbnsb nepw Imem-h-[n p atº At±lw cmpn hbv p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. k Pbnwkv ssbve ( 1937 Pqsse 1 1943 s^{_p-hcn 17 ) C y knhn k hokv AwK-ambn-cp Pbnwkv ssbve C y Khs ns Id kn Un m p-sa n Hcp Zi-I-tØmfw {]h Øn- n- p- v. Id kv I t{sm-f, [\-Imcy hip v sk{i- dn F o \ne-i-fn {]h Øn- p. dnk hv _m v Hm^v C y \nbaw cq]- s -Sp-Øp- -Xn henb ] p hln- p. Kh W BIp- -Xn\v apºv _m n su]yq n Kh W Bbn {]h Øn- ncp- p. At±lw c mw tsan s]s p ac-w-a-s-bp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. k kn Un tzivapjv ( 1943 HmKÃv 11 1949 Pq 30 ) C y knhn k hokv AwKamb Nn m-a Zzmc-Im-\mYv tzivapjv dnk hv _m ns BZysØ C y- mc-\mb Kh W-dm-Wv. 1941- dnk hv _m ns su]yq n Kh W-dm-bn. Kh W-dm-bn-cp Pbnwkv ssbve-dns ac-w-sø-øp-s v 1943 HmK-Ãn tzivap-jns\ Kh W-dmbn \nb-an- p-i-bmbn-cp- p. dnk hv _m ns G hpw {]mbw Ipd Kh Wdpw IqSn-bmWv At±-lw. \mev]-øn-tbgmw hb-kn-emwv At±lw Kh W-dm-Ip- -Xv. C y-bpss kzmx-{ y-øn-te-bv p-ff am hpw cmpysø c mbn sh n-ap-d- n-xn-s\-øp- S p-ff ] p-]n-cn-bepw Dƒs ss \nch[n Ncn{X kw`-h-ß-ƒ v km yw hln- -bm-fmwv At±-lw.1949- dnk hv _m nt\ tzi-km-evi-cn- -t mƒ At±-lam-bn-cp p Kh W. ]n osv 1950-56 Ime-b-f-hn C y-bpss [\-Im-cy-a-{ nbmbpw At±lw {]h Øn- n- p- v. k s_\-k cma dmhp ( 1949 Pqsse 1 1957 P\phcn 14 ) Kh W ]Z-hn-bn G hpw IqSp- X Imeancp dmhphpw C y knhn k ho-kn \n- mwv dnk hv _m ns Xe- -sø-øn-b-xv. bp Fkn Aw_m-k-U-dmbpw {]h Øn- n- p- v. 1957- [\-a-{ n-bp-am-bp-ff A`n-{]mbhy-Xymk-sØ-Øp-S v ÿm\w cmpn hbv p- I-bm-bn-cp p dmhp. si Pn Aws_-tKm-I ( 1957 P\phcn 14 1957 s^{_phcn 28 ) C y knhn k ho-k-kn \n- mwv B _n sf su]yq n Kh W ÿm\-tøbv p FØnb At±lw cmadmhp cmpn-h Hgn-hn CS- me Kh Wdmbn \nb-an-x-\m-ip-i-bm-bn-cp- p. _m v t\m n H p-h-bv p-hm-\p-ff `mkyw At±-l-Øn\v e`n- n-. F v hn B Aø- m ( 1957 am v 1 1962 s^{_phcn 28 ) C y knhn k ho-kn \n- mwv F hn B Aø- m dnk hv _m n-s\-øn-b-xv. t\csø tã v _m v Hm^v C ybpss sn am-\mbpw At±lw {]-h Øn- n-cp- p. At±-l-Øns Imem- ØmWv Unt m-kn v C jp-d kv ]co- -Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn Bcw-`n- -Xv. ]n kn ` -Nmcy( 1962 am v 1 1967 Pq 30 ) C y HmUn v B Uv A u v k ho-k-kn \n p [\-a-{ m-e-b- Øns sk{i- -dn-bmbpw XpS v Fkv _n sf snb am-\p-am-b-ti-j-amwv ]n kn ` -Nmcy dnk hv _m n-se-øn-bxv. F si Qm ( 1967 Pqsse 1 1970 sabv 3 ) C y knhn k ho-kn \n- pff-bm-fmwv Qm. {][m-\-a-{ n-bpss sk{i- -dn-bmbn {]h Øn- -ti-j-amwv Kh W Bbn \nb-an-x-\m-b-xv. 1969- se _m v tzim-km-evi-cww QmbpsS Ime- Øm-bn-cp- p. 1970 Imem-h[n Ah-km- \n- -txmss Qm Ata-cn- -bn C y Aw_m-kn-U-dm-bn. _n F AUm ( 1970 sabv 4 1970 Pq 15 ) {]^-j-w C -twm-an-ãmb AUm Zo L-\mƒ C y Khs ns kmº-øn-tim-]-tz-jvsm-hm-bncp- p. sf Fw F^v FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS, dnk hv _m v su]yq n Kh W \ne-i-fnepw {]h Øn- -ti-jamwv Kh W ÿm\-sø-øn-b-xv. Fkv PK- m-y ( 1970 Pq 16 1975 sabv 19 ) temi-_m- n C y-bpss FIvk- Iyq- nhv Ub-d-IvSdmbn {]h Øn- n- p-ff PK- m-y C y knhn k hokn \n- mwv dnk hv _m ns Xe- sø-øn-bn- p-f-f-xv. F kn sk Kp]vX ( 1975 sabv 19 1975 HmKÃv 19 ) PK- m-y cmpn-h Hgn-hn aq p amk-tø-bv m-bn-cp p sk Kp-]vXbpsS \nb-a-\w. [\-Im-cy-a-{ m-e-b-øn Un m vsa v _m nw-kn sk{i- -dnbmbn {]h Øn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p At±lw. si B ]pcn ( 1975 HmKÃv 20 1977 sabv 2) sse^v C jp-d kv tim ]-td-j Hm^v C ybpss snb am ÿm\-øp- \n- mwv dnk hv _m v Kh W ÿm\- tøbv v ]pcn FØp- -Xv. taje {KmaoW _m p-ifv cq]-h-xvi-cn- Xv ]pcnbpss Ime-Øm-Wv. Fw \c-knw-l ( 1977 sabv 2 1977 \hw-_ 30) dnk hv _m v tiu-dn \n v \nban- -s -Sp GI Kh W-dmWv \c-knwl. dnk hv _m n dnk v Hm^o-kdmbn tpmen-bn {]th-in- -bm-fmwv \cknw-l. ]n osv Kh-s v k ho-kn tn p. Un m vsa v Hm]v C -twmaniv A^-tb-gvkn AUo-j-W sk{i- -dn-bmbn. Ggp-am-ksØ Ime-b-f-hmWv At±-l-Øn\v e`n- -Xv. Xp v temi-_m- nepw sf Fw F^nepw FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS-dmbn {]h Øn- n- p- v. 1991- se kmº-øni ]cn-jvimc IΩn- n, 1998- se _m nwkv skivs dnt^mwkv F n-hbpss snb am-\m-bn-cp p At±-lw. tum. sf Pn ]t (1977 Unkw- _ 1 1982 sk]v w-_ 15) C -twm-anãpw `c-wm-[n-]-\p-am-bncp tum sf Pn ]t [\-Im-cy-a-{ mebw sk{i- dn ÿm\-øp-\n- p-amwv Kh W ]Z-hn-bn-tebv v FØn-b-Xv. tum. a tam-l knwkv (1982 sk]v w-_ 16 1985 P\p-hcn 14) [\-Im-cy-a-{ m-ebw sk{i- -dn, Bkq-{X-W-I-Ωo-j D]m-[y- F o \ne-i-fn {]h Øn- -ti-j-amwv Kh W ]Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. XpS v 1991- C ybpss [\-a-{ nbpw 2003- {][m-\-a-{ n-bp-am-bn. kmº-øni DZm-ch-XvI-c-W-Øn\v XpS w Ipdn- Xv knwkv [\-a-{ n-bm-bn-cp- -t m-gm-wv. F tlmjv (1985 P\p-hcn 15 1985 s^{_p-hcn 4) 1982 apx su]yq n Kh W-dm-bncp tlmjn\v B F a tlm{x Nm Pv FSp- p- -Xp-h-sc-bp-ff Ime-b-fhn-te-bv mwv Kh W-dmbn \nb-a\w In n-b-xv. t\csø Ae-l-_mZv _m ns snb am-\m-bn-cp- p. B F a tlm{x (1985 s^{_p-hcn 4 1990 Unkw-_ 22 ) C y knhn k hokn s a tlm{x [\-Imcy sk{i- -dn, sf Fw F^v Ub-d-IvS F o ÿm\-ßƒ hln- -Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Kh W ÿm\- sø-øn-b-xv. Fkv sh n- -c-a-w (1990 Unkw- _ 22 1992 Unkw-_ 21 ) C y knhn k hokn s sh n ca-w [\-Imcy sk{i- -dn, I Wm-SI Khs n ns AssUzk F o \ne-i-fn {]h Øn- -ti-jamwv B _n sf Kh W-dmbXv. tum. kn cwk-cm-p (1992 Unkw- _ 22 1997 \hw-_ 21 ) {]^-j-w C -twm-anãv Bbncp cwk-cm-p Bkq-{X-W- -Ωo-j, ]Ømw [\-Imcy IΩo-j F n-h-bn AwK-am-bn-cp- p. Zo L-Imew dnk hv _m v su]yq n Kh W-dm-bn-cp- p. Ct mƒ {][m-\-a-{ nbpss kmº-øni D]-tZ-iI Iu kn-ens snb am-\m- Wv. tum. _na Pem (1997 \hw- _ 22 2003 sk]v w-_ 6 ) C y Kh-s ns apjy kmº- ØnI D]-tZ-jvSm-hv, _m nwkv sk{i- dn, [\-Imcy sk{i- -dn, Bkq-{X-W- - Ωo-j AwKw, {][m-\-a-{ n-bpss kmº- ØnI D]-tZ-iI Iu kn snb am F o \ne-iƒ {]h Øn- -ti-j-amwv dnk hv _m v Kh W-dm-b-Xv. sf Fw F^v, temi-_m v F n-h-bn C ysb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn v FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn- p- v. tum. ssh hn sdõn (2003 sk]v w- _ 6 2008 sk]v w-_ 5 ) C y knhn k ho-kn \n- mwv sdõn dnk hv _m v Kh W ÿm\-sø-øp- -Xv.-A-t±-l-Øns {]h Ø-\-Øns \s mcp ] v Bkq- {X-Ww, [\m-imcyw F n taj-e-i-fn-embn-cp- p. _m nwkv sk{i- -dn, AUo-j- W [\-Imcy sk{i- dn, dnk hv _m v su]yq n Kh W, sf Fw F^n C y-bpss FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS F o \ne-i-fn {]h Øn- -ti-j-amwv dnk hv _m v Kh W-dmbn FØp- -Xv. [\-Imcy taj-e-bnse ]cn-jvim-cßƒ v \nc-h[n kw`m-h-\-iƒ At±lw \evin-bn- p- v. Un kp -dmhp (2008 sk]v w-_ 5 2013 sk]v w-_ 5 ) C y Kh-s ns [\-Imcy sk{i- dn ÿm\-øp-\n- mwv dnk- hv _m ns\ \bn- p-hm-\mbn kp -dmhp FØn-b-Xv. aq p h j-tø-bv m-bncp p \n-\-a-\w. ]n osv c p h jw-iqsn \o n-s m-sp- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p.{][m-\-a-{ nbpss kmº-øni D]-tZ-iI Iu kn sk{i- -dn, temi-_m- ns eouv C twm-anãv XpS-ßnb \ne-i-fnepw {]h Øn- n- p- v.

5 Zphvdn kp -dmhp ]Sn-bn-d-ßp-tºmƒ Ghcpw {]Xo- n hn[-øn-ep-ff ]W- \bw{]jym]n -tijw dnk hv _m v Kh W Un kp -dmhpw Xs A ph jsøimem-h[n ]q Øn-bm n ]Snbn-d-ßp-I-bm-Wv. hfsc kw`h _lp-e-amb kmº- Øn-Im- -co- -Øn-emWv kp -dmhp dnk hv _m ns\ \bn- -Xv. ]mh-s - hsc G hpw IqSp-X _m[n- p-sa- -Xn- \m ]W-s -cp- sø Aa snøp- - Xn\v At±lw ap nb ]cn-k-w\ \evip- In-b-Xv. CXn-s\-Øp-S v ]e-t m-gpw hf -bv -\p-iq-e-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp- p-hm At±-l-Øn\v km[n- n-. F nepw Bh-iy-amb ka-b-ß-fn hf bv v A\p-Iq-e-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp- p-hm At±lw H pw asn- n-cp- n-. G hpw HSp-hn-esØ a[y-izm kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-ønepw At±lw kω ±-ßƒ p hg-ßmsx dnk hv _m ns kzbw`-c-w-\n-e-]msv Db Øn- n-sn- p. ]W-s -cp `oj-wn-bpss ] m- Ø-e-Øn \b ]en-i-\n-c- p-i-fn At±lw am w hcpøn-bn. CXv F mhcpw Gsd- psd {]Xo- n n-cp- -Xm-Wv. C y cq]-bpss Nm m w Xs bmwv AXn\v Imc-W-ambn F m-hcpw FSp-Ø- Xv. GXm\pw h j-ßƒsim v cq]-bpss aqey-øn 25 ix-am-\-øn-e-[niw tnm D m-bn-cn- p- p. [\-IΩn apx Id v A u v IΩn hsc-bpw ]W-s cp w apx kmº-øni hf m apcn- Sn v hsc-bp-ap-ff \nc-h[n Imc-W-ßƒ CXn\p ]n n-ep- v. am{x-hp-a ÿncx t\sp Xn\p-ff e -W-ßfpw cq] ImWn- n n-. h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\-ßfn-eq-ss-bmwv cq] \oßp- -Xv. Cu kml- N-cy-Øn dnk hv _m v ]en-i-\n-c- p- Iƒ Ipd-bv p-i-bn-s v Dd- m-bn-cp- p. adn v ]eni Ip p-tam-sb Bi- sb D m-bn-cp- p-f-fp. F m sk]v w-_ A n\v A p-h jsø Imem-h[n ]q Ønbm n ]pd-øn-d-ßp dnk hv _m v Kh W Zphvdn kp -dmhp `mhn- ]W-\- b-sø- p-dn- p-ff bmsxmcp kqn-\bpw \evin-bn- n-. AXv C\n hcp Kh W FSp- s F \ne-]m-smwv At±lw kzoi-cn- -Xv. hfsc A -tkm-sp-iq-snb kao-]\w F p ]d-bmsx hø. hf -sb- Xv dnk hv _m ns ]W-\-b-Øn-eqsS am{xw sim p-h-cm-hp- -X-s pw Kh-s mwv CXn\v ap ssi FSp-t - -sx pw Ign A p-h jsø Hmtcm kmº-øn-im-htem-i-\-øn-eqss At±lw Kh-s ns\ Hm an- n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. F m Khs v t]mko- ohv \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øt m-sgms A -co w C m-xn-cp- n pw A\p-Iq-e-ambn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSpØp kp -dmhpt]m p. 2012 G{]n-en-\p-tijw dnt]m \nc- p-i-fn 1.25 ix-am-\-øns Ipdhv dnk hv _m v hcp-øn-bn- p- v. cmpy-øn\p AIØp am{x-a-, cmpy-øn\p ]pdøp kw`-hn- p kmº- ØnI kw`-h-hn-im-k-ßƒ IqSn IW- nse-sp-øp-sim- m-bn-cn pw `mhn ]W- \bw cq]iev]\ snøp- -sx v Ign kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-øn At±lw hy -am- n-bn-cp- p. Id v A u v IΩnbpw cq]p-bss aqey-tim-j-whpw IW- n-se-sp- msx ]W-\bw {]Jym- ]n- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-s - Xv ]I t]mse hkvxp-x-bm-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ImcWw cmpy-øn-\-iøp ]W-s -cp w h [n- p-hm Id v A u v IΩnbpw cq]-bpss aqey-tim-j-whpw hgn hbv p- p. CXp-sIm p Xs Cd- p-a-xn p klm-bn- p ]W-e-`yX I i-\-am- phm dnk hv _m v asn ImWn- n-. CXv {lkz-im-e-øn ]en-i-\n-c- v h [- \bv v hgn h n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXv cmpy-øns kmº-øni hf bpss thkw ho pw Ipd-bv pw. 2012-13- 5 ix-am-\-amwv Pn Un ]n hf. \S- p-h jw hf 5.5 ix-am-\- Øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa- mwv dnk hv _m ns hne-bn-c-ø. Ign Ahtem-I-\-Øn 5.7 ix-am\w {]Xo- nx hf -bmwv dnk hv _m v IW- m- nbn-cp- -Xv. Kh-s v _P- n 6.7 ixam\w hf IW- m- p- p-sh- nepw hf 6 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmtgbv p \oßp-sa- mwv Ct mƒ hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. Ct m-gsø I i ]W-\-b- Øn Abhp hcp-ø-w-sa- n cq] ÿncx t\s-w-sa- mwv dnk hv _m v hy -am- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. cq]- ÿncx t\sp- -Xn-\mbn dnk hv _m n\v H pw {]h Øn- p-hm-\n-. AXv Kh-s ns ssih-i-am-wv. kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ßfmwv AXn-\p-ff acp v F v dnk hv _m v ]d p h n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ign ]e kmº-øni Ah-tem-I-\- ß-fnepw ]d- n- p-ff Cu Imcyw Hcn- IqSn dnk hv _m v Bh Øn- ncn- p- p-sh-t -bp-f-fp. Kh-s v hf bv v A\p-Iq-e-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øm Xo -bmbpw dnk hv _m pw AXn\p ]n pw \evipw. B hgn sxcs -Sp- p-ibpw snøpw. Npcp- -Øn hf -tb- mfpw ]W-s -cp kω ±-tø- mfpw cq]-bpss ÿnc-x-bv mwv CØ-h-WsØ t]mfnkn-bn dnk hv _m v ]cn-k-w\ \evinbn- p-f-f-xv. ]pd-ta-\n- p-ff `ojwn A{Xbv p hep-xm-wv. cq]-bpss aqeytim-jwtø mƒ AXns h\y-amb hyxn-bm\w henb Bi- -bm-wp- m- p- -Xv. AXn-\m Xs ]W-e-`yX Ipdbv p- -Xn\v FSp-Øn- p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ cq] ÿncx t\sp- -Xp-hsc XpS-cp-sa v dnk hv _m v hy -am- p- p. Cu hyxnbm-\-ßƒ p ]n nse apjy-l-siw hep- Xmbn \nev p Id v A u v IΩnbm-Wv. CtXm-sSm- -amwv kmº-zvl-s-\- bn DS-se-Sp-Øn- p-ff hf m-ap-c-sn v aqew \nt ]w BI jn- p-hm IgnbmsX hcp- -Xpw. CXn\p ]cn-lmcw ImtW- n-bn-cn- p- p. dnk hv _m v hnhn[ kmº-øn- Im-h-tem-I-\-ß-fn C mcyw Bh Øn p hy -am- n-bn- p-f-f-xmwv. ]W-\-b-Øn\v kmº-øni hf -bn aq n-sem p ]t -bp-f-fp. Kh-s ns kmº-øn-i-]-cn-jvim-c-ßƒ mwv C mcy-øn aq n c v ] v hln- p-hm- \p-f-f-xv. Id v A u v IΩn Ipd-bv - W-sa- n Cd- p-axn _n Ipd-bv -Ww. AtXm-sSm w Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w Iq - Ww. AXn\v A`y- c kº-zvl-s-\sb IqSp-X a -c- -a-am -Ww. Hml-cn-Ifn-tebv v FØp \nt -]-sa-spøv Cd- p-xnsb ^n\m kv snøp \S-]Sn ] p-i-bn-. AXp-sIm- p-xs Cd- paxn _n hln- phm\p-f-f-xv. hn[-øn Fhn-sS-\n-s - nepw hntz-i-\mwy Is -Ø-Ww. ChnsS-bmWv Kh-s n\v ] v FØp- -Xv. kmº-øni hf sb klm-bn- p hn[-øn \nb-a-ß-fn Ab-hp- m-i-ww. \nt ]w t{]m m-ln- n- -Ww. t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t -]-Øn- \p-ff \b-ßfpw \nb-{ -W-ßfpw efn- X-am- -Ww. Npcp- -Øn \nt -]-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb A co w krjvsn- phm-\p-ff Npa-Xe Kh-s n\p v. ]W- \-b-øn-eqss dnk hv _m v Bh Øn p ]d-bp- Xv AXm-Wv. Kh-s mwv {]hr-øn-t - Xv, dnk hv _m v ]n -Wn-bn klm-bn am{xw.-c-txm an- n- p-sim v kp -dmhp dnk hv _m ns ]Sn-bn-d-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Izm -dnepw Ipd- p-h-cp Ahÿ. FSp-t ka-bøv Xocp-am-\- ßƒ FSp- m-ø- Kh-s ns \S-]-Sn- Iƒ p-ff {]mbn- n-ø-amwv NnZw-_cw sntø n h n- p-f-f-xv. cmpysø ho pw hf -bn FØn- p-i-sb v `Ko-cY {]b-xv\-amwv NnZw-_-cw cpldmw cmp Iq n\p ap n-ep-f-f-xv. NnZw-_-c-tØm-sSm w clpdmw cmp\pw Ign h jw HmK-Ãn-emWv [\-a-{ me-b-øn FØn-b-Xv. apjy-km-º-øni D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn. sf Fw ^ns kmº- Øn-I-hn-Z-Kv[-s\ \ne-tb- mƒ 2008- se BtKmf kmº-øn-i-am-µyw {]h-nn- p-sh- -XmWv clpdmw cmps\ temiw {i n- -Xv. {]mbw Ipd Kh W dnk hv _m ns Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw {]mbw Ipd Kh W am-cnsem-cm-fm-wv cmp. sk]v w-_ 5 \v A[n-Im-c-ta p-tºmƒ cmp\v 50 hbkpw Bdp-am-k-hp-am-bn-cn pw {]mbw. 1982- a tam-l knwkv Kh W-dmbn Nm sp-sp- p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\v 50 hbkv XnI-bp-hm 10 Znhkw IqSn _m n-bp- m-bn-cp- p. 1943- dnk hv _m v Kh W-dmbn kn Un tzivapjv Nm sp-sp- p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\v 47 hb-km-bn-cp p {]mbw. dnk hv _m ns G hpw {]mbw Ipd Kh W am{x-a-. BZysØ C y- mc-\mb Kh W-dpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp- p. Ign ]Øp-h j-øn-\p-f-fn knhn k ho-k-kn \n msx dnk hv _m v Xe- -sø-øp BZysØ-bm-fmWv cmp. kp -dm-hphpw AXn\p apºsø Kh W ssh hn sdõnbpw sf F Fkv Hm^o-k am-cmbn-cp- p. kº-zvl-s-\-bv p \jvs-amb Bflhnizmkw ]p\-ÿm-]n- p-hm kmº-øni hnz-kv[-\n \n p \b-cq-]o- I-cW hnz-kv[-\n-te-bv p amdnb cmp\v km[n- ptam? 2008- se BtKmf kmº-øni amµysø p-dn v ap -dn-bn v \evin temi {i ]nsn p ] nb clpdmw cmp\v AXp km[n- p-sa- p-x-s -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv.v. C y kº-zvl-s- \bv v Hcp Du P-Zm-b-Is\ G hpw Bhiyamb ka-b-ømwv BtKmf Xe- Øn ]cn-n-b-k-º- -\mb cmps\ Kh W-dmbn \nb-an- p-hm bp ]n F Kh-s v Xocp-am-\n- -Xv. Ign Hcp h j-ambn [\-a-{ me-b-øns apjy kmº-øn-tim-]-tz-jvsmhmbn {]h Øn- p-h-cp At±-l-Øn\v C y {]iv\-ßtfmsv A]-cn-Nn-Xz-an-. Cu c p taj-e-bn-ep-ff ]cn-nbw At±l-Øn\v ]pxnb tpmen-bn apx q- m-ip-sa- -Xn kwi-b-an-. C y hntzi-øp-\n p hmbv] e`y-am- p-hm\pw aqe- [\w BI jn- p-hm\pw h msx Zmln- p Cu Ah-k-c-Øn At±-l- Øns \nb-a\w Xo -bmbpw t]mko- ohv Cw]mIvSv D m- p-sa- -Xn kwib-an-.

6 cq] kzm`m-hni \nc- n-te v cq]-bpss aqey-ønse CSnhv H pw A{]- Xy- -am-bn-cp- n-. Ir{Xn-a-ambn Db Øn \n Øn-bncp cq]-bpss aqeyw ( tumf-dp-am-bpff cq]-bpss bym Y hn\n-a-b-\n-c v 70 cq]-bv -Sp-Øm-sW- mwv hne-bn-cp- Øp- -Xv). AXns bym \nc- n-\- Sp-tØbv v kz`m-hn-i-ambn FØn-bn-cn- p- p. ]t AXn\v Aev]w thkw IqSn-sb p am{x-ta-bp-f-fp. Zo L-\mƒ sim v kw`-hn-t - Xv ap Im-esØ snbvxn-i-fpss ^ew aqew s]s v h W p-th-t -bp-ffp. c p h jw apºv 9 ix-am-\-øn-\- SpØv Pn Un ]n hf \n -t mƒ Id- v A u v IΩn-bnse hf sb Ah-K-Wn p; Cu hf A\-kyq-Xambn XpS-cp-sa v IcpXn ]W-s -cp w Db-cp- -Xns\ Ah-K-Wn p; hntziøn\n- p-ff ]Wsamgp v C y-bpss hf m IY-bn BIr-jvS-cmbn pf-f-xmsw anyym-[m-cwbn Ign-bp-I-bm-bncp- p. HmKÃv 23- \v Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw XmgvN-bn cq] FØn. tumf-dn\v 65.56 cq]. ]n osv sa -s - p. Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw Xmgv IvtfmknwKv HmKÃv 220- -se 64.63 BWv. cq]-bpss \jvsw 2013 G{]n apx 18 ix-am-\-am-wv. c p h j- m-esø \jvsw 39.52 ix-am-\- hpw. ]Øp-h j- m-esø aqey-timjww 40.76 ix-am-\-am-wv. cq]-bpss XI -bv p-ff thkw Iq n-bxv bp ]n F Kh-s ns {]h Ø-\-cm-ln-Xy-am-sW p am{xw. bp F]n F Kh-s v c mw XhW A[n- Im-c-Øn h Xp apx cq]-bpss aqeyan-sn-hv Bcw-`n- -Xm-Wv. Imcy-ß-ƒ Xocpam-\-sa-Sp- msx \o n-bxns ^e-amwv Ct mƒ simøp- -Xv. aq p-h jsø {]h Ø-\-cm-ln-Xy-Øns ^ew. IXncn hfw hbv p- -Xp-t]mse `c-w- Øns Ah-km\ h j-øn Fs ms tbm [rxn ]nsn p snbvx-xp-sim v Imcy-ßƒ t\sc-bm-hp-i-bn-s -Xn\v DØ-tam-Zm-l-cWw IqSn-bmWv cq]-bpss aqey-ønse CSn-hv. 2008- - Bcw-`n kmº-øn-i- pg- -ßƒ C ysb Imcy-amb _m[n- p- I-bn-s Aan-X-amb Bfl-hn-izmkw, bym-k-abw Xocp-am\w FSp- p- -Xnse Aam- hpw Ae-k-Xbpw,Agn-a-Xn, _yqtdm-{ikn, XpSßn \nc-h[n Imc-Wßƒ kº-zvl-s-\-bp-tsbpw cq]-bp-tsbpw CSn-hn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. cq]bpss aqey-ønse CSnhv {lkz- Im-e-Øn Nne Zpc- -ß krjvsn- psim- n-cn- p-i-bm-sw- nepw Cu XmgvN- Hcp IpXn- n\v hgn-sx-fn- p-hm CS-bm- pw. Kh-s n\pw AXn-\p t\xr-xzw hln- p- -h pw anyym-[m-c-wbn \n v ]pd-øp-h-cp-hm Ah-k-c-samcp- bn-cn- p-i-bmwv Cu XI. ]pxnb kml-n-cy-øn-\-\p-k-cn v kº- ZvL-S-\sb ]p\ \n h-nn- p-hm\pw Ahk-c-sam-cp- p-i-bm-wv. C{Xbpw \mfpw ]pe Øn-t m \b-ß-fpss Imcy- a-x-bn-te-bv p-ff hnc Nq epw IqSnbmWv cq]-bpss hne-bn-sn-hv. Id v A u v IΩnbpw Cu c p IΩn-I-tfbpw \nb-{ -W- Øn \n Øp- -Xn\vv Kh-s v `mk- Øp-\n- p- mb Ae-k-X-bpsS ^eamwv kº-zvl-s-\ Ct mƒ t\cn-sp {]Xn-k- n. hc-h-dn-bmsx snehp snøp- -Xns ^ew. ISw hmßn pw A\ l v k_vknun \evin-s m- ncn- p \b-øns ^e-amwv cq]bpw kº-zvl-s-\bpw A\p-`-hn- p- -Xv. cmpy-øn-\-isø hc-hn-t\- mƒ cq]sb AXns ]m n\v hnt -bv p-i. Bh-iyw e`y-x-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn cq] kzbw tumf-dpa-bp-ff hn\n-a-b-\n-c- n FØn-t p-sim-f-fpw. Ct mƒ GXm v AXmWv kw`-hn- n- p-f-f-xv. cq]- bpss hne-bn-sn-hp-aq-e-ap-ff KpW-ß-sf ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw cq]-bpss tzmj-ßsf ]cam-h[n Ipd-bv p hn[-øn kº-zvl-s-\sb a -c- -a-am- p- -Xn-\p-ff \b-ßfpw ]cn-jvim-cßfpw ssis m-f-fp-itb cmpy-øn\v \nhr-øn-bpf-fp. ]e \S-]-Sn-Ifpw {lkz-im-e-øn thz-\-bpf-hm- p-sa- n t]m-epw. IqSp-X snehp snøp Xpaqew ( [\- I-Ωn-bpw) cmpy-øn\p ]pdsø hcp-am- \-tø- mƒ IqSp-X snehp snøp- - Xp-aq-ew( Id v A u v IΩn-bpw) h [n- p. CXns ^ew ]W-s -cp- w, Db ]en-i, kº-zvl-s-\-bpss Xf, Zp _-e-amb aqe-[-\-hn-]wn XpS-ßn-b-h-sbm- -bm-wv. H -hm-n-i-øn ]d- m Ign Hcp-Z-iIw sim v kmam-t\y\ i -amb kº-zvl-s\ \b-ssh-i-eyßƒ aqew Zp -_-e-amb kº-zvl-s-\- bmbn amdn-bn-cn- p- p. ap Im-e-ß-fnse \b-ønse sx p-iƒ Xncp-Øp-hm-\p-ff Ah-k-camWv cq]-bpss hne-bn-shv sim p-h- ncn- p- -Xv. Nne ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ Khs v \S- m- p-ibpw snbvxp. c p h jw apºv Btem-Nn- p-hm IgnbmØXmbn-cp p Nn d hnev]-\-ta-j-ebnse t\cn- p-ff hntzi \nt ]w 51 ix-am-\-am- p-i-sb- -Xv. Ign h jw [\-a{ n ]n NnZw-_cw [\-a-{ n-ÿm- \Øv Xncn-s -Øn-b-t mƒ CXp \S- m- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. CtX-Xp-S v \nc-h[n taj-e-i-fn t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t - ]-Øns ]cn[n Iq p-ibpw ]e taj-e- Ifpw CXn-\mbn Xpd p simsp- p-ibpw snbvxp. AtX-t]mse [\-IΩn Ipd-bv p- -Xn-\p-ff {iahpw XpS-ßn. Uok hne-bnse \nb-{ Ww `mkn-i-ambn \o n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. amkw-txmdpw eo -dn\v 50 ss]k hoxw Iq p-hm A\p-aXn \evin-bxp Xo -bmbpw henb Imcy-am-Wv. Npcp- -Øn Ct mgsø {]Xn-k n Ht sd kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ v hgn sxfn- n- p- v. hcpwam-k-ß-fn CXns ^ew kº- ZvL-S-\-bn {]Xn-^-en- pw. {lkz-im-e- Øn thz\ \nd- -XmWv A -co- sa- n-epw. bp Fkns\ ]gn-t kmº-øniamµysø AXn-Po-hn- m bp Fkv kmº-øni DtØ-PI ] Xn Bcw-`n- p-ibpw ]en-i-\n-c v ]qpyøn\-\-spøv \ndp-øp-ibpw snbvx-txmss D mb ]W-e-`yX C ybpƒs -ss-bp-ff hni-kzc cmpy-ß-fnse Itam-Un- n, CIzn n, ]W hn]-wn-i-fntebv v Hgp-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp- p. CtX-Øp- S v Cu hn]-wn-i-sf mw IpXn- pb p. CXp-hsc DtØ-PI ] -Xn-bmbn bp Fkv GXm v aq p e w timsn tumf-dmwv CØ-c-Øn ]ºp snbvx- Xv. Cu DtØ-PI ] Xn sk]v w-_-dn bp Fkv Ah-km-\n- n- p-hm t]mip- p-sh hm Ø-I-fmWv Ct m-gsø CSn-hn\v Imc-W-am-bn- p-f-f-xv. bp Fkns DtØ-PI ] Xn F p XpScp-I-bn-s - p-f-fxv F m-h pw Adn-bmhp Imcy-am-Wv. F{X ]We`y-X-bps - nepw GsX- nepw t]mbn n AXn\p Ipdhp hcp-sa- Xpw kmam\yxxzw. AtX Chn-sSbpw kw`hn- n- p-f-fp. ]t bmym y-ßƒ IW- nse-spøp h -t m-tgbv pw hf Ipd- n-cp- p. ]W-s -cp w Cc- -b- -Øntebv v Db n-cp- p. [\-IΩn IpØs\ Db n-cp- p. Id v A u v IΩn Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw Db -bn FØn-bn-cp- p. cq] Xmakn-bmsX ÿncx t\sp-sa v Dd- m-wv. ]t AXp tumf-dn\v 50 cq]-bnepw 54 cq]-bn-ep-sam- p-am-bn-cn- p-i-bn-. ]Icw Ct m-gsø 60 70 cq]-bn-em-bn-cn- psa p am{xw. hne-bn-sn-hns ^ew cq]-bpss hne-bn-snhv Ib- p-a- Xn pw hntz-iøp tpmen snøp C y- m pw KpW-tasd \evip- p- v. F m Cd- p-a-xn-bpss snehv h [n- n- p- p. AXm-bXv Cd- p-axn snøp F m DXv]- -ßƒ pw IqSp-X hne \evti n hcp- p. CXv hne- -b- -Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip- p. C ybpss Cd- p-a-xnbn apjy hkvxp- -fn-sem v {IqtUmbn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv Du Pm-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th- p-hm- IqSp-X XpI \evti- - Xmbn hcpw. CØ-c-Øn D m-ip snehn \s mcp ] pw Kh-s v JP-\m-hn \n v FSpØp \evip-i-bm- Wv. k_vknun F v a v hm n CXns\ hnfn- p- p. ^ew Kh-s v [\-ÿnxn ]mfp- p. [\-IΩn h [n- n- p- p. ]W-s -cp w IqSp- p. ]eni \nc v Db-cp- p. AXm-bXv kº-zvl-s- \-bpss cmpy-øn-\-isø a -c- -ax Ipd-bp- p. CXns ^e-ambn IqSp-X \nt ]w \S-Øp-hm Kh-s n\v Ign-bmsX hcp- p. Kh-s v \nt ]w \S-Øm-Øn-SØv \nt ]w \S-Øp-hm ]Ww ssih-i-ap-s - n t]mepw kzim-cy-ta-je Xbm-dm-hp-I-bn-. ^ew hyh-km-b-ta-j-ebpw XpS kº-zvl- S-\bpw Xf -bn-tebv p \oßp- p. AXmWv \mw Ct mƒ ImWp- -Xv. hntz-i-øp-\p pw kztz-i-øp-\n- p-ap-ff \nt -]-Isc \nt -]- Øn \n v ]n h-en-bp-hm t{]cn- n- p- p. C y [\-Imcy BkvXn-I-fn \nt ]w \S-Øp hntz-i-\n-t -]-I BZyw Ipd-bp- kml-n-cy-øn AXp ]n h-en v sa -s cmpyßfntebv v t]mip-hm-\p-ff {]h-wx ImWn- p- Xv kzm`m-hn-iw. Ign \mep-am-k-ambn C y hn]-wn-bn \n v hntz-i-\n-t - ]-I Cßs\ ]n hm-ßp- -XmWv Hmlcn hn]-wn-bnse bpw IS- -{X-hn-]- Wn-bn-tebpw CSn-hn\p Imc-Wm-Ip- -Xv. 2013- BZysØ 5 amkhpw s\ v \nt -]-I-cm-bn-cp hntz-i-\n-t -]-Iÿm-]-\-ßƒ PqWnepw Pqsse-bn-epambn Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw timsn cq]-bpss Hml-cn-Iƒ hn p. IS- {X hn]-w-bn \n v 46000 timsn cq]-bp-amwv ]n hen- -Xv. CXp XpS m cmpy-øns [\- Imcy hn]-wn-bn i -amb {]Xym-Lm- X-ß-fp- m- pw. ]en-i-\n-c v IqSp-I-bmbn-cn pw BZyw snøp-i. CXp hyh-kmb-ta-j-e-sb _m[n- pw. Hmlcn hn]wn CSn p \nev p- -Xn-\m Iº-\n- Iƒ v aqe-[\ kam-l-cww \S-Øphm km[n- p-i-bn-. aqe-[-\-\n-t ]w \S-Øp-hm \nt -]-I Xbm-dm-hp-I-bn-. as m v Ct m-gsø Id v A u v IΩn IqSp-X cq -am-ipw. hntz-i-\n-t ]w Xncn-s m-gp-ip- -txmss ssih-i-ap-ff tumf tijcw Ipd-bpw. Cd- p-axn {]bm-k-i-c-am-ipw. cq]-bpss CSnhv cq]-bpss CSnhv Akm-[m-c-WamtWm? hf -bn-tebv v, ]W-s -cp- -Øntebv v, [\-I-Ωn-bn-te-bv v, Id v A u v IΩn-bn-te-bv v, k_vkn-unbn-tebv v t\mt ka-bøp t\m msx sx mb ka-bøv sx mb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp- p- -XmWv cq]- bpss C sø Ah-ÿbv v ImcWw; kº-zvl-s-\-bpss C sø tami-amb hf bv v ImcWw; cmpysø Ipdbm asn- p ]W-s -cp- -Øn\v Imc- Ww... At mƒ cq]-bpss CSnhv kzm`mhn-i-amb ]cn-wm-amw am{xw. Npcp- -Øn C y kº-zvl-s-\- bnse LS-\m-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ cq]sb AXns bym aqey-øn-\-sp-tøbv v X n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. cq]sb Ir{Xn-aambn Db Øn \n Øp-hm-\p-ff {iaw Dt]- n v {lkz-im-e-ønse thz\ kln v ]cn-jvimc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ v Khs v Xbm-dm-bmte cq] sa -s -Sp-Ibp-f-fp.

hm [-Iy-Ønse hcp-am-\-øn\v dnth-gvkv tam vtkpv tem 7 Abmƒ dn -b snbvx-t mƒ BsIbp- m-bn-cp Xv 5 sk n Hcp sndnb hosp-am-{x-am-bn-cp- p. \K-c-Øn-em-bn-cp- - Xn-\m bm{xbv pw a pw kui-cy-am-bncp- p. s] j am{x-amwv GI hcp-am- \w. Abmƒ pw `mcybv pw BZy-Im-eß-fn Pohn- m AXp axn-bm-bn-cp- p. F m tcmkw ]nsn-s - -txmss H n\pw XnI-bm-sX-bm-bn. a ƒ c pt]-cp- m-bn-cp- Xv thsd ÿe-øm-bncp p Xma-kw. Ah v Abmsf klmbn- p-hm Ign-bp ÿnxn-bn-em-bn-cp- n-. As - n Ah p AXn\p a\- kp- m-bn-cp- n-. Abmƒ m-is as mcp tpmen- snøp-hm\pw km[n- pam-bn-cp- n-. hmbv] FSp-Øm Xncn- - S-bv m-\m-in-. hosv hnev m-sa p h m FhnsS Xma-kn- p-sa- -Xmbn {]iv\w. h j-ß-fmbn Pohn ho n \n p t]mip-hm Abmƒ p am{x-a `mcybv pw asn-bm-bn-cp- p. Cu Ah-ÿ-sb Fßs\ t\cn-s- W-sa- -dn-bmsx Ccn- p-tºm-gmwv dnthgvkv tam p-tk-p-s\- p-dn v Adn- -Xv. H p ]co- n- p-hm Abmƒ Xocp-am-\n- p. F mwv dnthgvkv tam p-tkpv? efn-x-ambn ]d- m `h\ hmbv]- bpss t\sc FXn-cv. hosp-ff B pw e`n- p hmbv]-bm-wn-xv.- `h\ hmbv] FSp-Ø-tijw amkw txmdpw Xncn- -Shv \S-Øp-I-bm-sW- n ChnsS t\sc Xncn- m-wv. hosns aqeyw IW- m n AXns\ \n t±-in- -s - n- p-ff Imemh[n hsc Hmtcm amkhpw \n nx XpI ho p-s-abv v \evip- p. CXns\ Xpey {]Xn-amk KUp F p hnfn- mw. As - n {]Xn-amk hcp-am-\-sa- v. tam v tkpv temwns Imem-h[n hsc-bmwv Cu {]Xn-amk XpI e`n- p-i. Imem-h[n Ign-bp-tºmƒ Cu XpI \evip- Xv _m v Ah-km-\n- n- pw. Imem-h-[n- n- S-bn Hcmƒ acn- m a -bmƒ v XpS pw Imem-h[n hsc {]Xn-amk KUp In n-s m- n-cn- pw. Imem-h-[n- -ti-jhpw Pohn- n-cp- m _m v B ho n Xma-kn- p-hm hmbv]- msc A\p-h-Zn- pw. F m {]Xn-ak KUp \evip-i-bn-. c pt] pw Pohn-Xm-h-km\w-hsc AhnsS Xma-kn- mw. B v CXv FSp mw _m[y-x-i-fn- mø hosv kz -ambp-ff Adp-]Xp hb-kmb apxn v ]uc- m v Cu hmbv] FSp- mw. dnthgvkv tam vtkpv tem Xo -bmbpw Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn A\p-{K-l-am-Wv. F m dn b sa v PohnXw apt m p sim p-t]m-ip-hm-\pff BZysØ t{kmxkv CXm-bn-cn- -cp-xv. dn b sa v sne-hn\v hcp XpI-bnse Ipdhv \ni- Øp-hm-\p-ff D]-I-c-W-ambn CXns\ D]-tbm-Ks - Sp-Ømw. Db s\ v h Øv Ds - nepw Bhiy-Øn\v hcp-am\w C m-ø \nc-h[n apxn ]uc- msc kaq-l-øn ImWmw. A-h v tbmpn- - XmWv Cu ] -Xn. kv{xoiƒ v 58 hbkv axn. `h\ hmbv] Iº-\n-I-fpsS sdkp-te- -dmbn h Øn- p t\mu GP kn-bmb \mj-w luknwkv _m mwv Cu ] Xn Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. Ipd Imem-h[n 10 h jhpw ]c-am-h[n ]Xn- \- p-h j-tø-bv pamwv {]Xn-a-k-K- Up- -fmbn XpI e`n- p- -Xv. H -Ø-h- W-bmbpw Cu XpI e`n- pw. e`n- p XpIsb hmbv]-bm-bn- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. hcp-am-\m-bn- -. AXn-\m Cu XpIbv v BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xntbm aqe-[-\- h-f m \nip-xntbm _m[-i-a-s v Khs v hy -am- n-bn- p- v. AXn- \m Xs hms-ibv p \evi- -Xn-t\- mƒ SmIvkv F^n-jy m-wn-xv. Nne hyÿ-ifpw CXn-t\mSv Iq nt Øn- p- v. hkvxp-hns aqey-øns 60 ix-am-\-\tam 50 e w cq]tbm hscbmwv hmbv]-øp-i-bmbn e`n- p- -Xv. Imem-I-e-ß-fn Cu t{]m n-bpss aqeyw se U hne-bn-cp-øpw. tam vtkpv tem Imem-h-[n-bn GXp ka-bøpw _m[y-x-iƒ Xo Øv t{]m n hos -Sp- p-hm tem FSp-Ø-bmƒ v Ah-Im-i-ap- v. CXn\v ]ng- -en-i-sbm pw \evti- -Xn-. Xncn- -Shv Fßs\ c p-t]cpw acn- m _m v AhcpsS A\- -cm-h-im-in-iƒ v c v Hm]vj-\p-I-fmWv \evip- -Xv. H p-in hmbv]-iƒ F mw Xo Øv hosv Xncns -Sp- p-i. _m v hosv hn v _m[y-x-iƒ Xo p- p. tijn XpI A\- -cm-h- Im-in-Iƒ v \evip- p. C y bmym yw C y-bn HmƒUv GPv tlmap-iƒ [mcmfw Db p-h-cp- p-s - nepw dnthgvkv tam vtkpv hmbv] CXp-hscbpw A{X thcp ]nsn- n- n-. ]gb Xeap-d-bnepw ]pxnb Xe-ap-dbv pw CS-bn Pohn Ah v Cu ] Xn A{Xbv ßp Dƒs m-f-fp-hm km[n- n- n F -XmWv hkvxp-x. F m AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fm-Ip- Ibpw a ƒ Ahsc hn p ]pd-tøbv p t]mhp-ibpw snbvx-txmss \nhr-øn-bn- m-ø-h Cu coxn ]co- n p XpS-ßnbn- p- v. XpS- -Øn hr -k-z-\- ßƒ p- m-bn-cp FXn t CXn-\p-apf-fp. Ct mƒ hr -k-z-\-ßƒ v kzimcyx e`n- p-sh v Cu cwkøv {]h Øn- p- -h Nq n- m- p- p. AXm-bXv am - ß-fƒ h p XpS-ßn-sb- w. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX dnthgvkv tam ptk-pv temwn-t\m-spff Akv] iyx C m-xm-ip-sa v Dd- m-wv. Nne apxn ]uc- m H -Ø-h- W-bmbn tam vtkuv hmbv] FSpØv sndnb ^vfmt m A m vsat m hmßp- p- v. `mhn-bn CXv hfsc D]-Im-c- {]-Z-am-sW pw ImWp- p. IpSpw -ß-fnse Dujva-fX \jvs-am-ip kml-n-cy-øn apxn ]uc- m v dnthgvkv tam vtkpv ] Xn D]-Im-c-{]- Z-am-sW v Cu cwksø hnz-kv[ Nq n- m- p- p. \S-]Sn{Iaw efnxw dnthgvkv tam vtkpv temwn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ hfsc efn-x-am-wv. s]cn-kvtim v si.-b.-_n-pn-tam _m[y-x-bn- msø t{]m n-bpss aqey-\n Wbpw _m p-iƒ/luknwkv ^n\m kv Iº-\n-Iƒ \S-Øp- p. XpS v Imem-h-[n, ]eni XpS-ßn-bh ho p-s-a-ÿ-\p-ambn N v snbvxv Xocpam-\n- p- p. ho p-s-abv v {]Xn-am-kw, ss{xamkw hm jniw As - n H - Ø-h-W-bmbn XpI kzoi-cn- mw. ^nikuv \nct m ^vtfm nwkv \nct m sxc-s -Sp- p-hm\pw hmbv] hmßp- bmƒ v Ah-Im-i-ap- v. dn -b sa v Pohn-X-Øn\v Bh-iyamb XpI e`y-am-ip- n-s - n dnthgvkv tam vtkpv tem Xo bmbpw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Ømw. {]txy- In pw Pohn-Xw Ah-km\ \mfp-i-fntebv v ASp- p-tºmƒ. \mj-w luknwkv _m v, Znhm luknwkv _m v, F sf kn luknwkv ^n\m kv XpS-ßnb `h\ hmbv]m Iº-\n-Ifpw Fkv _n sf, ]n F _n, C y _m v, tim ]- td-j _m v, sk {S _m v XpSßnb \nc-h[n _m p-ifn \n v Cu ] Xn e`y-am-wv. dnthgvkv tam vtkpv tem Xo bmbpw Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn A\p-{K-lam-Wv. F m dn -b sa v PohnXw apt m p sim p-t]m-ip-hm-\p-ff BZysØ t{kmxkv CXm-bn-cn- -cp-xv. dn -b sa v sne-hn\v hcp XpI-bnse Ipdhv \ni-øp-hm-\p-ff D]-I-c-W-ambn CXns\ D]-tbm-Ks -Sp-Ømw. Db s\ v h Øv Ds - nepw Bh-iy-Øn\v hcp-am\w C m-ø \nc-h[n apxn ]uc- msc kaq-l-øn ImWmw. A- h v tbmpn- -XmWv Cu ] -Xn. {IqtUm-bn Cd- p-axn C y-bpss {IqtUm-bn Cd- p-axn hym]vxw C -gn kmº-øni h j- Øn 6.7 ix-am\ta h [n- p-f-fp-sh- nepw Ch-bpsS aqeyw 8.4 ix-am\w h [- \-tbmss 16800 timsn tumf-dm-bn. cmpy- Øns samøw Cd- p-a-xn-bmb 49200 timsn tumf-dns 34 ix-am-\-tømfw hcp-an-xv. Ign kmº-øni h j- Ønse {IqtUm-bn-ens icm-icn hne _mc-en\v 110.5 tumf-dm-wv. \S- p-h j- Øn PqWn-e-h-km-\n Izm -dnse icmicn hne 103 tumf-dm-wv.f m hnebn-t mƒ _mc-en\v 108 tumf-dn-tebv v Db n- p- v. {IqtUm-bn hne Db-cp- Xv C ybpss hym]m-c-i-ωn-bn ISpØ kω ±amwv snep-øp- -Xv. CXv ]W-s -cp w Cd- p-axn snøp- p-sh- -XmWv G hpw henb {]iv\w. ]eni \nc v sh n- p-dbv p- -Xn \n v dnk hv _m ns\ ]nt m ph-en- p- Xv Db-cp Id v A u v IΩn-bm-Wv. CtX \ne-bn hym]m-c-iωn XpScp-I-bm-sW- n 2013-14- FÆ º-\n- I-fpsS A dn -hdn 150000 timsn cq]- bm-ipw. Uok h [-\bpw ]mn-i-hmx kne- -dns hne Db Øp-I-bp-sams snbvx-xn-\p-ti-j-amwnxv. s]t{sm-fnbw a{ m-e-b-øns IW- -\p-k-cn v tumfdn\v Hcp cq] IqSp-tºmƒ A dn hdn 8000 cq] I p h [n- pw. AtXt]mse {IqtUm-bn-en\v 1 tumf h [n- p-tºmƒ 4000 timsn cq] I p \jvsap-b-cpw. Pqsse BZy c m-gvn-bn Uok-ens A dn -hdn en -dn\v 2.29 cq]-bn \n v 8.6 cq]-bmbn Db-c ncn- p-i-bm-wv. asæ-æ-bpss Imcy-Øn CXv 27.75 cq]-bn \n v 30.68 cq]-bm-bt mƒ ]mn-i-hm-xi kne- -dns A dn -hdn 335.14 cq]-bn \n v 368.58 cq]-bmbn Db p.

8 NnZw-_-c-Øns Hcp h jw Ign Pqsse-bn [Im-cy-a{ n ÿm\øv Xncn-s -Øb ]n NnZw-_-c- Øn\v henb sxc p ]nsn h j-amwv IS- p-t]m-b-xv. ap h j-ß-fnse Aek-Xbv v ]cn-lm-c-ambn Ht sd kmº- ØnI ]cn-jvimc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C -gn Hcp h j meøv NnZw-_cw \S- n-em- n. As - n \S- n-em- p-hm \n _- n-x-\m-bn. F n pw kmº-øni hf Xmtg-bv m-wv. Hcp Zi-I-Ønse G hpw XmgvN-bn- C y hf FØn \nev p-i-bm-wv. Xncn- p-h-chv km[yx Ct mgpw aßnb ÿnxn-bn-em-wv. Ct mgsø {]Xn-k- n v NnZw-_-csØ ]gn- n p Imcy-an-. ap Im-eØv hnx- Xv Ct mƒ simøp- p-sh-t -bp-f-fp. H -b-sn v ]cn-lmcw ImWp- -Xn-\pff ampniv hsn-sbm pw NnZw-_-c-Øns ssih-i-an- -t m. Ign aq p h jsø Ae-k-Xbpw tami-amb kmº- ØnI ]cn-jvim-c-ß-fp-tsbpw ^ew NnZw- _cw FØn-b-t mƒ i -ambn ]pdtøbv p h p-sh-t -bp-f-fp. NnZw-_-c-Øns G hpw henb t\ -ß-fn-sem v [\-IΩn e y-an- n-cp- - Xnt\- mƒ Xmsg FØn- p F -Xm-Wv. 2012-13- 5.2 ix-am\w [\-I-Ωn-bmWv {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. AXv 4.9 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd-bv p-hm klm-bn- p. \S- p-h jw 4.8 ix-am-\-amwv _P- n IW- m- nbn- p-f-f-xv. AXn\p api-fn-tebv v t]mhp- I-bn-s v ASp-Ø-bn-sSbpw [\-a{ n Bh Øn p {]Jym-]n- n- p- v. Id v A u v IΩn-bmWv NnZw- _cw t\cn-sp- G hpw henb {]iv-\- ß-fn-sem- v. C -gn h j-øn Pn Un ]nbpss 4.8 ix-am-\-amwv Id v A u v IΩn. AXv \S- p-h jw 3.7 ix-am-\-ambn XmgvØp-hm-\mWv NnZw- _cw e y-an- n- p-f-f-xv. CXn\mbn ]e \S-]-Sn-Ifpw NnZw-_cw Ign Hcp h j- m-eøv \S- n-em- n. t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t ]w IqSp-X DZm-c-am- n. s]mxp-ta-j-e-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfmss hntz-i- Øp-\n p ^ v kzcq-]n- p-hm Bhiy-s - p. Zo L-Im-e-Øn hntzi C y- m-cpss \nt ]w BI jn- p-hm \S- ]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øp. Imcy-amb FXn n- msx C \ k_vknun Ipd- p-sim- p-h-cp-hm-\p-ff \S-]-S-Iƒ FSp-Øn- p- v. F m amkhpw Uok-en\v 50 ss]k hne Iq p-hm FÆ- -º-\n-Iƒ v A\p-aXn \evin-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. ASpØ c p h jwsim v Uok hne-bnse \nb-{ Ww \o p-i-bmwv e yw. k_vknun Ipdbv p- -Xn-\p-ff Ht sd \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoicn- p- p v F nepw k_vknun _m[yx Ct mgpw hfsc hep-xm-wv. Imcy-amb FXn p-iq-smsx dos -bn taj-e-bn 51 ix-am\w t\cn- p-ff hntzi-\n-t -]hpw A\p-h-Zn- p-hm Ign- p. ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bn apsßn- n-s- n-cp 1.66 e w timsn cq]- bpss ] Xn-Iƒ v Poh \evip-hm \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- p. F m ASnÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bnse \nt ]w kz Ww If-f- -SØv kz Ww Cd- p-a-xn v \nb-{ -W-ßƒ hcp-ibpw Cd- p-axn p w h [n- n- p-ibpw cq]-bpss aqey-øn KWy-amb CSnhv D m-hp-ibpw snbvx-txmss I - -SØv h [n- p-i-bm-wv. BZy-Izm -dn ]nsn-s -SpØ kz W-Øns Afhv ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-te-Xn-t\- mƒ 365 ix-am\amwv. GI-tZiw 59.82 timsn cq] hne-bv p-ff kz W-amWv ]nsn- -Xv. ap h j-antx 12.86 timsn cq]-bp-ts- Xm-bn-cp- p. If-f- -SØv kz W-Øns Af-hn 6.6 ix-am-\hpw Db D mbn- p- v. 2012-13- If-f- -S-Ømbn 99.34 timsn cq]- bpss kz W-amWv ]nsn-s -Sp-Ø-Xv. \S- p-h janxv 250 timsn cq]-bmbn Db-cp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ]Øp-h j-øn-\p-tijw BZy-ambmWv kz Ww If-f- -SØv KWy-ambn h [n- p- -Xv. AtX-k-abw kz W-Øns Cd- p-a-xn-s ehv h [n- p-sh- nepw C y- m-cpss kz W `a- Øn\v C\nbpw Ipd-hp kw`-hn- n- n-. \S- ph j-øns BZy-Izm -dn 335 S kz Ww Cd- p-axn snbvxp. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnenXv 181.1 SÆm-bn-c- p. ]Øp-h jsø G hpw Db D]-tbm-K-am-Wn-sX v thƒuv tkmƒuv Iu kn dnt m v ]d-bp- p. \S- p-h jw G{]n-en 141 SÆpw sabv amk-øn 162 SÆpw Cd- p-axn snbvxv ÿm\øv PqWn AXv 31.5 SÆmbn Ipd- p. Pqsse-bnse Cd- p-axn 45 SÆm-Wv. kz Ww Cd- p-a-xn p \nb-{ Ww sim p-h- -XmWv c p amkß-fn Cd- p-axn Ipd- -Xv. F m kz W-Øn\v hne Ipd-bp kml-n-cy- Øn hcpw amk-ß-fn kz W Cd- p-axn Db-cp-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. Cd- p-axn 37-40 SÆm-Ip-sa- mwv Hmƒ C y spwkv B Uv Pz dn t{suv s^u-td-js hne-bn-cp-ø. Id v A u v IΩn dn m Uv Xe-Øn-tebv v Db kml-n-cy-øn- kz W-Øns Cd- p-axn Ipd-bv p-hm \nc-h[n \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Kh-s kzoicn p hcn-i-bm-wv. 2013-14- Id v A u v IΩn 4.8 ix-am-\-am-wv. kl- \ob \ne Pn Un ]nbpss 2.5 ix-am-\-am-wv. B`-cW Unam v Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\mbn temiøv G hpw IqSp-X kz Ww Cd- p-axn snøp cmpy-ß-fnsem- mwv C y. kz Ww Cd- p-axn \S- p-h jw Ign h j-tø- mƒ Ipd-bp-sa- mwv [\-a{ n ]n NnZw-_cw hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. Ign h jw C y Cd- p-axn snbvxxv 845 S kz W-am-Wv. F m C y Cd- p-axn 900-1000 SÆn-en-Sbn-em-cn- p-sa mwv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. 2013 BZy ]IpXnbn kz W-Ønse ssn\okv Cd- p-axn 54 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 706.26 SÆn-se-Øn-bn-cn- p-ibm-wv. Npcp- Øn temi-ønse G hpw kz W Cd- p-a-xn- m-cmbn ssn\ amdp-i-bmwv. h [n- n- v kº-zvl-s-\bv v DW hv \evip-hm NnZw-_-c-Øn\v km[n- n-. ]W-s -cp- -sø XS-bp- -Xn\v e`yx h [n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoicn- n-. Ch-sbms ]W-s -cp- -Øn-\n- S-bnepw cmpysø hf sa -s -Sp-Øpam-bn-cp- p. \nt -]-I-cpsS Bfl-hn-izmkw Xncn- p-sim- p-h-cp-hm C\nbpw km[n- n- n F -XmWv NnZw-_-c-Øns G hpw henb ]cm-p-bw. ]pxnb ] -Xn- I-fn \nt ]w Xosc-bn-. hni-k-\-]- -Xn-I-fp-tSbpw ÿnxn hyxy-kvx-a-. Ct mƒ Dff \nt -]-am-is h jßƒ p apºp-ff Xocp-am-\-Øns ^eam-wv. \mfsø \nt -]-Øn\v C v Xocpam-\-ßƒ FSp-t - -Xp- v. C p Xocpam-\-sa-Sp- msx aq p-h jw \jvs-s -Sp- Ønb bp ]n F c mw ]Xn v Khs ns\ \njv{in-b-xz-øn v ]pd-øpsim- p-h-cp-hm [\-a-{ n-sb \nenbn NnZw-_-c-Øns Hcp h jw klmbn- p-sh- Xv \nkvx -amb hkvxp-x-bm- Wv. C y- m kºm-zy- m C y- m \ -Xp-t]mse kºm-zn- p- -h-cm-wv. dos -bn ]W-s -cp w Db n pw sndnb XpI-sb- nepw kºm-zn- mø C y- m-cn-. 2012-13- C y- m-cpss [\-Imcy D]-I-c-W-ß-fnse kºmzyw ap h jsø 9.57 e w timsn cq]-bn \n v 15 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 10.97 e w timsn cq]-bn-se- Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-sw v dnk hv _m v Hm^v C y dnt m n ]d-bp- p. C -gn kmº-øni h j-øn dos -bn C ^vtf-j Cc- -b- - Øn (11.44 ix-am-\w) \ne-\n-ev p kml-n-cy-øn-emwv Cu t\ w ssih-cn- n- p-f-f-xv. samø hne kqnni 7.4 ix-am-\hpw h [n- n-cp- p. Npcp- -Øn snehv h [n- Xv P\-ß-fpsS kºmzy kz`m-hsø _m[n- n- n-s v dnk hv _m ns dnt m v ]d-bp- p. hmwnpy _m p-i-fnse Unt m-kn- mwv kºm-zy-øn \s mcp ] v. C gn kmº-øni h j-øn Cu _m p-i-fnse CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff kºmzyw 563200 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. Xte-h j-anxv 498500 timsn cq]-bpw. ayqnz ^ v \nt -]hpw h [n- p. ayqnz ^ p-i-fnse \nt ]w 2.5 ix-am\w h [\ ImWn- p. Xte-h jw 1.1 ix-am\w \yq\ hf ImWn ÿm\-øm- Wn-Xv. F m t#ml-cn, IS- {Xw F n-h-bn `qcn-]- -Øn\pw \nt ]w \S- Øp-hm asn-bm-wv. samøw \nt -]-ambn 10.97 e w timsn-bn shdpw 32800 timsn cq]-bmwv Hml-cn-bn-ep-f-f-Xv. 7.30 timsn C y s\ v D]-tbm- m- ƒ C y-bn D]-tbm-Kn- p- -h-cpss FÆw {]Xn-Zn\w Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. temi- Ønse G hpw IqSp-X s\ v D]-tbm- m- -fp-ff aq m-asø cmpy-amwv C y.7.30 timsn-bm-fp-i-fmwv C s\ v D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. sn\bv pw bp Fkn\pw sxm p ]n n-emwv C ypss ÿm\w. Pm ms\ ]n - n-bmwv C y aq mw ÿm\øv FØn-bn- p-f-f-xv. ap h j-tø- mƒ 31 ix-am\w h [-\- bmwv s\ v D]-tbm- v -fpss FÆ-Øn D m-bn- p-f-f-xv. 2012-1.76 timsn ]pxnb s\ v D]-tbm- - -fmwv FØn-b-Xv. Gjy ]kn-^niv taj-e-bn 2013 am n 64.4 timsn C s\ v D]-tbm- - fm-wp-f-fxv. CXn 54 ix-am-\hpw ssn\- m-cm-wv. sxm p ]n n-ep-ff C y-bpss hnlnxw 11.5 ix-am-\-am-wv. P m ( 11.4 ix-am-\w), kutøjy (9.6 ix-am\w F n-h-cmwv sxm p-]n- n. samss_ hgn t^kv _p n {]th-in- p C y- m-cpss FÆhpw #pb-cp-i-bm-wv. PqWn Ch-cpsS FÆw 6.2 timsn-bm-bn. IqSp-X C y- m v samss_ kl-\o-b-amb hne-bn e`n- p- p-sh- -XmWv CXns Imc-Wsa v Imen-t^m Wnb ti{µ-ambn {]h Øn-Ip t^kv_p v Iº-\n-bpsS C y D]-tbm- m- -fpss FÆw Hmtcm amkhpw h [n- p-i-bm- Wv. 2013 PqWn C y-b \n- p-f-f-h-cpss samøw FÆw 8.2 timsn bmbn. ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 7.8 timsnbmbn-cp- p-sh v t^kv _p v C y I {Sn amt\- P sihn Unkqk Adn-bn- p.

9 ImØncp mte kºmzn m\miq kºmzn Wsa n \ mbn ImØncn Wsa XmWv kºmzysø nbp H masø \nbaw. F m kºmzyßfpw ImØncn ns ^eamwv. {i n p t\m nt mfq, kºømbmepw k t cmbmepw Ah kºmzn pisb p ]dbp nsøv ImØncn ns ssz Lyap v. Hmtcm [m\yawnbmbn Iq nsh v DdpºpIƒ ag metø v th Blmcw kºmzn p Xmbn ]dbmdnt? AXpt]mse, sndnb sndnb an w hbv epifmwv Zo L\mƒ Ign v henb kºmzyambn amdp Xv. Ah Hcp\mƒ \mw B{Kln pw]snbp kºmzyambn amdp Xp hsc ImØncpt axnbmiq. kºmzn Wsa n \ mbn Bkq{XWw snøwsa XmWv kºmzysø dnbp c masø \nbaw. Ddpºv [m\yawniƒ Iq nhbv p Xns ]n n {i tbmssbp Bkq{XWap v. Cu Bkq{XW t_m[w AXv Hcp bqwnthgvkn nbn \n pw ]Tn p X. adn v {]IrXn Xs \ Inbn p XmWv. AXpt]mse a\pjy\pw P klpambn Hcp Bkq{XWt_m[ap v. ]t PohnXØnsemcp ImcyØn t mepw an hcpw Cu Bkq{Xt_m[w D]tbmKn p n. {]txyin v kºøns ImcyØn. At mƒ kºøp miwsa v Xo{hambn B{Kln ps n AsXßs\ Bkq{XWw snøwsa v ]Tn pi. kºmzysø nbp aq masø \nbaw, snehm mxncp mte kºmzn m\mhq F XmWv. AsX. snehm mxncp mte kºmzyap miq. ]t Pohn Wsa n ]ns p snøpw? AXpw Acn pw s]t{smfn\pw ] dniƒ psams Cßs\ hne IpXn pibdp AhkcØn. A tø p A w am{xw t\sp h v kºmzyap m m\miptam? Xp amb hcpam\ap h In p sxms kºmzn m XpSßnbm Pohk mcwøn\v F p snøpw? Cu tnmzyßƒ v PohnXØn Gsd {]k nbp v. ChnsS PohnXsa k ]sø pdn v N sntø n hcp p. HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw PohnXw hyxykvxamsw p \mw ]dbpw. F m kq va\nco WØn Cu hyxymkw hy n\njvtw am{xamsw p ImWmw. cmhnse I ]pgpßnbxpw I Im nbpw Ign mwv Rm ] v kviqfn t]mbncp sx v Nne ]dbmdp v. C sø Ip niƒ v \qun kpw Nn \pw thww. Fs mcp am w. ]t adt. {]`mxøn I Im ntbm Hcp IjWw s{_tum Ign p Pohn p AkwJyw Ip niƒ C pw temiøp v. A p Intemao Zqcw Atßm pantßm pw \S mwv ð P-2 \bw \S- m- p- p-sh p Dd- p-h-cptø DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw IΩn- n-bp-ts- Xm-Wv. kn Fkv B \bw Iº-\n-bpsS sh_vssk- n {]ko- -s -Sp-Øp- Ibpw thww. ] nwn Ipd-bv p-hm-\p-ff {]h Ø-\-ßƒ, hnzym-`ymkw sa -s - Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, kv{xo ]pcpj kaxzhpw kv{xoim- o-i-c- Whpw, inip acw \nc v Ipd-bv phm-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, F v sf hn, FbvUvkv, ate-dnb XpS-ßnb tcmkßƒs -Xn-tc-bp-ff t]mcm w, ]cnÿnxn kwc- -Ww, tkmjy _nkn- \kv t{]mpivsvkv XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly- {]-iv\-ß-fmwv kn Fkv Bdns ]cn- [n-bn hcn-i. kn Fkv B N -ßƒ cqs -Sp-Øp- -tx-bp-f-fp. N hpw kpxm-cy-am-iww Ccp-]-Øn-sbm mw \q m- n\v Rm kviqƒ hnzym`ymkw ]q Ønbm nbxv F v kvacn psim v Nne tnmzn pw, ss_t m Imtdm C msx C sø Ip niƒ Ftßms nepw t]miptam F v. ImgvN msnse hy n\njvtxbmwv CØcw tnmzyßƒ p ]n n. NpasSSpØpw txßn Ibdnbpw A pdp cq]sb nepw Znhkw hcpam\ap m p hcn \s mcp ixam\hpw XßfpsS hcpam\øns Adp]Xpw Fgp]Xpw ixam\hpw _mdn snehm p p. _m n hcp XpI Znhkhpap ` WØn\pw Ip nifpss hnzym`ymkøn\pw `mcybpss NnIn bv psams XnIbmsX hcp p. Cu bmym yw ad v Xp hcpam\ mcs IjvS mspisf pdn v ]cnx]n p Xn F w? F\n dnbmhp Hcp Hmt mdn m ss{uhdp v. Znhkhpw Ggp awnbmiptºmtg pw Hmt mdn bpsaspøv Cdßpw. HºXc awnbmiptºmƒ {]`mx` WØn\mbn ho n Xncns Øpw. ]Øp awn v ho pw Cdßpw. H cawn v D ` W Øn\v ho pw hcpw. c p awn v ho pw Hm w. Bdp awnbmiptºmtg pw Hmt mdn HXp pw. F m Znhkhpw Cu Nn bnemwv. `mcybpw c p a fpsamøv hg pw _lfhpan mø PohnXw. F mhcptsxpw hrønbmb thjhpw Ipeo\amb s]cpam hpw. {][m\imcyw Abmƒ azy]n n F XmWv. I p ]Tnt PohnXw F v Bcpw ]dbpw. CXpt]msebp a pw ]ecpssbpw IYIƒ \nßƒ pw Adnbmambncn pw. ]t In p ]Wa{Xbpw Bkq{XWan msx snehm p hcmwv `qcn] hpw F XmWv kmaqlnibmym yw. Cu `qanbnse mh pw kºmzn m AhImiap v. kºmzyøns Afhv IqSntbm Ipdt m Ccn pw. A{Xam{Xw. kºøpw Zmcn{Zyhpw temiap mb Imew apx t D v. AXv Hcp PohnXho \w IqSnbmWv. A[nImchpw i nbpamwv kºøns IqsS tncp c p Imcyßƒ. A[nImcw kºøp m pw. Xncn v, kºøv A[nImchpap m pw. AXpt]mse kaqløn i nbp miwsa n [\w thww. [\aps n kaqløn i nbpap mipw. Imcyßfnßs\bmbncp n pw D mbncp kºømsi snehm n ap qsw \in n p Ifbp Nnesc I n nt? AXv AhcpsS PohnXho W Ønse sshieyw Xs bmwv. kºmzn pisb Xn\v B{Klßƒ \o n hbv F pw A w ]dbmw. DZmlcWØn\v BZyambn iºfw In p Hcp sndp mc B{Kln p Xv Hcp ss_t m Imtdm hmßwsa Xm bncn pw. AXn\p ]Ww _m n \nt m As ]pxnb Iº\n \nbaw FØp-tºmƒ A\p-tbm-Py-amb Iº\n \nb-a-am-i-w-sa- n Ah-bpsS N -cq-]o-i-c-whpw kpxmcyhpw efn-x-hp-am-bn-cn- -Ww. N -ß-fpsS Bh Ø-\hpw \nb-a-øns kpxm-cy-e- ysø C m-xm- p-sa v `b-ap-b n- p- v. kq sdkp-te- sd \nb-an- p-hm- \p-ff Xocp-am-\-amWv CØcw `b-øn-\- Sn-ÿm-\w. N w \n an- p-tºmƒ Uyq]vfnt -j D m-im-xn-cn- p-hm {i n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. k_vkn-un-b-dn, Atkmkn-tb v Iº\n XpS-ßn-b-h-bn \n h- N\w hy -a-s v Ct mƒ Xs Bt -]-ap-b-cp- p- v. ]pxnb \nbaw ]g-b-xn-t\- mƒ sa hpw ]ptcm-k-a-\-hp-ap-f-f-xm-sw- - Xn kwi-ban. N -ßƒ \n an- ptºmƒ kpxm-cy-x, emfn-xyw, sa -s hnhcsamgp v F n-hbv v Du \evin-bm-bn-cn- -Ww. N -ßƒ Hml-cn-bp- S-a-Iƒ v KpWw snøp- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. F m Hml-cn-bp-S-a-I-fn \n v H pw ad- p-h-bv p-hm-\n- mø Iº-\n-Iƒ v iey-am-h-i-bp-a-cp-xv. Hml-cn-bp-S-a-I-fpsS Xmev]-cysØ l\n- p hn[-øn {]h Øn- p \nc-h[n {]tam- am-cp- v. Ct m-gsø \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn v Hmtcm hy n-kx Hml-cn-bp-S-abpw Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn-\p-th n H bv v t]mcmts n hcp ÿnxn-bm-wv. AXn\v ]pxnb \nb-a-øn am w hcp- p-sh- Xv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv. sx mbn {]h Øn- phm-\p-ff {]tam- am-cp-sstbm Ub-d- IvS am-cp-sstbm {]h-wx C m-xm- phm CXp klm-bn- p-sa- -Xn kwib-an-. F m \n an- p N ßƒ Ct m-g-tø-xp-t]mse k o W-am-sW- n Iº\n \nbaw kpxm-cyhpw efn-xhp-am- p-i-sb e yw C m-xm-ip-sa v n a p [\Imcyÿm]\ßfn \nt m ISsaSp p p. ISw Ft mgpw Xncn Sbvt ]WamWv. AXn\v ]eni simsp Ww. Aßs\ \in p Xns\ mƒ \ Xv ss_ v hmßwsa B{Klw A ]ImetØ v am nhbv pibt? F nt m, hcpam\øns Hcwiw snehm msx kp n p p. Cßs\ F{XtØmfw snehm msx kq n mtam A{Xbpw \ Xv. Aßs\bmIptºmƒ ISw hmßmsx ss_ v hmßm\mipw. `mhnbn \SØp snehn\mwv kºmzyw F p ]dbp sx v ^nen]v slivam tkhnwkv awn F Xs ]pkvxiøn ]dbp p v. AXn\v ^n\m jy C enp kv thww. tum. tlmhm Uv Km U\dpsS H ]Xv aƒ n nƒ C enp kpifpss IqsS ]ØmaXmbn ^n\m jy C enp kpw tn mw. ISan msx Pohn m\p _p n ^n\m jy C enp kn s Sp p. AhnNmcnXamb Nne snehpiƒ PohnXØn D miptºmƒ ISw hmtß n hcp hcmwv an hcpw. F{X πm snbvxmepw AhnNmcnX kabøv hensbmcp snehp h m F p snøpw F v Nne tnmzn mdp v. a p ]e coxnifnepw kºmzyw am n hbv psa nepw CØcw AhnNmcnX snehpiƒ p ap n ]Xdnt mipw Ah. a\ p ]XdmXncn m\p am Kw \nßƒs mcp ]okv Hm^v ssa Uv A u v (Peace of Mind Account) D mip XmWv. \nßfpss AhnNmcnX snehpiƒ p th n \nßƒ kq n p Hcp sndnb \nt ]amwxv. Dt m, \nßƒs mcp ]okv Hm^v ssa Uv A u v? A\-en-Ãp-Ifpw Iº\n taj-e-ifpw A`n- {]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv. A{Xbv p k o WamWv Ct m-gsø N -ßƒ. Iº\n taje Dƒs -ss-bp-ff CXp-ambn _ - s F m-h-cp-ambpw N bv p tijw am{xta N -ßƒ p cq]w \evip-i-bp-ffp-sh p Iº\n Imcy-a{ n k n ss]e v ASp-Ø-bnsS hy -am- n-bn-cp- p. N -ß-fpsS kpxm-cy-x-bmwv \nbaw F{X Imcy- -a-hpw efn-x-hp-am-ip- psh v hy -am- p- -Xv. \nbaw efn-x-am-sw nepw AXn\-\pk-cn v _nkn-\kv {]h Øn- p-xp-s-ßptºm-gmwv \nb-a-øns i nbpw ]cn-an- Xnbpw ]m iz-^-e-ßfpw a\-kn-em-ip-i. F m-bmepw _nkn-\kv \SØp- Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb ]pxnb A co w ]pxnb Iº\n \nbaw sim p-hcp-sa v {]Xo- n- mw.

10 ]Wn- m Dt]- n I v... tpmbn ^nen v Imew 1968. ÿ-ew- X-an-gv-\m- n-se- s\-bv-th-en- en- Kv-ss\- v- I-º-\n.- I-º-\n-bp-sS- I- -kv-{s-ivj - L- w- Xo - p-h-cp- - k-a-bw.- H-cp- Znh-kw- cm-hn-se- tpm-en- p- sn- p-tºmƒ- e- `n- -Xv- ]n-cn- p-hn-s - t\m- o-km-wv.- H- - cm- {Xn-sIm- v- F- p-h -j-am-bn- sn-bv-xn-cp- tpm-en- \-jv-s-am-bn- sxm-gn - c-ln-x-\m-bncn- p- p.- `m-cy-bpw- c- p- Ip- n-i-fp-ap-f-f- sxmgn - c-ln-x.- Po-hn-Xw- H-cp- tnm-zy-nn- w-t]m-se- ap- n.- \m- n-te-bv- p- a-s-ßp-i-b- m-sx- h-gnbn- m-bn-cp- p.- B- h-gn- X-s - sx-c-s - Sp-Øp- \m- n-se-øn.- Po-hn-X-Øn-s - Cu- \m-ev- -h-e-bn ssz-h-zq-x-s\-t m-se- H-cm-sf-Øn.- A-b - m-c-\pw- `m-cy-bp-ss- _- p-hp-am-b- hn- si- Cu-.- A- m-e-sø- an-i- - tim- -{Sm-Iv- S -am-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp- p- Cu-.- I -j-itam-t m-gv-kv- {Sm -kv-t]m - n-s - ÿm-]-i- \p-am-bn-cp- - A-t±-lw- ]-e- kw-cw-`-ßƒ- pw- Np- m - ]n-sn- n-cp- -bm-fm-bn-cp- p.- Npcp- -Øn - A- m-e-sø- an-i- - kw-cw-`- I-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp- p- Cu-.- "-"-\o- C-\n- tpm-en-s m- pw- t]m-i-.- kz- -am-bn- F-s - n-epw- sn-øv-'-'- Cu- - ]-d- p.- F-\n- v- kz- -am-bn- ]-cn-n-b-sam- an- -t m- F- - a-dp-]-sn- Cu- - ti- n-.- "-"-F-s - Iq-sS- tn-cp-s - n - t]msc-'-'- A-t±-lw- ]-d- p.- ]n-t - p- F-d-Wm- Ip-f-sØ- A-t±-l-Øn-s - tim- -{Sm-Iv-SvtPm-en-I-fn - sd-kn-u- v- F -Pn-\o-b-dm-bntPm-en- sn-bv -Xp- Xp-S-ßn.- ]n- o-ssm-cn- -epw- A- - Ip- -\m- n-se- {Km-a-Øn -\n-s -Ønb- ]p-c-bv- - sn-dn-bm - h - n- v- tpmen-sb- p-dn- v- B-tem-Nn- v- B-i- -s -ts- - Xm-bn- h- n- n-.- B-Zy-sØ- tpm-en- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-sØam -j-enw-kv- bm-un-s - \n -am-w-øn-em-bncp- p-b-zyw- t\-xr-xzw- \-ev-in-bn-cp- -Xv.- F- sndn-bm h n, snb am B Uv amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvS, sndn-bm h n I kv{s- Iº\n (]n) enan- Uv m- m-cy-øn-epw- k-po-h- ]- m-fn-øw- h-ln- p-hm-\p-f-f- kzm-x-{ y-ap- m-bn-c- p.- sdbn -th-bp-am-bp-f-f- e-b-k- - A-Xn - Dƒs - n-cp- p.- tpm-en-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n-epw- kz- X-{ -am-b- h - p- sn-øp- - kp-j-ap- m-bnc- p- Cu- tpm-en- v.- ]n- o-sv- sd-bn -thbp-am-bn- _- -s - p-f-f- \n-c-h-[n- tpm-en-iƒsn-bv-xp.- 1972 - B-ep-h- - F-d-Wm-Ip-fwsd-bn -th- sse - U-_n-fnw-Kv- B-bn-cp- p- A-Xn-sem- v.- C-Xn-\n-S-bn - I-f-ta-ti-cn-bn - Sn- hn- F-kn-\p-th- n- ^m-iv-s-dn- si- n-sw- ]- Wn-Xp.- h-gn-øn-cn-hv- A-Sp-Ø- Sm-kv-Iv- l-k - - _mw-kv-fq - sd-bn -th- sse - B-bn-cp- p.- Cu- ]-Wn- Iƒ- p- ta -t\m- w- h-ln- p-hm - Cu- - X-s -bm-wv- \n-tbm-kn- -Xv.- B- ]-Wn-bp-sS- C-S-bn-em-Wv- aw-k-em-]p-c-øv- Sn- hn- F-kp- Im - H-cp- si- n-sw- \n -an- -W-sa- v- B-hiy-s - v- Cu- -s\- k-ao-]n- p- -Xv.- I-f-ati-cn-bn-se- si- n-s-øn-s - Kp-W-ta- -bpwa-t\m-lm-cn-x-bp-am-wv- amw-k-fq-cn-se- ^m-iv- S-dn- si- n-sw- \n -an- p-hm - Sn- hn- F-kv- \n - _- n- p- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- I-f-a-ti-cn-bn-se- ]- Wn- p- t\-xr-xzw- h-ln- - X-s - C-Xn-\mbn- \n-tbm-kn- -W-sa- pw- A-h - \n -t±-in- p.- sd-bn -th- ]-Wn- n-s-bn - A-Xn-\pk-a-bw- In- p-i-bn-s - p- ]-d- v- A-h-sca-S- p-hm - {i-an-s - n-epw- Cu- - H-cp- \n - t±-iw- h- p.- "-"-\o- k-_v-tim- -{Sm-Iv-Sv- F-Sp-Øv- C- Xv- sn-øv-'-'- A-t±-l-Øn-s - \n -t±-i-øn-\v- h- g-ßn- A-ev -]w- t]-sn-tbm-ss-bm-sw- n-epw- sndn-bm - h - n- Sn- hn- F-kn- - tpm-en- F-Sp- p-hm - k-ω-xw- aq-fn.- Po-hn-X-Øn - B- Zy-am-bn- I-cm-sd-Sp-Øv- kz- -am-bn- sn-øp- - tpm-en.- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- an-i-s m-cp- h-gn-øncn-hv- B-bn- B- k-_v-tim- -{Sm-Iv-Sv- am-dn.- Sn- hn- F-kn-s - ]-Wn- th-kw- X-s - Xo - p.- ]n- o-s-tßm- v- kz- -am-bn,- kz-x- { -am-bp-f-f- bm-{x-bm-bn.- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-Øvku-Øn - _-lp-\n-e- d-kn-u -jy - A- m - v-sa- v- ]-Wn- Xp-S-ßn.- 1972 - B-bncp- p- A-Xv.- h-f-sc- Ip-d- - \n-c- n-em-bncp- p-sh- n - Cu- ]- -Xn- tam-i-a- m-øem-`w- t\-sn-ø- p.- C-Xv- I- -kv-{s-iv-j an-i- - I-cn-b-dn-\v- Xp-S- -an-sp-hm - k-lm-bn- p-sh- p- {]-txy-iw- ]-d-tb- n-bn-cn- p- p.- sim- n- h-f-cp-hm - Xp-S-ßp- - k-ab-am-bn-cp- p.- C-t m-g-sø- {]-ap-j- hy-h-kmb-ß-fn - ]-e-xpw- h- p- Xp-S-ßp- -tx-bp- m-bn-cp- p-f-fp.- sim- n - jn-]y-un-s - h- c-hv- A- m-e-øm-bn-cp- p.- sn-dn-b- H-cp- h - n-\v- ss -U - \-ev-in-sb- n-epw- ]-cn-n-ban-s - p- ]-d- v- X- n-.- F- n-epw- ]n- o- Sp-f-f- ]-Wn-Iƒ- pw- ss- - ap-d-bv- p- \-ev- Ip- -Xn-\v- ap-s- w- h-cp-øn-bn-cp- n-.- jn- ]ym-un-s - c- mw- L- -Øn - H-cp- ]-Wn- A-h - X- p.- \m-ev- ]-Wn-Iƒ- \n-c-kn- -tij-am-wv- C-Xp- \-ev-in-b-xv.- ]-t - ]-Wn- Xp-S-ßn.- sxm-gn - {]- iv-\w- h-en-b- {]-iv-\-am-bn.- ]-Wn- Xp-S-cp-hm t]m-epw- km-[n- m-ø- ÿn-xn- ]-e-t m-gpap- m-bn.- ]-t - `m-kyw- sn-dn-bm - h - nbp-ss- `m-k-øm-bn-cp- p.- A- -sø- cm-pyw- `-cn- n-cp- - C-µn-cm-Km- n- A-Sn-b- -cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n- -Xv- sxm-gn - ta-j-e-bn - k-am- [m-\w- sim- p-h- p.- sim- n - jn-]ym-unse- ]-Wn- Xo - p-hm - C-Xp- k-lm-bn- p.- A-Xn-\m - X-s - \-jv-s-øn-te-bv- p- t]m- Ip-am-bn-cp- - ]-Wn- tam-i-a- m-ø- em-`w- t\- Sn-s m-sp-øp.- H-cp- ]-t - B-Zyw- ]-Wn- e- `n- n-cp- p-sh- n - A-Xp- ]q -Øn-bm- m-\m- Im-sX- cw-k-øp-x-s - \n-jv-{i-an-t - nh-cp-am-bn-cp- p.- ssz-h-øn-s - e- yw- F- m-wv- sn-dn-bm - h - n- C-Xn-s\- hn-ti- jn- n- p-i.- jn-]ym-un-\p- ti-jw- sf- F-kv- B - H-bv - p-th- n- B-ep-h-bn - an-i-s m-cp- tpmen- Xo -Øp.- Sn- hn- F-kn-s - B - n-ss-iv- m-bn-cp- - kn- B - \m-cm-b-w- dm-hp-tim- -{Sm-Iv-Sn - k-po-h-am-ip-hm - \n -_- n- p.- ti-c-f-øn-se- A-t±-l-Øn-s - ]- -Xn- Iƒ- \-S- n-em- p- -Xv- Xm-\m-bn- am-dn.- Ir- Xy-k-a-b-Øv,- D-b - - Kp-W-ta- -bn - tpmen-iƒ- ]q -Øn-bm- -W-sa- - I - -i- mc-\m-bn-cp- p- dm-hp.- A-dn-bm-sX- X-s - X- s - tpm-en-i-fn-epw- Cu- Im - -iyw- I-S- ph- p.- A-Xv- ]n-ev- m-e-øv- sn-dn-bm - h - n-bp-ss- kw-cw-`-i- hn-p-b-øn-s - ap-j- ap- {Z- B-bn-Øo-cp-I-bpw- sn-bv-xp.- F - F- v- 17 - C-S- - n- ]- -Xn- ]q -Ø-bm- n-b-xn-\vti-c-f- K-h-s - n-s - s]m-xp-a-cm-a-øp- h- Ip- v- {]-txy-i- s] -t^m-sa -kv- k - n-^n- - v- I-º-\n- v- \-ev-ip-i-t]m-epw- sn-bv-xp.- Kp-W-ta- - H- p-sim- p- X-s - sn-dn-bm h - n- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - I-º-\n- v- I-cm-dp- Iƒ- v- m-a-ta- D- m-bn- n-.- Kp-W-\n-e-hmc-Øn-\p-f-f- sf- F-kv- H- k - n-^- - pw- I- º-\n- p- e-`n- n- p- v.- c- mw- h-gn-øn-cn-hvsh- q - \yq-kv- {]n-s - ÿm-]n- p- k-a-bw.- A-hn-sS- t]m-bn- ss -U - \-ev-in.- ]-t - I-cm - In- n-bn-.- ]-c-nn-b- p-d-hm-bnc- p- Im-c-W-am-bn- ]-d- -Xv.- A-hn-sS- h- v- A-hn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn- H-cm-sf- ]-cn-n-b-s - p.- sndm-bn- m-c - tpm -Pv- am-xyp.-a-bm-fpw- ss - U - \-ev -Im - h- -Xm-bn-c- p.- A-t±-l-Øn- \pw- I-cm - In- n-b-.- sh- q-cn -\n- pw- H- cp-an- m-wv- Xn-cn- p-t]m- -Xv.- A-sXm-cp- \- - ku-lr-z-øn-s - Xp-S- -am-bn-c- p.- H-cp-an- - {]-h -Øn- m-se- msb- - B-tem-N-\-bn-se-Øn.- 1977 - B- B-tem-N-\- tpm -Pv- am-xyp- sn-dn-bm - h - n- ]m -Sv -W -jn- v - ÿm-]-\-øn-se-øn-bm- Wv- \n- -Xv.- c- p- t]-cp-ts-bpw- ]-c-n-bw- H- cp-an- p- tn - -t mƒ- I-cm - In- p-i- F-fp- am-bn.- ]n- o-sv- sh- q-cn - Izm -t -gv-kv- ]- Wn-bp-hm-\p-f-f- I-cm - e-`n- p.- ]n- o-sv- H-cn- -epw- Xn-cn- p- t\m-t - n- h- n- n-.- tpmen-iƒ- [m-cm-f-am-bn- e-`n- p-t]m- p.- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - I-cn-b-dn-se- a-s m-cph-gn-øn-cn-hm-bn-cp- p- a-ssd - ss{u-hn-seem -Uv- am - v- _n -Unw-Km-b- A-tim-I- A- m -Sv-sa- v.- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - tim -]-tdj - C- n- p-t]m-b- tpm-en-bm-wv.- C-Xv- ]q - Øn-bm- p- -Xn-\p- ss -U - hn-fn- -t mƒ-

11 C-Xn - ]-s -Sp-Øp.- h-en-b- tpm-en-bm- Wv.- t]-sn-sbm-ss- A-Xn-\p- ss- - \-ev-in.- A-Xp- e-`n- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-xp.- ]-{ - p- \ne- si- n-s-am-wv.- A-Xp- ]q -Ø-bm- n-b-txmss- A-km-am-\y-am-b- B-fl-hn-izm-k-am-Wv - e- `n- -sx- v- sn-dn-bm - h - n- Hm -an- p- p.- \-S- m- p-hm - I-gn-bm-sX- I- -kv-{s-iv-j tim -]-td-j - C- n- p-t]m-b- tpm-en-bm-sw- v- Hm -an- -Ww.- B- k-a-b-øm-wv - C- y-bn - G-jym- Uv- F-Øp- -Xv.- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - ta-j-e-bnse- G- -hpw- ]p-xn-b- s{s -Up-Iƒ- a-\-knem- p-hm - G-jym-Uv- A-h-k-cw- \-ev-in.- U -ln-bn-se- ]-Wn-Iƒ- t\-cn- p- Im-Wphm - C-Xv- A-h-k-cw- \-ev-in.- Pn- kn- Un- F-bp-sS- B v- n-ss-iv-sm-bn-cp- - Ip -Zn-]vkw-Kn-s\m- w- U -ln-bn-se- si- n-s-ßƒ- I- p.-]p-xn-b- si- n-s-ßƒ- ]-Wn-Xv- D-b -Øp- - co-xn- I- p.- C-Xv- Cu- ta-j-e-sb- p-dn- v - ]p-xn-sbm-cp- ho- -Ww- cq-]o-i-cn- p-hm - k-lm-bn- p.- Xp-S - p- sim- n-bn-epw- {]m-{ - {]- tz-i-ß-fn-epw- \n-c-h-[n- tpm-en-iƒ- ]q -Ønbm- n.- B-ep-h-bn-se- s^-u-d - _m- n-s - B-ÿm-\- a-µn-cw,- dn-k -hv- _m- v- si- n-sw-,- In-fn-ap- v- sd-bn -th- ]m-ew,- sh- p-cn-øn- ]m-ew,- tkm-{io- ]m-ew- {Sn-U- v- tlm-,- F- v- Un- F-^v- kn- _n -Unw-Kv,- am- m-en- ]m-ew,- Xr-iq - sa-un- - tim-f-pv,- B-dm- p- ]p-g- ]m-ew- Xp-S-ßn-b- \n-c-h-[n- tpm-en- Iƒ- ]q -Øo-I-cn- p.- C- y - sd-bn -th,- sim- n - t]m - v- {S-Ãv,- sim- n - jn-]ym-uv,- U -ln- sat{sm- sd-bn - tim -]-td-j,- \m-j-w ssl-th- A-tYm-dn- n,- sf- F-kv- B - H,- tdm-uv-kv- B -Uv- {_n-uv-pv-kv- su-h-e-]v-sa- v- tim -]-td-j,- Pn- kn- Un- F,- an-en- -dn- F -Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv- k -ho-kv,- tkm-{io,- ti-cf-øn-se- s]m-xp-a-cm-a-øv,- Zp-_m-bv- t]m - vthƒ-uv- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv- p- ]p-d-ta- \n-c-h-[nkz-im-cy- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- I-º-\n-bp-sS- D-]- tbm- m- -fm-wv.- C-h - p-th- n- sh- phn-fn-iƒ- \n-d- - \n-c-h-[n- ]- -Xn-Iƒ- \-S- m- n-bn- p- v.- sim- - - Dƒ-s -ss- cm-py-øn-s - hnhn-[- `m-k-ß-fn-em-bn- A-dp-]-Øn-\m-ev- ]m-eß-fm-wv- I-º-\n- C-Xp-h-sc- Xo -Øn- p-f-f- Xv.- 1991 - sim- - - sd-bn -th- h- -t mƒ- \n-c-h-[n- ]m-e-ßƒ- Xo -Øp.- h-en-b- sh- p-hn-fn-i-em-bn-cp- p- C-Xn-s - \n -am-w- Øn - t\-cn- -sx- n-epw- k-a-b-øv- Xo -Øp- \-ev-in-b-xv- I-cp-Øp- ]-I - p.- a-s m-cp- h- en-b- sh- p-hn-fn- tkm-{io- ]m-e-øn-s - \n - am-w-am-bn-cp- p.- tkm-{io- ]m-e-øn-s - ss- -dn - ]-s -Sp-sØ- n-epw- Izm-fn-ss^- snbv-xn-.- F- m - B-Zy-I-cm-dp-Im-c - ]me-øn-s - ]-Wn- ]q -W-am-bpw- X-\n- v- k- _v-t{im- -{Sm-Iv-Sv- \-ev-ip-i-bm-wp- sn-bv-x- Xv.- ss]-enw-kn-se- ssh-z-kv-[y-am-wv- I-º- \n- v- tkm-{io-]m-ew- Xo - p-hm - I-cp-Ømb-Xv.- G- -hpw- B-fl-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- \-ev-in-btpm-en-i-fn-sem- m-wn-sx- v - sn-dn-bm - h - n- Hm -an- p- p.- ]-e- I-cm-dp-Im-cpw- A-km-[y-sa- p- ]-d- v- C- n- p-t]m-b- ]-e- ]- -Xn-I-fpw- I- º-\n- B-fl-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS- G-s -Sp-Øp- \-S-Øn-bn- p- v.- \m-ev- tim- -{Sm-Iv-S -am - C- n- p-t]m-b- t\-{xm-h-xn- ]m-ew- C-Ø-c- Øn - G-s -Sp-Øp- ]q -Øn-bm- n-b-h-bn - H- m-wv.- C-Ø-c-Øn - I-cm-dp-Im - C- n- pt]m-b- a-s m-cp- ]- -Xn-bm-Wv- A-cq - ss_- ]m-kv.- ]n- o-sv- C-tX-s -Sp-Øv- ]q -Øn-bm- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p.- ]-Wn- m - D-t]- n- - I- v- aq-e- - m-bn.- a- v- I-º-\n-Iƒ- G-sXm-cp- h-º - si- n-s-hpw- sn-dn-bsn-dn-b- C-jv-Sn-I- A-Sp- n- h- p-sim- m- Wv- kr-jv-sn- -s -Sp- -Xv.- H-cp- tpm-en- \- jv-s-s -S-en -\n- v- 1975 - cq-]w-sim- sn-dn-bm - h - n- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - I-º- \n- C- v- 120 tim-sn- cp-]- hn- p-h-c-hp-f-f- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - I-º-\n-bm-bn- cq-]-s - -Xn-s - ]n- n - I-Tn-\m-\-[zm-\-hpw- G-Xp- sh- p-hnfn-tb-bpw- t\-cn-sm - B -Pn-s -Sp-Ø- B- fl-hn-izm-k-hp-am-sw- v - sn-dn-bm - h - n- ]-d-bp- p.- cm-py-sø- ]-Øv- A-Sn-ÿm-\- ku- I-cy- kz-]v-\- ]- -Xn-I-fn-sem- m-b- sim- nsa-t{sm-bp-ss- tpm-en-i-fn - sn-dn-bm - h - n- I- -kv-{s-iv-j - `m-k-`m- m-wv.- t\m - Øv- ]m-e-øn-s - ]-Wn-Iƒ- \-S-Øp- -Xv- I- º-\n-bm-Wv.- \-hw-_-dn - ]m-ew- ]-Wn- ]q - Øn-bm-Ip-sa- m-wv- {]-Xo- n- p- -Xv.- tic-f-øn - C-t mƒ- B-dv- ]m-e-ß-fp-ss- ]- Wn- I-º-\n- \-S-Øn- h-cp- p- v.- aq-s -Æw- Xp-S-ßp-hm - t]m-ip- p.- C- v- ssh-hn-[y-am - - ta-j-e-i-fn - I-º-\n- \n -am-w-tpm-en-iƒ- \-S-Øn-t m-cp- p.- s]m-xp- F -Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv- tpm-en-iƒ,- C -U-kv-{Sn-b - _n -Unw-Kv,- tjm- nw-kvamƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b- hm-wn-py-k-ap- -b-ßƒ,- `- h-\- ]- -Xn-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b- ta-j-e-i-fn-tebv- v- {]-h -Ø-\w- hym-]n- n- n- p- v.- hm- Wn-Py- k-ap- -b-ß-fn - ]q -Øn-bm- n-b- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ]- -Xn-bm-Wv- ]o-ho-kv- amƒ.- G-g-c- e- w- N-Xp-c-{i-b-Sn-bm-Wv- v- C-Xn-s - h-ep- w.- G-Xp- X-c-Øn-epw- \n-e-bn-ep-ap-f-f- knhn - tpm-en-iƒ- ]q -Øn-bm- p-hm-\p-f-f- a- \p-jy-ti-jn-bpw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- I-º-\n- p- v.- G-Xm- v- c- m-bn-c-tøm-fwtpm-en- m - I-º-\n-bn - tpm-en- sn-øp- p.- `-h-\- k-ap- -b-ß-fpw- A- m - v-sa- v- ]- -Xn-I-fpw- \-S- m- p- - kn- hn- kn- tlmwkv,- ss]-enw-kpw- a- v- tpm-en-i-fpw- \-S- m- p- - kn- hn- kn- Uo-]v- ^u-t -j -kv- ( I- º-\n- C-Xp-h-sc- 225 In-tem- ao- - \o-f-øn ss]-enw-kv- ]q -Øn-bm- n-bn- p- v.-)- sd-unan-iv-kv- tim- -{Io- v- \n -an- p- - kn- hn- knsd-un- an-iv-kv- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv- {Kq- n-sea- v- I-º-\n-Iƒ.- ti-c-f-øn - sd-un- an-ivkv- \n -am-w-øn-te-bv- v- I-S- - B-Zy-Ime- I-º-\n-I-fn-sem- m-wv- kn- hn- kn- sd- Un- an-iv-kv.- I-º-\n- p- ]p-d-øpw- I-º-\n- v- ]p-d-øpw- k-po-h-am-ip- sn-dn-bm - h - n,- _n -tu-gv-kv- A-tkmkn-tb-j - Hm-^v - C- y-bp-ss- ( _m-bv -)- sim- n- sk- -dn-s - ÿm-]-i-\pw- tlm-w-d-dnsk-{i- -dn-bp-am-wv.- 2005-07 - _m-bv -bp-ss- tic-f- sn-b -am-\m-bn-cp- p.- Xp-S - v- A- tkm-kn-tb-j-s - tz-io-b- ssh-kv- {]-kn-u- m-bn.- 2011-12 - _m-bv- tz-io-b- {]-kn-u- m-bn- {]-h -Øn- p.- tim- -bw,- I-Æq -,- B- e- p-g,- Xr- q-wn-øp-d- F- n-h-s-ß-fn - _mbv- sk- -dp-iƒ- ÿm-]n- p- -Xn-\p- ap ssi-sb-sp-øp.- 2007 - Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn - \-S- - sf- F-^v- F- U-_v-fyq- ]n- kn- F- I- -sh -j-\n - C- y - su-en-tk-j-s\- \- bn- -Xv- sn-dn-bm - h - n-bm-wv.- 2013 - C- y-bn - \-S- - sf- F-^v- F- U-_v-fyq- ]nkn- F- I- -h -j-s - kw-lm-s-i-i-ωn- nsn-b -am-\m-bn-cp- p.- kw-ÿm-\-sø- K- h-s - v- sf- Sn- sf- I-sf- an-i-hn-s - ti- {µ-am-bn- D-b -Øp-hm-\p-f-f- ]-_v-fn-iv- - ss{]- h- v- ]m -Sv-W -jn-]v- ]- -Xn- m-bn- cq-]o-icn- - K-h-s - n-s - tã- v- Ão-b-dnw-Kv- I- Ωn- n-bn - Aw-K-am-Wv.- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- ssh- Fw- kn- F- {]-kn-u- m-bn- {]-h -Øn- n- p- v.- C-t mƒ- ssh- Fw- kn- F- tz-io-b- F- Iv-kn-Iyq- o-hv- Aw-K-am-Wv.- B-kq-{X-W- I- Ωo-j-s - Ão-b-dnw-Kv- I-Ωn- n- t^m - I- kv-{s-iv-j-\n - 2010-11 - Aw-K-am-bn-cp- p.- sim- n- _n-kn-\-kv- kv-iqƒ,- am - tøm-a- ]-_v-fn-iv- kv-iqƒ- F- n-h- \-S-Øp- - am -tøm-a- F-Uyq-t -j-w - skmssk- n-bp-ss- ssh-kv - {]-kn-u- m-wv.- ssh- Fw- kn- F-bp-sS- ti-c-f- kp-h -W- Pq-_nen- A-hm -Uv,- B -Sn-sS-Iv-N-d - am-kn-i-bmb- U-ssk-\-dn-s - kv-x-]v-xo-bw- A-hm -Uv- F- n-h- e-`n- n- p- v.- Cu- h -j-sø- spkn- sf-bp-ss- s_-ãv - sd-kv -t]m- -kn-_nƒ- C -{^m-kv-{s-iv-n - _n -U - A-hm -Uv- v- sn-dn-bm - h - n- m-wv- e-`n- -Xv.- km-aq-ly-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s - `m-k-am-bnh - o-kv- Nm-cn- -_nƒ- {S-Ãn-\v- cq-]w- \-ev- In-bn- p- v.- hn-zym-`ym-k-øn-\v- B-h-iy-am-bkm-º-Øn-I-ti-jn-bn- m-ø- an-sp- -cm-b- hn- Zym - n-i-sf- k-lm-bn- m-\m-bn- m-wv- {S- Ãv- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- C-t mƒ- a- -ta-j-e-i-fn-epw- ]m-h-s - -h-sc- {S-Ãv- k-lm-bn- p- p- v.- {]-txy-in- pw- tcm-kw-aq-ew- h-e-bp- - ]m-hs - -h - v- k-lm-bw- \-ev-in- h-cp- p.- A-[ym-]-I- Z-º-Xn-am-cm-b- ta-{]m - ]pc-bv- - hn- kn- h - n-bp-ts-bpw- a-dn-bm-ωbp-ts-bpw- aq-ø- ]p-{x-\m-b- sn-dn-bm - h - n- I-f-a-ti-cn- t]m-fn- ss-iv-\n- n-se- B- Zy-sØ- _m- n-se- hn-zym - n-bm-wv.- ]n- o- Sv- F- Fw- sf- C- tim-gv-kv- ]q -Øn-bm- n.- t]m-fn-ss-iv-\n- n -\n- v- kn-hnƒ- F -Pn- \o-b-dnw-kv- ]-Tn- p- ]p-d-øp-h- - D-S-t\- X- s - X-an-gv-\m- n-se- s\-bv-th-en- en-kv-ss\- n - tpm-en-bpw- e-`n- p.- B-dp- a- -fn - aq- Ø- ]p-{x-s\- - \n-e-bn - Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v- H-cp- Xm-ßm-Ip-I-sb- -Xv- A- v- A-Xym-hiy-am-bn-cp- p.- B- k-a-b-øm-wv- tpm-en- \-jv-s-am-ip- -Xv.- km-dm-ω-bm-wv- `m-cy.- k- Pn,- sd-pn,- _n-pp,- a-dn-bw- F- n-h - a- -fm- Wv.- F- m-h-cpw- F -Pn-\o-b -am-cm-wv.- B- -a- ƒ- aq- p-t]-cpw- I-º-\n- U-b-d-Iv-S - am-cm-bn- hn-hn-[- hn-`m-k-ß-fp-ss- Np-a-X-e-tbs -Sp-Øp- {]-h -Øn- p- p.-

12 cq]-bpss {]lcw XpS-cp-I-bmWv cq]-bpss aqeyw tumf-dn-s\-xntc dn m Uv XmgvNbn FØn-b-Xv v Hmlcn hn]-wn-sb 11 amksø XmgvNbn FØn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. cq]-bpss CSn-hns\ ]n p-s-cp-i-bm-bn-cp p C y hn]-wn. amkm-h-km-\-am-b-t mtgbv pw cq]-bpss CSn-hnse `bw am n Xncn- p-h-c-hn-\p-ff {ia-øn-embn hn]- Wn. AXp XpS-cp-tam-sb- Xv C\n Adnbp-hm-\p-f-f-Xv. Ign Hcp-am-k- m-eøv sk skivkn 1130 t]mbn pw \n^v nbn 415 t]mbn p-amwv \jvs-am-b-xv. sk skivkv 11 amk-øn-\p-f-fn BZyambn 18000 t]mbn n\p Xmsgbpw \n^v n 5300 t]mbn n\p Xmsg-bp-sa- Ønbtijw t\cnb txmxn sa s p \nev p-i-bm-wv. F m-bmepw cq]- bpss ÿnc-x-bmwv hn]-wn-bpss hcpwam-k-ß-fnse Zni \n -bn- p-i. cq] dn m Uv XmgvN-bn tumf-dp-am-bp-ff hn\n-a-b-\n-c v HmKÃv 22- - \v 65.56 cq]- hsc FØn-. CXv dn m Uv XmgvN-bm-Wv. Ncn-{X- Ønse G hpw Xmgv IvtfmknwKv 64.40 cq]-bm-wv. h [n- p Id v A- u v IΩnbpw ]W-s -cp- -Ønse Db -bp-amwv Hmlcn hn]-wn-bn hnev]-\bv p If-sam-cp- n-b-xv. CtXmsS enãuv Iº-\n-I-fpsS hn]wn aqeyw 60 e w timsn cq]- bpss ( 1 {Sney tumf ) XmsgsbØn. 2012 apx XpS -bmbn 1 {Sney tumf hn]-wn-aqeyw \ne- \n Ønt mcp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. Ct mgsø CSn-hn-s\-Øp-S v _n Fkv Cbnse 263 Hml-cn-Iƒ 52 BgvN-bnse G hpw XmgvN-bnemWv. \S- p- -h j-øn G{]n apx cq]-bn 18.81 ix-am\w CSn-hp- m-bt mƒ C y hn]-wn-bpss aqeyw 6.38 ix-am\w CSn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. cq] ÿncx t\sn-bm am{xta hn]-wnbpss Zni-bn am w {]Xo- n- m- \mhq. cq]sb i n-s -Sp-Øp-hm dnk hv _m pw Kh-s pw Nne \S- ]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- p-sh- nepw AsXm pw ^ew I n-. Ch-bpsS {]tbm-p\w Zo L-Im-e-Ønte D m-ip- I-bp-ffp \S- p-h j-ønse BZy-Izm dnse Iº\n ^e-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n- m hn]-wn-bnse CSnhv Hgn p IqSp-hm km[n- m-ø-xm-sw- mwv hne-bn-cp- Øp- -Xv. Hmlcn hne-i-fpss \o sø kzm[o-\n- p- Xpw km[q-i-cn- p- Xpw Iº-\n-I-fpsS hcp-am-\hpw hcpam-\-{]-xo- -bp-am-wv. Ch c pw \nch[n Izm -dp-i-fmbn Ipd- p-h-cn-i-bmbn-cp- p. am{x-hp-a, kao-]-im-esø G hpw tami-amb ^e-am-bn-cp p C gn Izm -dn-te-xv. hntzi \nt ]Iÿm-]-\-ßƒ Pq, Pqsse amk-ß-fnse hnev]-\-bv p-tijw HmK-Ãn hntz-i- \n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS hnev]- \bpss i n Ipd- n- p- v. - HmKÃv 21 hscbp-ff s\ v hnev]\ 1845.9 timsn cq]-bm-wv. PqWn 9318.2 timsn cq]bpw Pqsse-bn 7120.20 timsn cq]bpw C y hn]-wn-bn \n v ]n h-en- n-cp- p. BZy A p-am-k- meøv hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C y hn]-wn-bn \nt -]n- Xv 81869.80 timsn cq]-bm-wv. 2013- se AhcpsS s\ v \nt ]w 66561 timsn cq]- bm-wv. cq]-bpss ÿnc-x-bm-wv C\n Ch-cpsS \nt ] Xocp-am-\sØ kzm[o-\n- p apjy kwk-xn. F m t\cn- p-ff hntzi \nt ]w PqWn 16 ix-am\w h [- \-tbmss 144 timsn tumf-dn-seøn. Cu Ie- h jsø G hpw Ipd XpI-bm-Wn-Xv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn-enXv 124 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. G{]n Pq Ime-b-f-hnse t\cn- pff hntz-i-\n-t -] 22 ix-am\w h [- \-tbmss 539 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn-bn- p- v. ap h j-antx Ime-bf-hn-enXv 442 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p.- ^m a-bn-emwv G hpw IqSp-X \nt ]w FØn-bXv 100 timsn tumf. ssentimw Dƒs ss 12 taj-ebnse t\cn- p-ff hntzi-\n-t ] \nb-{ -W- Øn Kh-s v Abhp hcp-øn-bn- p- v. AXns ^ew hcm-\n-cn- p- -tx-bp-ffp. 2012-13- 2242 timsn tumf-dmwv t\cn- p-ff hntzi \nt -]-ambn FØn-b- Xv. Xte-h j-anxv 3650 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. 2012-13 apx 2016-17 hsc 1 e w timsn tumf \nt ]w C y-bnse ASn-ÿm-\- ku-i-cy-ta-j-e-bn am{xw Bh-iy-ap-s - mwv IW- m- p- - Xv. Id v A u v IΩn 2012-13- dn m Uv Xe-Øntebv v ( Pn Un ]nbpss 4.8 ix-am- \w) Db Id v A u v IΩn \S- p-h jw 4 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmtgbv p \oßp-sa v hyh-km-bn-i-fpss kwls- \-bmb AtkmNw hne-bn-cp-øp- p. Khs v FSpØ Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ AXn\p klm-bn- p-sa- mwv tnw_- dns hne-bn-cp-ø. Id v A u v IΩn Ipd-bp- Xv samø-øn-ep-ff kmº-øn-im- -co w sa -s -Sp-hm klm-bn- p-sa pw AtkmNw A`n-{]mb-s -Sp- p. kz Ww, sh n, ]vfm n\w F n-h-bpss Cd- p-axn Xocph 10 ixam-\-ambn Db Øn-bXv Id v A u v IΩn 3.7 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmg-Øp-hm CS-bm- p-sa pw AtkmNw hnen-bn-cp-øp- p. Id v A u v IΩn \S- p-h jw 3.7 ixam-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa- mwv [\a{ n ]n NnZw-_cw ]d- -Xv. Izm ^ew tamiw BZy Izm ^ew {]Jym-]n 1961 Iº-\n-I-fpsS ( _m v, _mt -Xc ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mxp-ta-jse FÆ- - º-\n-Iƒ F nh Hgn-sI) hn p-h-chn 3.6 ix-am\w hf -bmwv D m-bn- p-ff-xv. Ign 13 Izm -dp-i-fnse G hpw Ipd hf -bm-wn-xv. Ch-bpsS A m-zm-b-ønse hf 5.4 ix-am-\- hpw. {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn 15.7 ixam-\-ambn XpS -t mƒ snehv 3.8 ixam\w Db ImWn- p. ]eni _m[yx Cu Ime-b-f-hn 19 ix-am\w h [n- p. 5 6 ix-am\w ]W-s -cp w IW- n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ hnev]-\-bnse hf s\k- o-hm-wv. Iº-\n-I-fpsS hn p-h-chv Ipd-bp-Ibpw ]eni _m[yx h [n- p-i-bp-am-wv. CtXm-sSm- -amwv Hmlcn hn]wn Hmlcn hn]wn tpmbn ^nen v Irjn hkvxrxn ( e w slivs-dn ) C\w 2013-14 2012-13 s\ v 324.73 315.43 ]b h Kw 99.63 85.32 skdn-b 189.35 165.34 FÆ- pcp 186.60 162.02 Icnºv 48.53 50.06 ]cpøn 111.34 111.53 Pyq v 8.31 8.36 BsI 968.48 898.05 Unam- nse hf - p-d-hpw. Cu ÿnxn hnti-j-øn\v am -ap mbmte hn]-wnsa -s -Sp-I-bp-f-fp. kmº-øni hf bv v A\p-Iqe-amb A -co w krjvsn-t - -Xntebv v Kh-s v {i \evi-w-sa v BZy-Izm ^ew Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. Kh-s v Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øn- ps - nepw AXp ^ew ImWp-hm kab-sa-sp- pw. AXm-bXv Iº-\n-I-fpsS hcp-am-\-ønse CSn-hn\v ia-\-ap- m-iphm C\nbpw ka-b-sa-sp- p-sa- w. ]W-\-b-Øn\v ImØv ]pxnb dnk hv _m v Kh W clpdmw cmps BZysØ ]W-\-b- Øn-\mbn cmpyw ImØn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. sk]v w-_ 17- \v BZysØ kmº-øn- Im-h-tem-I-\-sa-Øpw. cq]-b-ss-aq-ey-timj-ww, ]W-s -cp- w, Id v A u v IΩn, ]en-i-\n-c v XpS-ßn-b-h-tbm-Sp-ff cmps kao-]-\-øns kqn-\-bmwv BZy \b-øn-ep- m-ip-i. ]W-\bw I -i-am- p- Xv C y kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hf -bpss Xncn- p-h-c-hns thkw Ipd-bv p-sa- mwv A\-en-Ã-Ifpw C -twm-an-ãp- Ifpw hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. F m cmpy- Øn-\-I-tØbpw ]pd-tøbpw kw`-hßƒ ]W-s -cp w h [n- n- m-\p-x-ip- -Xm-sW pw ]h-s - -hsc h msx _m[n- p Cu {]iv\sø I n-s p \Sn- m-\m-in-s pw AXn-\m hf bv p t\sc IÆ-S- n- m-sw- nepw ]W-s -cp w XS-bp-sI- -Xn\mWv apjy ÿm\-sa- p-amwv Kh W Un kq dmhp ]d-bp- -Xv. CXn-\p-ff adp-]sn clpdmw cmps BZy-Izm kº- ØnI\-b-Øn-ep- m-iptam? {IptUm-bn hne cq]-bpss aqey-tim-j-whpw Db Id v A u v IΩnbpw XocmØ Xe-th-Z\ Db Øp- -Xn-\n-Sbn {IqtUm-bn hnebpw sas Db-cp- I-bm-Wv. G -hp-sam-sp-hn _mc-en\v 111.6 tumf-dn-tebv v {_ v {IqtUm-bn-ens hne Db n-cn- p-i-bmwv. Bh-iy-amb {IqtUm-bn-ens 80 ix-am-\hpw Cd- paxn snøpibm-wv. CXp-hgn ]W-s cp w Cd- p-axn snøp-i-bm-wv. hnebn hcp h [\ D]-tbm- m- -fpss ssih-i-øn \n v CuSm- p-hm IgnbmsX JP-\m-hn \n v \teiv ÿnxn-bm-wv. ^etam Kh-s n [\- I-Ωn Db-cp- p. AXphgn ]W-s -cp- hpw ]en-i-\n-c- pw. cmpy-øns [\-IΩn Db-cp- - Xn\v as mcp kml-n-cyw-iqsn D m-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. ` y-kp-c m _n Khs ns k_vknun _n Db Øp- Ibpw Kh-s ns kmº-øni ÿnxnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- phm\pw t]mhp-i-bm-wv. CXv \nt - ]sø _m[n- p-sa pw hne-bn-cp-ø-s - Sp- p. 2013-14- 90000 timsn cq]-bmwv ` y-k-_vkn-un-bmbn \evip-hm Dt±in- p- -Xv. CXn tziob ` y-kpc m ] -Xn v 10000 timsn cq]-bmwv \o n h n- p-f-f-xv. hcpw h j-ß-fn ` y-kp-c m _n Kh-s ns [\- Im-cy-ÿn-Xnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- p-sa v C -twm-an-ãp-iƒ A`n-{]m-bs -Sp- p. Irjn Bizmkw Kh-s n\v Aev]-sa- nepw Bizmkw \evip- Xv Im jni taje-bn \n- p-ff hm Ø-I-fm-Wv. sa s a kq \S- p-h jw Im jni hf sa -s -Sp-Øp-sa {]Xo Db Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ign kmº- ØnI h j-øn Im jni hf 1.8 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. \S- p-h jw 3 ixam-\-øn\v api-fn-tebv v Db-cp-sa- mwv {]Xo-. Pn Un ]nbn 13 ix-am\w hnln-x-ta-bp-f-fp-sh- nepw cmpysø ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t] Im jn-i-ta-j-esb B{i-bn- mwv Ign-bp- -Xv. ani ag sshzypxnbpss \ne sa -s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. cmpy-øns 70 ix-am\w Pem-h-iyhpw Cu a kq Ime-ØmWv \nd-th- -s -Sp- -Xv. sa s ag Umap-I-fnse kw`cww KWyambn Db Øn-bn- p- v. sa -s ag Irjn- p-ff sshzypxn Bh-iyhpw Ipdbv p- p. aæn \ne-\n-ev p Cu w dm_n hnf-hnepw {]Xn-^-en- psa- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø. \S- p-h jw dn m Uv `t ym-xv]m-z-\-amwv cmpyw {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Pq H p apx HmKÃv 24 hsc Cu kok-wn 13 ix-am\w A[nIw ag In n. e`n ag 743.9 an n-ao- -dm-wv. Cu Ime-b-f-hnse Zo L-Im-ei-cm-icn 662.8 an n-ao- -dm-wv. cmpysø 36 Imem-hÿ Unhn-j-\p-I-fn 17 FÆ- Øn A[n-I-ag In n-b-t mƒ 14 FÆ- Øn km[m-c-t]mse ag In n. As - Æ-Øn Ipd agsb In n-bp-f-fp. Pq sk]v w-_-dn km[m-cw e`n- p ag 889.3 an n-ao- -dm-wv. Jmcn^v Irjn hnkvxrxn \S p h j-øn CXp-hsc 968 e w slivsdm-bn. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse 898.05 e w slivs-dn-t\ mƒ 7.84 ixam\w

13 IqSp-X. kok-wn hnf Cd- m IgnbpI ]c-am-h[n 1068.1 e w slivs-dn-em-wv. s\ Ir-jn-bpsS hnkvxo Ww 315.43 e w slivsdn \n v 324.73 e w slivs-dn-tebv v Db p. \S- p-h jw _º \ p-xv]m- Z-\-amWv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. sabvkv, tkmbm-_o, FÆ- pcp F n-h-bpss \Soepw km[m-c-w-tb- mƒ Db n- p- v. kmº-øni hf G hpw tami-amb Pn Un ]n hf Izm -dm-bn-cn pw G{]n Pq amk- Øn-te-sX- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp- -Xv. hnhn[ kmº-øni hf m- -W- p-iƒ AXmWv \evip- -Xv. hymh-km-bn-tim- Xv]m-Z\ hf XpS -bmbn Xmgp-I-bmbn-cp- p. am{x-hp-a Ign c p amkß-fn \yq\ hf -bmwv ImWn- -Xv. PqWn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\hf 2.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. \S- p-h jw Pn Un ]n hf -bn henb am -sam pw {]Xo- n-t -s v dnk hv _m ns G hpw HSp-hn-esØ hnen-bn-cp-ø. \S- p-h jw Pn Un ]n hf 5.5 ix-am-\øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa- mwv B _n sf hne-bn-cp-ø. sabv amk-ønse hne-bn-cp-ø-en ]d- n-cp- Xv 5.7 ix-am\w hf -bm-bncp- p. 2012-13- se hf 5 ix-am-\-ambn-cp- p. hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bnse Xf bpw BtKmf kº-zvl-s-\-bnse apc-sn- p-amwv CXn\p Imc-W-ambn ]dbp- -Xv. F m ani a kq-wns ] m-ø-e-øn {KmaoW taj-ebn \n p- hyh-km-b-d-xv]- -ßƒ pw tkh-\-ßƒ pw Unam v D m-ip-sa p dnk hv _m v ]d-bp- p. kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ßfpw ]W-s -cp- w, cq]-bpss aqeyw, k]vssf-bnse XS-kßfpsS \o XpS-ßn-bh hgn 2014- hf bp- m-ip-sa mwv dnk hv _m ns A`n-{]m-bw. C y-bpss hf m-iy Ah-km-\n- n- n-s - v temi-_m- ns No^v C twm-anãv IuinIv _kp-hpw A`n-{]mbs Sp- p. C y 1991- se kmº-øni {]Xn-k- n-bpss Ab-e-Øp-t]mepw ÿnxn snøp- n-. C y- kº-zvl-s- \-bpss km[y-x-bv -\p-k-cn- p-ff hf t\sp- n F p am{x-ta-bp-f-fp. Ct mgsø BtKmf kmº-øn-im- -co- - Øn 5 ix-am\w hf tami-amb kwk-xn-b-. kº-zvl-s-\-bnse LS-\-]- c-amb ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ v thkw Iq nbm C y thkw Db hf -bntebv v Xncn-s -Øpsa pw _kp ]dbp p. \me v Izm -dp-i-fmbn XpS-cp Pn Un ]n hf m- p-dhv C\n ÿncx t\sp-tam-sb `b-amwv Ct m-gp-f-f-xv. 2012- Unkw-_ Izm -dn kmº-øni hf 12 h jsø XmgvN-bn-se-Øn. am n-e-h-km-\n Izm -dnse hf Imcy-ambn sa -s - n-. \S- p-h jsø BZy Izm -dn hf sa -s -Sm-\n-Sbn-. c mw Izm -dnepw {]Xo- bv p hi ImWp- n-. Ct m-gsø kml-ncy-øn 2013 Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn hf -bp- m-ip-sa v {]Xo- n- m km[n- mø ÿnxn-bm-wv. AXm-bXv hf 4 ix-am-\-øn\p Np -f-hn-tebv v hogp-tam-sb Bi- -bmwv \ne-\n-ev p- -Xv. Kh-s v F p ]d- mepw AhcpsS hf m-iy sh w sxmsmsx hngpßp-hm \nt -]-I Xbm-d-s - -XmWv hkvxp-x. \nt ]w \S-Ø-W-sa- n AXn-\p-ff Ah-kcw hy -ambn ImWn- p-sim-sp-øm am{xta \nt -]-I-cpsS Bfl-hn-izmkw sa -s -Sp-I-bp-f-fp. AXn\p hm p-iƒ t]mcm. {]hr-øn- Xs thww. 2014- se s]mxp-sx-c-s - Sp v ^e-am-bn-cn pw Ct m-gsø A\n- n-x-xz-øn-\p-ff adp-]-sn. AXp-hsc Ct m-gsø A\n- n-xxzw kº-zvl-s-\- bnepw hn]-wn-bnepw XpS-cp-hm-\mWv km[y-x. hn]wnbn h\y-amb hy-xnbm-\-ß-fmwv Cu Ime-b-f-hn kw`-hn- p-i. hmeyp _bnw-kn\v ] nb kabw Cc ]nsn- m a-tbmss ImØncn- p knwl-sø-t mse ]Xp-ßn- n-s- p-i. \nco- n- p-i. Ah-k-cßƒ mbn a-tbmss ImØn-cn- p- I. ]e \nt -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fntebpw hnz-kv[ Ah-cpsS \nt - ]-I v \evip D]-tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv. temi-saßpw Hmlcn hne-iƒ Xmgv n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Hmlcn hne kl-\o-b-amb \ne-bn-tebv v, Hcp ]t AXns aqey-tø- mƒ Ipd hne-bn-tebv v FØn-bn-cn- p- p-sh- mwv ]e BtKmf \nt ] ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tsbpw hnebn-cp-ø. bp Fkv XpSßn temi- Ønse H p an cmpy-ß-fn-tebpw ÿnxn CXm-Wv. ]e Hml-cn-I-fnepw ap Xp ix-am\w hscxmgvn D m-bn-cn- p- I-bm-Wv. Ah hmß Ah-kcw sim p-h- n-cn- p- p. Zo L-Im-e- Øn C y-sb- p-dn v Xm _p ojv BsW v sp ]n tam K ^ ns tuhnuv si n ]d-bp- p. bp Fkv Dƒs -ss temiøv F m-bn-søpw Hmlcn hn]wn FIvkvs] ko-hv-a- mø ÿnxn-bn-em-sw v si n Nq n- m- p- p. AXn-\m Xs Hmlcn hn]- Wn-bnse Ct m-gsø CSn-hns\ Hmh dnbmivj Ft ImWm\- hq. Zo L-Ime \nt -]-I v [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ß-fmWv hn]-wn-bnep-f-f-sx- mwv A\-en-Ãp-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. \nc-h[n taj-e-i-fnse \nc-h[n Hml-cn-I hfsc Ipd aqey-øn Ct mƒ e`y-am-sw pw Ah A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. 12-18 amkw apx 3 h jw-h-sc-bp-ff \nt -]-amwv Ah \n t±-in- p- - Xv. ani aqey-ap-ff Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßp-hm G hpw tbmpn ka-bß-fn-sem- m-sw v Hmlcn \nt - ]-I-hn-Z-Kv[- A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. H pw Bi ths - mwv an ^n\m jy AssUz-k amcpw Ah-cpsS CS-]m-Sp-Im v \evip D]-tZ-iw. GXm\pw amk-ambn Hmlcn-ti-J-c-Øns aqey-øn KWyambn CSn-hp- m-bn. Cu Hmlcn-ti-J-csØ \nt -]-ambn I v ssihiw hbv p-hm-\mwv Ah D]-tZ-in- p- -Xv. Bi- -s -Sm-Xn-cn- p-ibpw Fkv sf ]n \nt ]w XpS-cp-Ibpw snøp-i. Cu ka-bøv \nt ]w Ah-km-\n- n- p- txm ssih-i-ap-ff \nt ]w Ah-km-\n- n- p- txm _p n-b-s pw Ah Iq n-t p- p. adn aqey-ap-ff Hml-cn-Iƒ Ipd hnebv p hmßp-hm-\p-ff ka-b-am-sw Ah Bh Øn- p- p. Cu kabøv {lkz-im-e-øn \nt ]w \S-Øp-Itbm Dul- - -hsw snøp- Itbm snø-cp-sx mwv hnz-kv[- cpss as mcp D]-tZ-iw. C y BI jiw Zo L-Im-e-Øn C y Hmlcn-Iƒ BI j-i-am-sw v C sh- Ãvsa v amt\-pvsa v ÿm]-\-amb t_mã Iº\n Ak v amt\-pvsa v dnt m v ]d-bp- p. ASn-ÿm\ kuicy-ta-j-e-bn \nt ]w Db-cp- Xpw henb P\-kw-Jybpw kmº-øni ]cnjvim-c-ß-fpss ]ptcm-k-xnbpw C y hn]-wn-bn \n v Zo L-Im-e-Øn ani dnt t\sn-ø-cp-sa- mwv dnt m v ]d-bp- -Xv. cmpyw i -amb Xncn- p-h-c-hn\v Xbm-sd-Sp- p-i-bm-wv. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS sndp w Zo L-Im-e- Øn D]-t`m r Unam v sa -s -Sp- Øpw. CXv kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hnim-k- Øn\v hgn sxfn- pw. tkh-\w, tkm^v v th, acp v DXv]m-Z\w XpSßnb C ysb Hcp BtKmf Hu vtkmgvknwkv ti{µ-ambn Db Øp-sa pw dnt m v ]d-bp- p. s]s p hnev p- Ibpw hmßp-ibpw snøm-hp hn[- Øn ani enizn-un- n-bp-ff C y Hmlcn hn]wn hntz-i-\n-t -]-I v tbmpn- -Xm-sW v dnt m v ]d-bp- p. h jm-h-km-\-tømss C y Hmlcn hn]wn Xncn- p-h-cp-sa- mwv BjnI tãmiv t{_m nwkv dntk ]cmkv t_m{x-bpss hne-bn-cp-ø. Ct mƒ hn]-w-bn XmgvN-bpsS kqn- \-I-fm-Wv. F m a v LS-I-ßƒ ( hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z-\w, cq]-bpss ÿnc-x, am -an- mø ]W-s -cp- w, Ipdbp Id v A u v IΩn XpS-ßn-bh) Db ImWn p XpS-ßp- -txmss hn]wn sa -s p XpS-ßp-sa v At±lw hne-bn-cp-øp- p. i -amb Xncp-Ø kw`-hn hn]-wn-bn {lkz-im-e-øn tami-a- mø Db -bmwv C y \nthiv skiyq-cn- o-kns t]m vt^m-fntbm ^ v amt\-p [ tajv Im ns {]Xo-. \n^v n kqnni 5850 t]mbn ntebv v Db-cp-sa v At±lw {]Xo- n- p- p. 2014 am n sk skivkv kqnni 20000 t]mbn v hsc FØm- \p-ff km[y-x-bmwv BtKm-f-\n-t -]- I-ÿm-]-\-amb s\mapc Ah-cpsS G hpw HSp-hn-esØ C y CIzn n kv{sm Pn dnt m n ]d-bp- -Xv. t\csø-bp-ff dnt m n 21700 t]mbn nse-øp-sa- m-bn-cp p IW- m- n-bn-cp- -Xv. Iº-\n-I-fpsS hcp-am-\-h-f {]Xo- n- -Xp-t]mse hf-cm-ø-xmwv e yw Ipd-bv p-hm Imc-W-ambn s\mapc ]d-bp- -Xv. kqnni Dbcpw sf SnbpsS klm-b-tømss sk skivkv kqnni 2013 Ah-km-\- tømss 23000 t]mbn n-se-øp-sa v tam K Ãm en A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. ]e- B-tKm-f \n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\- ßƒ pw CtX A`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. 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14 Call home once a week so your parents can hear your voice (Author John Grisham, master of best-selling legal thrillers, delivered at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's commencement, May 9, 2010.) Thank you, Holden Thorp. Thanks to you, the University, and the Board of Trustees, the administration, the faculty and the graduates for the invitation to be here. I am honored to address the Class of 2010. To the graduates, congratulations upon this day. Your hard work and perseverance have brought you to this milestone, and you are to be commended. Your families and friends are here and they are very proud. Make this day last as long as possible. Take lots of pictures. Give lots of smiles and hugs. Savor it. It is truly unique. I have been here before. Two years ago I was sitting out there as a proud parent watching my daughter graduate from UNC. That day was not quite as pretty as today. The weather looked bad. The forecast was dreadful. The skies were dark and threatening. It looked bad. At the last moment, the decision was made to keep the festivities here and not move them indoors. Just as the graduates were preparing to march in, a tropical depression settled on Chapel Hill and the bottom fell out. The rain began, driving, howling, cold wind with no end in sight. James Moeser was the chancellor then. Most of the crowd scattered. We were soaked. It was awful. It was wonderful. James Moeser, who was also soaking wet, finally decided to just dispense with all formalities. With one wave of the hand, sort of like Moses, he conferred 5,000 degrees, and we got out of here. It was a very short commencement. There were no speeches. Maybe it wasn't all bad, I don't know. With that day in mind, I am very grateful to see sunshine and a sky that is Carolina blue. I've been watching the weather for two months. I am just as proud today John Grisham Born on February 8, 1955 in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to a construction worker and a homemaker, John Grisham as a child dreamed of being a professional baseball player. Realizing he didn't have the right stuff for a pro career, he shifted gears and majored in accounting at Mississippi State University. After graduating from law school at Ole Miss in 1981, he went on to practice law for nearly a decade in Southaven, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. In 1983, he was elected to the state House of Representatives and served until 1990. One day at the DeSoto County courthouse, Grisham overheard the harrowing testimony of a twelve-year-old rape victim and was inspired to start a novel exploring what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her assailants. Getting up at 5 a.m. every day to get in several hours of writing time before heading off to work, Grisham spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. Initially rejected by many publishers, it was eventually bought by Wynwood Press, who gave it a modest 5,000 copy printing and published it in June 1988. That might have put an end to Grisham's hobby. However, he had already begun his next book, and it would quickly turn that hobby into a new full-time career and spark one of publishing's greatest success stories. The day after Grisham completed A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a hotshot young attorney lured to an apparently perfect law firm that was not what it appeared. When he sold the film rights to The Firm to Paramount Pictures for $600,000, Grisham suddenly became a hot property among publishers, and book rights were bought by Doubleday. Spending 47 weeks on The New York Times bestseller list, The Firm became the bestselling novel of 1991. The successes of The Pelican Brief, which hit number one on the New York Times bestseller list, and The Client, which debuted at number one, confirmed Grisham's reputation as the master of the legal thriller. Grisham's success even renewed interest in A Time to Kill, which was republished in hardcover by Doubleday and then in paperback by Dell. This time around, it was a bestseller. Since first publishing A Time to Kill in 1988, Grisham has written one novel a year (his other books are The Firm, The Pelican Brief, The Client, The Chamber, The Rainmaker, The Runaway Jury, The Partner, The Street Lawyer, The Testament, The Brethren, A Painted House, Skipping Christmas, The Summons, The King of Torts, Bleachers, The Last Juror, and The Broker) and all of them have become international bestsellers. There are currently over 225 million John Grisham books in print worldwide, which have been translated into 29 languages. Nine of his novels have been turned into films (The Firm, The Pelican Brief, The Client, A Time to Kill, The Rainmaker, The Chamber, A Painted House, The Runaway Jury, and Skipping Christmas), as was an original screenplay, The Gingerbread Man. The Innocent Man (October 2006) marks his first foray into non-fiction. "Long before his name became synonymous with the modern legal thriller, he was working 60-70 hours a week at a small Southaven, Mississippi law practice, squeezing in time before going to the office and during courtroom recesses to work on his hobby writing his first novel. When he s not writing, Grisham devotes time to charitable causes, including most recently his Rebuild The Coast Fund, which raised 8.8 million dollars for Gulf Coast relief in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. He also keeps up with his greatest passion: baseball. The man who dreamed of being a professional baseball player now serves as the local Little League commissioner. The six ballfields he built on his property have played host to over 350 kids on 26 Little League teams. Grisham lives with his wife Renee and their two children Ty and Shea. The family splits their time between their Victorian home on a farm in Mississippi and a plantation near Charlottesville, VA. because my wife, Renee, is a member of the Class of 2010. She is finishing her work for a degree in English, work I interrupted almost 30 years ago when I convinced her to marry me. I'm not sure she wanted to back then, but we did anyway. It's a big day for our family. Some of you are sad to be leaving, probably in shock that your time here has gone by so quickly. Others are, no doubt, thrilled to be getting out of here. Regardless of how you feel now, your emotional attachment to this place will only deepen as the years go by, and you will find yourself drawn back time and time again. I have never met a Tar Heel who did not let it be known, usually within the first 30 seconds of a conversation, that he was in fact a Tar Heel, or that she loved her days in Chapel Hill. Let's face it. It's a great school. We all know it. There is so much to be proud of. You are leaving today, but you will not be forgotten. Whether you are graduating with honors, or without; regardless of what you studied, or didn't study, you will not be forgotten. There are people on this campus who work in what's called development, that's another word for fundraising, and they are watching you even as we speak. They will follow you. They are very friendly. They will send you letters, birthday cards, Christmas cards and at first you may be flattered, but you will soon learn that these cards are very expensive. They will expect cards in return--pledge cards, commitment cards, they even take credit cards. They will follow you well into your old age. And when you die, they will expect a sizeable chunk of your estate. You will not be forgotten. But don't be irritated. They are good folks and they really, really want you to succeed. The generosity of others has played a major role in building this great institution. Those who have walked here before you have enriched your learning experience. It's important for you

15 to give, as a way of saying thanks, but also to invest in future generations. Give, because others have given for you. Now I have never written a long book, and I have never given a long speech. This one will last for 17 minutes, from top to bottom, so hang on, I'm almost finished. Before I close, though, I'm expected to at least attempt to say something significant, something you might remember for more than 24 hours. Certain things are expected in commencement speeches, and I would hate for you to leave here feeling as though you didn't get your money's worth. Not that I'm getting paid, but that's no big deal. On campuses this spring across the country, commencement speakers are saying such things as: "The future is yours." "Take control of your destiny." "Set your goals high." And so on and so forth. These platitudes are not worth much, so I don't use them. You don't really want to hear them. Of course the future is yours. Who else would want it? Take it. You can have it. We've had our chance and made a royal mess of things. I'm sure you can do better. I expect you will. Advice is common theme during these speeches. Someone who has been out there comes back here and shares a few nuggets of wisdom, a few tips on how to succeed. Advice is very easy to give and even easier not to follow, so I don't fool with it. You don't want to hear it. You don't need the advice. You've got the brains, the talent and now the education to live your life the way you want. You'll figure it out. On a couple of occasions, I have given a speech entitled: "The Top Ten Reasons You Should Stay in College Until You're Thirty Years Old." It got a few laughs, had a little wisdom to it, but I realized it really wasn't being heard. You wouldn't hear it now. Let's face it--you're done, you're finished, you're ready to get out of here, it's time to move on. I stopped giving that speech because the hate mail from the parents was so vicious. Actually, I do have one piece of advice. I guess sometimes we can't just help ourselves. Call home at least once a week. It's a proven fact that we call home less frequently the older we get. And that's wrong. It should be the other way around. As we get older, our parents get older. E- mail, Facebook, text, that's all good. Call home once a week so your parents can hear your voice, and you can hear theirs. OK, one more piece of advice. Read at least one book a month. That may not sound like much, but the big publishing companies in New York have spent a lot of money studying you and your reading habits. You have terrified them. They cannot figure you out. They don't know how many of you, in five years, will be reading books on Kindles, ipads, Nooks, Kobo's and Sony ( SNE - news - people ) E-Readers. About half the research suggests that you will read more because of these incredible devices. About half the research says you will read even less. They can't figure you out. As far as I'm concerned, I don't care if it's a hardback, paperback, e-book or library book. Read. Reading stimulates the brain and the imagination. A video takes away your imagination. Now, this is self-serving, obviously. It's a proven fact that people who read buy more books than people who don't read, so I'm always thinking about book sales. I can't help it. Truthfully, I wish you'd read 10 books a month, or at least buy that many. The most difficult part of writing a book is not devising a plot that will captivate the reader; it is not developing characters the reader will have strong feelings for or against; it is not finding a setting which will take the reader to a place he or she has never been; it is not the research, whether in fiction or non-fiction. The most difficult task facing a writer is to find a voice in which to tell the story. A voice is pronunciation, diction, syntax, dialogue, plot, character, the ABC's of writing. But a writer's voice is much more. A writer's voice is the tone, the mood, the point of view, the consciousness, the sense of credibility. I have never thought of writing as hard work, but I have worked hard to find a voice. All writers do. Sometimes we are successful, often we are not. But long before the first chapter is finished, and often before the first chapter is started, we search and search to find a voice. Students of creative writing are constantly urged, find the voice, find the voice in which to tell the story, and to do so they are taught to try different techniques, different narrations, different points of view--all in an effort to find the voice. When a writer finds the voice, the words flow freely, the sentences become paragraphs and pages and chapters and the story is told, the writer is heard and the reader is rewarded. In this respect, writing is a lot like life itself. In life, a voice is much more than the sound we make when we talk. Infants and preschoolers have voices and can make a lot of noise, but a voice is more than sound. The voice of change, the voice of compassion, the voice of the future, the voice of his generation, the voice of her people. We hear this all the time. Voices, not words. There are over 5,600 of you in the Class of 2010, and I doubt seriously right now if anyone of you believes that you will leave here today, go out into the world, start your career and not be heard. Isn't that one of our greatest fears? We will not be heard? No one will listen to us when we are ready to lead, there's no one to follow? To be heard, you must find a voice. For your ideas to be accepted, for your arguments to be believed, for your work to be admired, you must find a voice. A voice has three essential elements. The first is clarity. When I was in high school, I discovered the novels of John Steinbeck. He was and is my favorite writer. The Grapes of Wrath is a book I've read more than all others. I admire his talent for telling a story, his compassion for the underdog, but what I really admire is his ability to write so clearly. His sentences are often rich in detail and complex, but they flow with a clarity that I still envy. His characters are flawed and tragic, often complicated, but you understand them because they have been so clearly presented. In life, we tend to ignore those who talk in circles, saying much but saying nothing. We listen to and follow those whose words, and ideas and thoughts and intentions are clear. The second element is authenticity. Few things I like better in life than getting lost in a good book written by an author who is in full command of his subject matter, either because he has lived the story or so thoroughly researched it. I read a lot of books written by other lawyers--legal thrillers, as they are called--i read them because I enjoy them, also I have to keep an eye on the competition. I can usually tell by page three if the author has actually been in a fight in a courtroom, or whether he's simply watched too much television. In life, we tend to discredit those who claim to be what they are not. We respect those who know their subject matter. We long for, and respect credibility. The third element is veracity. In the past few years, the publishing industry has been scandalized by a handful of writers who wrote very compelling stories of their reallife adventures. These were good stories, they were well written, the voices were clear and seemingly authentic. They sold for big money, they were marketed aggressively, they were reviewed favorably, and then they were exposed for being what they really were-- frauds, fabrications, lies. The real-life adventures never happened. The books were pulled from the shelves. The publishers were embarrassed. Lawsuits were filed to retrieve the advances. And the writers' voices have been forever silenced. In life, finding a voice is speaking and living the truth. Each of you is an original. Each of you has a distinctive voice. When you find it, your story will be told. You will be heard. The size of your audience doesn't matter. What's important is that your audience is listening. You are lucky to have studied here. Lucky, and deserving. Many, many applied, and only you were chosen. You have been superbly educated, but now your time is up. You have to go. You can't stay here until you're 30; and besides, on August 21 the freshmen will be here to replace you. One final thought: Right now, you want to be something. You have big dreams, big plans, big ideas, big ambitions. You want to be something. Don't ever forget what you want to be right now. The future has arrived. It commences now. Good luck.

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Iº-\n v temi-ønse 50 cmpy-ß-fn km n-[yap- v.-g-xm v Bbncw DXv]- -ßƒ ChnsS cpn-kv snbvxn- p- v. Iº\n Ct mƒ hfsc \nb-{ -W-ap-ff cmpy-ß-fn t]mepw km n[yw D m- n-bn- p- v. djy, {_ko, P a-\n, bp Fkv ^nen-ss kv XpS-ßnb cmpy-ß-fn k_vkn-unbdn Iº-\n-Iƒ cq]o-i-cn- n- p- v. [\-Imcy^ew: 2013 am n-e-h-km-\n h j-øn Iº\n 2767 timsn cq] hn p-h-chpw 546 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. 42.31 timsn cq] Hml-cn-aqe-[-\-Øn C ]n Fkv 64.52 cq]-bm-wv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse hn p-h-chv 2076 timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw 311.25 timsn cq]bpw C ]n Fkv 36.78 cq]-bp-am-bncp- p. Iº-\n-bpsS H ]n Fw Cu Ime-b-f-hn 19.25 ix-am-\-øn \n v 24.54 ixam-\-ambn Db p. \S- p-h j-øns BZyIzm -dn Iº\n 972 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw ( 777 timsn cq]) 149 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw ( 102 timsn cq] ) t\s-bn- p- v. t_mwkv hgn h [n Hml-cn-aq-e-[-\-amb 84-tImSn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\-øn C ]n Fkv 12.6 cq]-bm-wv.iº-\n-bpss C y hn]-wn-bnse t^m ap-te-j _nkn-\kv 12 ix-am-\w hf -tbmss 312 timsn cq]-bn-se-øn-b-t mƒ cmpym- c hcp-am\w 28 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 539 timsn cq]-bn-se-øn. bp Fknse _nkn-\kv 43 ixam-\hpw bqtdm- nse _nkn-\kv 49 ix-am-\hpw djy _nkn-\kv 23 ix-am-\hpw hf t\sn. samøw hf 20 ix-am-\-øn-\p-ap-i-fn-em-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-e-`m-am Pn\v 32.43 ix-am-\-am-wv. CXv \memw Izm dnse 24.54 ix-am-\-tø- mƒ hfsc Db -Xm-Wv. cq]-bpss aqey-øn-ep- mb CSnhn Xo -bmbpw Iº-\n-bpsS A m-zm-b-øn ani t\ w Cu h jw sim ph-cp-sa- mwv Dd- m-wv. hntz-iøv _nkn-\kv hf bpw cq]-bpss CSnhv Iº- \n v t\sn-s m-sp- pw. 2013-1:1 t_mwkv \evin-bn-cp- p. Iº-\n-bpsS Unhn-U Uv hnx-cw t]mfnknbpw DZm-c-am-Wv. C -gn h j-øn kvs]j em`-ho-x-apƒs ss 5 cq] apj-hn-e-bp-ff Hml-cn-sbm- n\v \evin-bxv 23 cq]-bm-wv. {]tam- -dpss Hmlcn ] m-fnøw 72 ix-am-\-am-wv. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy- Øn \S- p-h jw Ipd- Xv 40 50 cq]-sb- nepw C ]n Fkv t\sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. FIvkvt_m-Wkv hne 450 cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. s]mxpth hn]wn Xmgv kml-n-cy-øn Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn hne-bnepw CSn-hp- m-bn- p- v. CtX- Øp-S v hne 393 cq]-bn-tebv v Xmgv n- p- v. ASpØ Bdp-am-kw-sIm v CXns Hmlcn hne 500 cq]-bn-tebv v FØp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- Xv. Iº-\n-bpsS _nkn-\-kn-ep- mb hf Hmlcn hne-bn {]Xn-^-en- n- n-. Sm m Ão enan- Uv Ct m-gsø hne: 282 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 448 cq]/195 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 340 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 52.12 cq], ]n C: 5.24 (2013 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 27412 timsn cq] 1907- Bcw-`n Sm Ão temi-ønse G hpw henb 10 Ão Iº-\n-Ifn-sem- m-wv. Iº-\n v {]Xn-h jw 2.8 timsn S {IqUv Ão DXv]m-Zn- n- p-hm- \p-ff tijn-bp- v. temi-søm- msi 26 cmpy-ß-fn {]h Øn- p Iº-\n v 50 cmpy-ß-fn hmwn-py-]-c-amb km n-[y-ap- v. 2012-13- 2482 timsn tumf hn p-h-chv t\snb Iº-\n-bn 81000 t] tpmen snøp- p. t^m Nyq 500 Iº- \n-i-fn-sem- mwv Sm Ão. C y, bp si, s\x e Uv, Xmbve Uv, knwk- q, ssn\, Hmkvt{S-enb F n-hn-s-ß-fn DXv]m-Z-\-bq-Wn- p-i-fp- v. Ão \nc-h[n hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-i-fpss \s - mbn {]h Øn- p- -h-bm-wv. AXp-sIm p-xs BtKm-f-X-e-Øn Iº-\n v sshhn-[ym D]-t`m- r-\n-cbm-wp-f-f-xv. Hmt m tam o-hv, I kv{s-ivj, ]mt -Pnw-Kv, F Pn-\o-b-dnw#v, I kyq-a KpUvkv, F\ Pn, ]h, Gtdm-kvt]-kv, sdbn XpSßn sshhn-[yam hyh-km-b-ß-fpss hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep-ff Ão Bh-iy-ßƒ Iº\n \nd-th- n-t m-cp- p. [\-Imcy^ew: AZy Izm -dn ani Xncn- p-h-c-hmwv Iº\n \S-Øn-bn- pf-f-xv. Iº-\n-bpsS I tkm-fn-tu- Uv A m-zmbw 1139 timsn cq]-bm-wv. ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hnenXv 598 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p.c -gn kmº-øi h j-øns \memw Izm -dn Iº-\n-bpsS \jvsw 6529 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. C y hn`m-k- Øns i -amb {]I-S-\-amWv Iº-\n-bpsS em`-ap-b Øn-b-Xv. {Kq ns Cu Imeb-f-hnse hn p-h-chv 32805 timsn cq]bpw {]h Ø-\-em`w 3755 timsn cq]-bp-am-wv. DXv]m-Z\w 60.8 e w S Ãoep-amWv. Iº-\n-bpsS IS-_m-[yX 61289 timsn cq]- bm-wv. Zp _-e-amb kmº-øn-im- -co- -Ønepw Iº-\n-bpsS C y {]I-S\w sa am-bn-cp- p. Iº\n BZy-Izm -dn 20 e w S DXv] w Xbm-dm n hn]-wnbn FØn- p. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn CXv 15.9 e w SÆm-bn-cp- p. F m Ign h jw \memw Izm -dn 22.8 e w SÆm-bn-cp p DXv]m-Z-\w. Iº-\nbpsS hn p-h-chv 6.1 ix-am\w h [n v 9455 timsn cq]-bm-bn. ap h j-antx Imeb-f-hn-enXv 8908 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. \memw Izm -dnse hn p-h-chv 10771 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. ^vfm v DXv]- -ß-fpsS hnev]-\-bn 44 ix-am\w h [-\-bp- mbn- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-em`w ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse 2791 timsn cq]-bn \n v 2897 timsn cq]-bmbn Db p. A m-zmbw 1356 timsn cq]-bpw. Iº- \n-bpss {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn \memw Izm -dnse 29.3 ix-am-\-øn \n v 30.6 ix-am-\-ambn Db n- p- v. dotd- nwkv: C -gn P\p-h-cn-bn 448 cq]-bn-se-ønb Hmlcn hne ]n osv XpS -bmbn Xmgp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. {][m-\-ambpw BtKmfXe-Ønepw A`y- -c-x-e- Ønepw kmº-øni hf Ipd- -XmWv Iº-\n-bpsS Hml-cn-I-fn hne-bn-sn-hp- m- n-b-xv. kmº-øni amµyw bqtdm v Dƒs -ss-bp-ff cmpy-ß-fn Ão Unam v Ipd- p. CtX-Øp-S v Hmlcn hne 200 cq]-bpss Xmtgbv v hsc FØn-bn-cp- p. GXm v 45 ix-am\w CS-hm-Wv Hmlcn hne-bn-ep- m-b-xv. Ãn hne-bn t\cnb Db D m-bn- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS bqtdm-]y _nkn- \-kn {]h Ø-\-em`w SÆn\v 1947 cq]-bn \n v 2473 cq]-bmbn BZy-Izm -dn Db n- p- v. am{x-h-a bqtdm-]y kº-zvl-s\ C -gn Izm -dn 0.3 ixam\whf t\sn-bn- p- v. bp Fkpw hf -bn-tebv v Xncn-s -Øn-bXn Ão DXv]- -ß-fpsS hne h [n- n- pw. bqtdm- n \S- p-h jw 30 ]pxnb DXv]- -ßƒ ]pd-øn-d- p-hm\pw Iº\n Dt±-in- p- p. C y-bn-em-is ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bn 1 e w timsn cq]-bpss aps-ßn- n-s- p ] -Xn-Iƒ v Ivfnb-d kv \evin- -gn- p. Cu \nt ]w Xzcn- X-s -Sp-Øp-hm Kh-s pw B{K-ln- p- p. Ct mƒ Sm m Ãoense s\k- ohv hm Ø-Iƒ GXm v Ah-km-\n- p-i-bm- Wv. \S- p-h jw BZy-Izm -dnse {]h Ø-\-^-e-amWv Iº-\n-bpsS `mkyw ]pxnb Zni-bn-tebv v Xncn- p-hn- -Xv. Ign h jsø C ]n Fkv IW- n-se-sp-øm Iº-\n-bpsS ]n C 5.24 BWv. C Ukv{Sn icm-icn 6.51 BWv. hn]wn hnebpw ]pkvx-i-aq-eyhpw XΩn-ep-ff A\p-]mXw 0.5 ix-am-\-am-wv. ]pkvx-i-aqeyw 568.4 cq]-bm-wv. \nipxn _m[yx Ipd-bp- Xpw a pw IW- n-se-sp-øm \S- p-h jw C ]n Fkn 27 ix-am-\hpw ASpØ h jw 15 ix-am-\hpw Db -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv hne Hcp h j- m-eøv 500 cq]-bn-tebv v FØmw. ASpØ 18-24 amk-ßƒ Iº-\nsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw sh p-hn-fn-bpss \mfp- I-fm-sW Imcyhpw ad- -. 2 3 h jw e y-am n \nt ]w \S-Øn-bm sa -s dnt {]Xo- n- mw.

17 ^ v A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n sf kn sf kn sf {]qu jy F F hn 17.48 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 19.08 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn 16.24 cq] A BkvXn 4335.85 timsn cq] (30 06-2013) _ vam v kn F FIvkv \n^v n t^m kvuv _vfqnn]v -Xv. Ch-cpsS {]h Ø-\-an-Ihv C\nbpw sxfn-bn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. BkvXn-bpsS 100 ix-am-\hpw Hmlcn-Iƒ \nt -]n- p-hm-\p-ff A\p-aXn ^ v amt\-p p- v. Ct mƒ BkvXnbpsS 93.98 ix-am-\hpw Hml-cn-bn \nt -]n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. su n 5.36 ix-am-\hpw Imjmbn 0.6 ix-am-\hpw \nt -]n- n-cn- - p. \nt -]-Øns 40 ix-am-\hpw c p h j-øn-te-sd-bmbn ^ v ssihiw hbv p- p. \nt -]- Øn 83.05 ix-am-\hpw em Pv Im]v Hmlcn-I-fn-em-Wv. anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn 14.5 ix-am\w \nt ]w \S-Øn-bn- p- v. F v Un F^v kn _m v ( 8.31 ix-am-\w), sf Sn kn ( 7.28 ix-am-\w), sf kn sf kn sf _m v (6.51 ix-am- \w), C t^m-knkv (6.30 ix-am-\w), timsiv alo{µ_m v (5.75 ix-am-\w), atzgvk kpan (4.72 ix-am-\w), -ssiv alo{µ (4.57 ix-am-\w), dne-b kv C U-kv{Sokv (3.60 ix-am-\w), BZn- Xy-_n f \pthm ( 3.46 ix-am-\w) XpSßnb-h-bmWv \nt ]ti-j-c-ønse apjyhml-cn-iƒ. dne-b kv, sf Sn kn, sf kn sf kn sf _m v, `m Xn Fb ss, Sm ]h, C t^m-kn-kv, H F Pn kn XpS-ßn-bh ^ v XpSßn-b-t mƒ apx \nt -]-ti-j-c-ønep-f-f-h-bm-wv. ^ v [\-Im-cy-tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bn Ct mgpw _p ojv BWv. ^ ns \nt -]-Øn 24.44 ix-am\w [\-Im-cytk-h-\-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. c p h j-øn-tesd-bmbn Cu taj-e-bv p-x-s -bmwv \nt -]-Øn ap Xq- w. CXn Xs kzim-cy-ta-je _m v Hml-cn-I-fn 14 ixam\w \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. F\ Pn (14.61 ix-am-\w), ssivt\m-fpn (14.45 ix-am-\w), Hmt m (10.77 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw kn Pn (9.49 ix-am-\w), sl ØvsI-b (6.69 ix-am-\w), ssuth-gvkn-ss^uv (6.35 ixam-\w), sa kv (3.92 ix-am-\w), Iayq-Wnt -j (2.73 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ap-jy-\n-t -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. hfsc Ipd ImewsIm v \nt -]-I-{i ]nsn p ] nb ^ m-wn- Xv. em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-Isf Xmc-X-tay\ kpc- n-x-xz-ap-ff \nt -]-am-bn- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. AXn-\m Xs Ipd dnkviv FSp- p-hm Xmev]-cyap-ff \nt -]-I v ani {]Xo- n- mhp \nt -]-amwv CsX v CXp-h-scbp-ff ^ ns {]I-S\w hnfn-t m-xp- p. hn]-wn-bn {]iv\-ßƒ D m-hptºmƒ G hpw Ah-km-\-hpw, G hpw Ipdhpw _m[n- p_m[n- p- Xv em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fm-Wv. F m hn]wn sa -s -Sp-tºmƒ ani t\ -ap- m- p- Xpw _vfqnn]v Im -K-dn-bn Dƒs -Sp CØcw Hml-cn-I-fm-Wv. Npcp- -Øn Zo L-Im-e-Øn kºøv t\sp-hm B{K-ln- p- -h v Zo L-Ime e ytømss \nt ]w \S-Øm-hp ^ m- Wn-Xv. Ipd FIvkvs] kv tdtjym BWv ^ ns as mcp BI ji hiw. Cu A\p-]mXw Hmtcm h jhpw Ipd- psim- p-h-cn-ibpw snøp- p. 2008-2.11 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp FIvkvs] kv tdtjym 2012-1.82iX-am-\-ambn Ipd- n- p- v. A p-h jw ]q Øn-bm- nb sf kn ix-am\amwv. Hcp h j- m-eøv ^ v sf kn sf {]qu jy t^m kvuv 5.11 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 0.54 _vfqnn]v CIzn nbpss {]I-S\w A{X ix-am\w; \n^v n hcp-am\w 1.04 ix-amtami-a-s v H -t\m- -Ø Xs a\-knem- mw. 2008- se kmº-øi XI am\w ) aq p h j- m-eøv 3.60 ix-am- \w; Fkv sf ]n dnt 8.54 ixbpss BZy-\m-fn-emWv Cu ^ v ]nd- \hpw ( Im -Kdn icm-icn 0.4 ix-am\w; p-ho-w-xv. em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fn \n^v n hcp-am\w 0. 43iX-am-\w; Fkv \nt ]w \S-XXn Zo L-Im-e-Øn sf ]n dnt 2.66iX-am\w ) dnt dnt t\sp-i-sb e ytømssbmwv ^ v XpS-ßn-b-Xv. A p- 12.74 ix-am-\w ( Im -Kdn icm-icn 5.68 \evin-bn- p- v. A p- h j- m-eøv h jw ]q Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ ^ v 12.74 ix-am\w; \n^v n hcp-am\w 4.80 ix-amix-am\w hm jni dnt \evinbn p- \w; Fkv sf ]n dnt 10.48 ixam\w ) dnt \evin-bn- p- v. v. A p-h jsø kmº-øn-im- co w ]cn-tim-[n- m CXv ani \nt -]-ti-jcw dnt BsW p ]d-bm-xn-cn- m-\m-in- em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-Iƒ p ap Xq-. -ap-ff ^ ns \nt -]-I-ti-J-c- ^ ns \nt ] kao-]\w Øn 31 Hml-cn-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. F Fkv Xs -bmwv Cu dnt \evip-hm Cbn enãv snbvxn- p-ff Hml-cn-I-fn, AXns\ klm-bn- n- p-f-f-xv. Db hn]wn aqey-øn ap n-ep-ff 200 Hmlcn-I-fn \n- mwv \nt -]-Øn-\p-ff hn]wn aqey-ap-ff 200 Hml-cn-Ifn \n p sxc-s -Sp- p Hml-cn-Ifn-emWv \nt -]w. XpS- -Øn tami- Xv. ASp-Ø-Imew hsc 20 Hml-cn-I-fmWv Hml-cn-Iƒ ^ v sxc-s -Sp-Øn- p-f-famb {]Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp- p-sh- nepw ^ ns \nt -]-I-ti-J-c-Øn-ep- m-bncp- -Xv. ^ ns hep w h [n- - AXns BkvXn 4335.85 timsn cq]- bmbn Db n- p- v. txmss Hml-cn-I-fpsS FÆw h [n- n- p- ] Xn XpS-ßn-bXp apx CXphsc \evin-b hm jni -dn-t 11.21 amt\-p am-cmwv CXp amt\pv snøp- I-bm-bn-cp- p. 2012 apx ]pxnb ^ v _n F ]n ]cn-_mkv Unhn-U Uv bo Uv t{kmøv F F hn 19.02 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 21.56 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn 17.96 cq] A BkvXn 27.18 timsn cq] (31 06 2013) _ v am v kqnn-i _n Fkv C sk skivkv Ipd- Xv 0.5 ix-am\w Unhn-U Uv bo Uv \evip Iº-\n-I-fn \nt ]w \SØn Zo L-Im-e-Øn aqe- [\ hf e y-an-sp sndn-sbmcp ^ mwv _n F ]n ]cn-_mkv Uohn- U Uv bo Uv t{kmøv ^ v. CtXmsSm w Xs hmeyp A[n-jvTnX kao- ]-\hpw Hmlcn sxc-s -Sp- p- -Xn kzoi-cn- n- p- v. Unhn-U Uv Ncn-{X-Øns\m w Iº-\n-bpsS hf m-km-[y-xbpw Imjv ^vtfmbpw hne-bn-cp-øn-bmwv Hmlcn sxc-s -Sp- p- -Xv. ^ ns 90 ix-am-\-øn-e-[niw BkvXnbpw km[m-c-w-k-xn-bn \nt -]n- p-ibmwv ]Xn-hv. 2008-20 ix-am\w hsc Imjv kq n ka-b-hp-ap- v. ^ ns {]I-S\w: shdpw 27 timsn cq] BkvXn-bp-ff Cu ^ v ] Xn XpS-ßnb 2005 apx F p-h j- m-eøv 8.43 ix-am\w dnt \evinbn- p- v. Hmlcn hn]wnbpss _ v am n-t\- mƒ ani {]I-S\w ImgvNh- p-t]m-cp ^ v Hcp h j- m-eøv 5.32 ix-am\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 2.2 ix-am\w; sk skivk 2.64 ix-am-\w; Fkv sf ]n dnt 8.62 ix-am\w) aq p-h j- m-eøv 0.88 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 3.46 ix-am\w; sk skivkv 0.16 ix-am-\w; Fkv sf ]n dnt 2.65 ix-am\w) A p h j- m-eøv 112.80 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icmicn 6.97 ix-am\w; sk skivkv hcpam\w 4.92 ix-am-\w; Fkv sf ]n dnt 9.92iX-am\w) dnt \evin-bn- p- v. Ggp h j- m-esø hm jni dnt 10.06 ix-am-\-amw.v Im -Kdn icm-icn 8.76 ixam-\hpw Fkv sf ]n dnt 9.40 ix-am- \-hp-am-wv. sk sk-ivkmwv s_ v am v kqnn-i-sb- nepw sk skivkv Hml-cn- I-ƒ am{x-a CS-Ø-cw, sndp-ins Hmlcn-I-fnepw \nt -]n- p ^ m-wv. Npcp- -Øn aƒ n-im]v Hml-cn-ti-J-c-amWv ^ n-t -Xv. BkvXn-bn 61.45 ix-am- \hpw em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fn-emWv \nt -]n- n- p-f-f-xv. ^ ns ap Xq w em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-Iƒ m-sw- nepw anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn 18.92 ix-am-\hpw kvtamƒim]v Hml-cn-I-fn 19.64 ix-am- \hpw \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. Npcp- -Øn BkvXn-bpsS 93.52 ix-am-\hpw Hml-cnbn \nt -]n- n-cn- p-i-bmwv su n 9.86 ix-am-\hpw \nt -]n- n- p- v. ^ ns \nt -]-ti-j-c-øn Ct mƒ 46 Hml-cn-I-fp- v. C t^m-knkv (6.7 ix-am-\w), Sn kn Fkv (5.61 ix-am- \w), `m Xn Fb ss (4.90 ix-am\w), sfunb (4.81iX-am-\w), h [vam ssivssã kv (4.71 ix-am-\w), dne-b kv C Uv ( 4.05 ix-am-\w), sf Sn kn (3.79 ix-am-\w), sf kn sf kn sf _m v (3.15 ix-am-\w), H F Pn kn (3.12 ix-am- \w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv apjy Hml-cn-Iƒ. F\ Pn, [\-Im-cy-ta-J-e, ssivt\mfpn F o aq p-ta-j-e-iƒ pw GXm v Xpey {]m[m-\y-amwv ^ v \evin-bn- p-ff-xv. F\ Pn-bn 17.44 ix-am\w \nt - ]n- -t mƒ [\-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bnenXv 15.72 ix-am-\hpw ssivt\m-f-pn-bn 16.2 ix-am- \-hp-am-wv. Iayq-Wn-t -j (9.7 ixam\w), F^v Fw kn Pn (7.98 ix-am-\w), ssivssã kv (4.71 ix-am-\w), sian- kv (4.45 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv apjy-\n-t -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. 2013 HmK-Ãn F p h jw ]q Ønbm- nsb nepw BZysØ \mep-h Yw ^ ns {]h Ø\w Xosc kpo-h-a- mbn-cp- p. icn pw ]d- m 2010- -emwv ^ v kpo-h-am-ip-ibpw \nt -]-I-{i- bn-tebv v IS- p-h-cn-ibpw snbvx-xv. _pƒ t^kn-t\- mƒ s_b t^knemwv ^ v ani {]I-S\w Imgv hbv p- -Xv. H F Pn kn, Fkv _n sf, F v kn F, _n ]n kn F, C y Hmbn XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms XpS w apxte ^ ns tij-c-øn amdnbpw adn- p-ap- m-bn-cp- p. ^ ns tij-c-øn 12 kvtamƒ Im]v Hml-cn-Ifp- v. Ah-bn Gsg-Æ-tØmew \jvs- Øn-em-Wv. ^ ns\ A\m-I j-i-am- p kwkxn CXns Db FIvkvs] kv tdtjym BWv. 2.5 ix-am-\-amwv h jß-fmbn FIvkvs] kv tdtjym.

18 tum-f-dpw- cq-]-bpw- C- y kzm-x-{ y-øn-\p-ti-jw- 1947 Hm-K-kv- v- 15-\v- C- y- kzm-x-{ yw- BtLm-jn- -t mƒ- cq-]-bpw- tum-f-dpw- Xpey-am-bn-cp- p.- F- m - 2013 Hm-Kkv- v- 15\v- 66 mw- kzm-x- -{ -y-zn-\m-tlm-j-w- I-gn-bptºmƒ- tum-f - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-Xw- 65\vap-I-fn-se-Øn.- tum-f - cq-]m- 1:-1 F -Xv- 1:-65 A-s - n - I-gn- - 65 h -jw- sim- v- cq-]-bp-ss- aq-ey-tim-j-ww- 65a-S-ßmbn- F- v- I-W- m- mw.- Cu- Xm-c-X-ay-hn-e-bn-Sn-hv- G-Xm- v- Imem-\p-K-X-am-bm-Wv- \-S- -sx- n-epw- I-gn- - aq- p-am-k-sø- hn-e-bn-sn-hv- h-f-sc- Ip-Ø-s\-bm-bn F- -Xm-Wv- ""sr- n- n- p- - X-e-s - p-i-fp-ss-bpw''- A-º-c- n- p- - t{_- nw-kv- hm -Ø-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-c- Ww.- I-gn- - c- p-sim- w- 47 ap-x - 52 h-sc- I-b-dn-bn-d-ßn- \n- n-cp- - cq-]m- H-cpam-kw- ap-ºv- 60 I-S- p-i-bpw- Hm-K-kv- v- c- mw- ]-Ip-Xn-bn - 65 F- - h-en-b- Xm-gv- ]-S-hv- t`-zn- -p-i-bpw- sn-bv-x-xv.- dn-k -hv- _m- v- h-en-b- N-m- p-si- p-iƒ- A-gn- v- i-x-tim-sn- tum-f - hn- -gn- -Xn-\m cq-]m- Xn-cn-sI- 63,- 64 ]-S-hp-I-fn - Xn-cn- p- I-b-dn.- F -m - tem-i-øn-s -bpw- A-tacn- -bp-ss-bpw- km-º-øn-i- Xn-cn- p-h-chns\- kq- v-a-\n-co- -Ww- \-S-Øp- -h -,- tum-f - ho- pw- I-cp-Øm Pn- p-sa- pwcq-]-b-s- -ap- - a- v- I-d -kn-iƒ- v- X-f - - D- m-i-p-sa- pw- {]-h-nn- p- p.- tumf - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-Xw- 70 - aq- p-am-k- Øn-\-Iw- F-Øp-sa- m-wv- A-\p-am-\w.- C- y-bn-se- hn-e- -b- w- A-Y-hm- C- hn-ss- cq-]- v- kw-`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- aq-ey-tim-j-ww- t\m- n-bm - C-Xm-Wvicn-bm-b- A-\p-]m-Xw- F- pw- hn-z-kv-[ - hn-ti-jn- n- p- p.- ]- -h- -c- ]- -Xn-Iƒ- v- hn-tz-i-\nt -]w- (ss-iv-t\m-f-pn,- b-{ -km-a-{kn-iƒ,- {]-txy-i- Akw-kv-Ir-X- h-kv-xp- ƒ)- th- n-h- - 1950I-fp-sS- Xp-S- w- ap-x-em-wvtum-f-dn-s - B-h-iyw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv.- Xp-ey-ambn- I-b- p-a-xn-bn - \n- v- tum-f - k-ºm- Zn- m - I-gn-bm-Ø-Xn-\m - tum-f-dn-s - B-h-iyw- Iq-Sn-b-t mƒ- hn-e-bpw- Iq-Sn.- A- \p-]m-xw- 5 ap-x - 7 cq-]- h-sc-bm- n.- Xp- S - v- 70I-fn - {Iq-Uv- H- -m-bn - hn-e- 6 tumf-dn - \n- v- 40 tum-f-dn-\v- ap-i-fn-em-bt mƒ,- C- -\-Øn-\v- A-d-_n-I-sf- B-{ibn- n-cp- - C- y- v- Iq-Sn-b- hn-e- v- tumf - hm-tß- n-h- p.- 1980Hm-sS- tum-f - c-q-]m- A-\p]m-Xw- 12\v- ap-i-fn-epw- 18\pw- 20\p-an-S- pw- F-Øn-t - p.- 1985\v- tij-hpw- 1990I-fp-sS- B-Zy-hpw- B-`y- -c-hne- -b- -hpw,- {Iq-U-n-s - A-\n-b-{ n-x-amb- Nm- m- -hpw- cq-]-sb- ]m- -c-xz-øn-se- Øn- p.- kz -Æw- ]-W-bw- sh- v- G-sXmcn- y- m-c-\pw- sn-øp- -Xp-t]m-se- N-{µti-J- - K-h -sa v- C- y-sb- c- n- p.- X-p-S - p- h- - \-c-knw-l-dm-hp- K-h sa v- C-Xn - \n- v- ]-Tn- - ]m-tw- `m-kn-iam-b- I-d -kn- D-Zm-ch - -c-w-øn-te- pw,- H- mw- km-º-øn-i- ]-cn-jv-i-c-w- Øn-te- pw,- B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-Øn-te- pw- C- y - km-º-øn-i-cw-k-sø- F-Øn- p.- 90I-fn - 6 ap-x - 7 i-x-am-\w- h-sc- i-cmi-cn- km-º-øn-i- h-f - -bn - C- y- I-c- I-b-dn.- \n-tj-]-i - pw- C-d- p-a-xn- pwtum-f - Iq-Sp-X - th- n-h- - C- m-e-øvtum-f - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-Xw- 30Xn-se-Øn.- 2000 ap-x - 2008 - B-tKm-f- km-º- Øn-I- am-µyw- Xp-S-ßp- -Xp-h-sc- tumf - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-Xw- 35 ap-x - 45h-sc- I-bdn- C-d-ßn-\n- p.- ]n- o-sv- A-ta-cn- -bpwtem-i-hpw- km-º-øn-i-am-µyw- t\-cn- p-sim- n-cp- - 2008 ap-x - 2013 h-sc- tum-f - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-Xw- 45\pw- 52\pw- C-S- v- Nm- -m- w- \-S-Øn.- {I-q-Upw- cm-pym- -c-kw- L -j-ß-fp-am-wv- Cu- Im-h-Sn-bm- w- \n-b- { n- n-cp- -Xv.- C-Xn-\v- ]p-d-sa- 2005 ap-x - 2011 h-sc- \-Ωp-sS- km-º-øn-i- h-f - 7 ap-x - 9.-5 i-x-am-\w- h-sc- B-bn-cps - -Xpw,- tkm-^v- v-sh-b - A-S- -ap- - tkh-\-cw-k-sø- I-b- p-a-xn- Ip-Xn- p-b - psh- -Xpw,- A-ta-cn- - km-º-øn-i- X-f - -bn-epw- sxm-gn-en- m-bv-a-bn-epw- hn-j-a-l- w- X-c-Ww- sn-øp-i-bm-bn-cp- Xpw,- tumf - cq-]m- A-\p-]m-XsØ- ]n-sn- p-\n -Øp- I-bm-bn-cp- p.- H-_m-a-bp-sS-bpw- a -tam-ls -bpw- H- m-aq-g-am-bn-cp- p- C- m-ew.- A- ta-cn- - C -twm-an-bp-ts- {]-I-S-\w- tami-s - -Xpw-,- C- y-bp-ss-xv- sa- -s - -Xp-ambn-cp- p- Cu- Im-e-Øv.- C- y- Ip-Xn- p-b-cp- p-;- c- - - h-f - -bn-se-øn- 2010Hm-sS- ssn-\-s m- -hpw-,- 2020Hm-sS- ssn\- v- ap-ºn-epw- 2050-HmsS- tem-i-sø- H- mw- \-º - km-º-øn- I- i- n-bm-bpw- C- y- am-dp-sa- p-ap- - {]-h-n-\-ßƒ- C- m-e-øv- \n-c- -c-am-bn- [-\-im-kv-{xw- A-dn-bp-I- 52 tum.- ]n.-si.- G-{_-lmw ]p-d-øn-d-ßn-s m- n-cp- p.- ]-t - 2011HmsS- K-Xn-am-dn.- C- ym- t{km-øv- kv-t m-dn- Xm-tg- pw- A-ta-cn- -bp-ts-xv- ap-i-fn-te- pam-bn;- H- w- tum-f-dn-\v- i- n-iq-sn.- cq-]- s -Xn-sc- am-{x-a-,- bp-hm-\pw- sb- pw- bqt-dm-bpw- ]u- pw- A-h-cp-sS- sxm- n- Xm-gv- Øn- tum-f-dn-s\- h-w-ßn.- Cu km-º-øn- I- A- p-xw- F-ß-s\- kw-`-hn- p-sh- v- \-Ωp-sS- hn-z-kv- - ]-Tn-t - -Xm-Wv.- a -tam-l-s - H- mw- aq-g-øn,- C- y - km-º-øn-iw- ap-i-fn-te- v- Ip-Xn- p-sim- n-cp- - k-a-b-sa- n - (2004 2009)- H-_m-a-bp-sS- H- mw- Du-gw- A-ta-cn- km-º-øn-i-øn-\p- t\-sc- hn-]-co-x-am-bncp- p.- 2008,- A-ta-cn- -bpw- tem-i-hpw- t\- cn- - c- m-a-sø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- km-º- Øn-Im-Lm-X-k-a-b-am-bn-cp- p.- 2009 P-\ph-cn-bn - `-c-w-ta-s -Sp-Ø-t mƒ- ap-x km-º-øn-i- ]-X-\-Øn - \n- v- I-c-I-bd-m-\p- - `o-a-am-b- ]- -Xn-Iƒ- H-_m-a- \-S- m- n-øp-s-ßn.- Cu- \-S-]-SnIƒ- 1980Ifn - si-bn - {]-`p- A- -sø- A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u m-bn-cp- - dq-kv-sh - n-\v- D-]-tZin- - "si-bn-\o-jy - kn- m- -ßƒ'- {]- Im-c-am-bn-cp- p.- H-cp- ]p-xn-b- km-º-øn- I- ]Ÿm-hv- sa-bn-\m-uv- si-bn - Xp-d- psim-sp-øp.- C- v- am-t{im- km-º-øn-iw- F- v- hn-fn- p- - ]-T-\im-J.- ""km-º-øn-i- ap-csn- v- Xp-S-ßp- -Xpwaq - -\y-øn-se-øp- Xpw- P-\-Øns - ssi-bn - ]-Ww- A-Y-hm- {I-b-ti-jn- h ptºm-gm-wv.- P-\-Øn-\-v- H- pw- hm-ßm - ]- n-.- B-h-iy- m - C- m-xm-ip-tºmƒ- ^m- Œ-dn-Iƒ- ]q- pw.- A-t mƒ- sxm-gn-en- m-bv-ah -[n- pw.- C-Xv- {I-b-ti-jn-sb- ho- pw- Xm-tgm- S-n- pw.- C-sXm-cp- Zq-jn-X- h-e-bwkr- n- pw.- k - m-cm-wv- C-Xn-s\- t`-zn- t - -Xv.- {I-b-ti-jn- A-Y-hm- ]-Ww- P\-Øn-s - ssi-i-fn-se-øn- -Ww.- _m- p-i-fp-ss-bpwk - m-cn-s -bpw- J-P-\m-hp-Iƒ- Xp-d- - Ww.- hm-bv-]- D-Zm-c-hpw- ]- en-i- c-ln-x-hp-am- -Ww.- I- d -kn- A- p-iq-sw- 24 a-wn- q-dpw- 30 Zn-h-k-hpw -\n - Øm-sX- t\m- -Sn- n-d- - Ww.- ss- o-kn-hm-en,- C kv-t - v- ssl-th-iƒ,- hm-jnw-kv-s - ]m-e-ßƒ- F- n-h- t]m-ep- - `o-a-hpw- C-S-Ø-c-hp-am-b- ]- -Xn-Ifn-eq-sS- sxm-g-n-epw- tk-h- \-hpw- th-x-\- hn-x-c-w-hpwk-_v-kn-un- hn-x-c-w-hpw- A-t\-I-a-S-ßv- h -[n- n- - Ww.- P-\-Øn-s - ssi-bn- - i-x-tim-sn- tum-f-dn-s - {I-b-ti-jn- F-Øpw.- A-h - D ]- -ß-fp-tS-bpw- tk-h- \-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]n-d-si- ]mbpw.- ^m-œd-n-iƒ- D-ev-]m-Z-\-Øn-te- v- a-sßpw.- A-h - sxm-gn - \ -Ipw.- tjm- p- I-fn-se- sj -^p-i-fnse-øp- - ]p-xn-b- D ]- -ßƒ- s]-s - v- hn- -gn-bpw.- Z-q-jn- X- h-e-b-øn-\p- ]-I-cw- kp-ir-x-h-e-bw- kw- Pm-X-am-Ipw.- ap-c-sn- v- am-dpw.- k-m-º-øn-iwap-i-fn-te- v- Ip-Xn- pw-'- C-Xm-Wv- si-b-\ojy - kn- m- -Øns - c-xv-\- p-cp- -w.- 2009 - A-[n-Im-c-ta- - H-_m-a- sn-bv-x- Xpw- C-Xp-X-s.- s^-uv,- ]-en-i-c-ln-x- am- n.- t_m- p-iƒ- hm-ßn- ]-I-cw- tum-fdp-iƒ- {Sn- y - I-W- n - am - - n-te- v- ]-ºp-sN-bv-Xp.- _m- p-i-fpw- [-\-Im-cy-ÿm- ]-\-ß-f-pw- Ip- p-iq-sn-b- "In- m- -S-ßƒ-'- hm-ßn- ]-I-cw- ]p-ø - tum-f - \ -In.- C-Xn-s - ^-e-am-bn- A-ta-cn- - k-º-øv- ]p-xp-po-h - sh- m - Xp-S-ßn.- 2012 A-hkm-\n- p-i-bpw- 2013 - H-_m-a- c- mw- Dugw- B-cw-`n- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-x-t mƒ,- km- º-Øn-I-cw-Kw- A-ta-cn- -bn - G-sd- p-sd- 2007 \n-e-hm-c-øn-te p-b - p.- sxm-gn-en- m-bv-a- 7 i-x-am-\-øn - Xmsg-bm-bn.- h-f - m-\n-c- v- 2 i-x-am-\w.- tumf - {I-ta-W- i- n-t\-s-n.- B-`y- -c- D-ev- ]m-z-\-hpw- I-b- p-a-xn-bpw- ]-g-b- \n-e-bn - F-Øn.- sj-bn - Kym-kn-s - hym-]-i-amb- D-ev-]m-Z-\-hn-X-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- A-d-_n-Ifp-sS- {Iq-Un-s - B-[n-]-Xy-Øn - \n- p-w- A-ta-cn- - Du -P-cw-Kw- G-Xm- v- tam-nn- X-a-m-bn.- \- hgn-iƒ H-_m-a- c m-aq-g- Øn - Xp-S-ß-n-bn-t - D- q.- ]-g-b- km-º- Øn-I-i- n- Xn-cn- p-]-n-sn- - A-ta-cn- -sb- \ -In-s m- m-bn-cn- pw- 2017 - -H-_ma- ssh- v-lu-kns - ]-Sn-I-fn-d-ßp- -Xv.- lnem-cn- n -s - \- -{X-`m-Kyw.- Cu- km-º- Øn-I- kp-\m-an-bn - U-tam-{Im- n-iv- ]m - n- ho- pw- ssh- v- lu-kn-se-øp-sa- v- Xo-cp-am-\n- -s - n-cn- p- p.- Cu- ]-iv-nm-ø-e-øn - a -tam-l-s - c- m-aqgøn - F- p- kw-`-hn- p? 9 - \n- ncp - h-f - m-\n-c v- F-ß-s\- 5 - Xm-sg-sb-Øn.- F- psim- v- F- - tnm- Zyw- {]-k- w.- A-Sn-ÿm-\- ta-j-e-i-sf- D-tØ-Pn- n-t - -X-pw- A-t\-Iw- A\p-_- -ta-j-e-i-sf- h-f -tø- -Xpw- P-\-ßfn-te- pw- kº-øn-s - F- m- ta-j-e-ifn-te- pw- {I-b-ti-jn- F-Øn-t - -Xp-amb- 250 ap-x - 300 e- w- tim-sn-h-sc A-S- -ep-ap- - 3000Øn-e-[n-Iw- ]- -Xn-Iƒ- hnhn-[- Im-h-W-ß-fm - a-p-s-ßn-bpw- ap-s- nbpw- \o-ßp p.- \-Ωp-sS- sa-t{sm- sd-bn - D-Zm-l-c-Ww.- si-bn - {]-`p-hn-s - kn- m- w,- dq-kv-sh - pw,- H-_m-a-bpw- su-mv- ap- X - lyq-pn- m-thm- h-sc-bpw- {]-tbm-k-n- vhn-p-bn- -Xv,- U -ln- kv-iqƒ- Hm-^v- C- twm-an-iv-kn-s - ]m-t-]p-kv-x-i-ß-fn - si- n-sh- n-cn- p- p.- c- m-a-tø-xv- dn-k -hv- _m- n-s - ]- W- ]-en-i- \-bw.- km-º-øn-i-am-µyw- \- tω- Io-gv-t m- -Sn- -t mƒ,- s^-uv- sn-bv-x- Xn-s - t\-sc- hn-]-co-x-w.- X-e-Xn-cn- p-sh- - si-bn-\o-jy - Xn-b-dn.- A-ta-cn- - ]-eni- ]q-py-am- n.- \-Ωp-sS- dn-k -hv- _m- v- 10 X-h-W- 2009 ap-x - ]-en-i- Iq- n.- 9 i-x-am- \w- h-f - m-\n-c- v- D- m-bn-cp- -t mƒ- ]- en-i- 7 i-x-am-\w.- ]n- o-s-x-v- Iq- n- q- n- C- t mƒ- 12 i-x-am-\w.- \n-t -]-I-t\m,- P-\- Øn-t\m- In- p-tºmƒ- 16 ap-x - 20 i-x-am- \w- h-sc.- Hm-tcm- c- p-i-x-am-\w- ]-en-i- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ,- km-º-øn-i- h-f - - H-cp-i- X-am-\w- Ip-d- v- C-t mƒ- 5 i-x-am-\- Øn - Xm-sg.- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- ]-en-i- am-{xw.- hne- -b- -hpw- ]-W-s -cp- -hpw- Ip-d-bv- m-s\- v- dn-k -hv- _m- v- \ym-b-hm-z-hpw ]-d-bp- p.- D- n-hn-e- 70 cq-],- A-cn- 50 cq-].- ]-bdv- 120 cq-],- \n -Ωm-W-h-kv-Xp- -fm-b- kv- o - 60 cq-],- kn-a v-400 cq-].- Cu- hn-e- b- -Øn - tum-f - 70 - \n- m - `m-kyw- F-t - ]-d-bm - I-gn-bq. X-e- -j-ww-:- B-c-m-s - ]-d-ºn-se- ]p- p-i- v- (A-d-_n-bp-sS- {Iq-Uv)- ]-ip-hn-s\- (s]m-xp-kxm-k-xw)- hm-ßcp-sx- v- km-º- Øn-I- im-kv-{xw- ]-Tn- m-ø- \-Ωp-sS- h- y- - m - ]-d- n- p- v.- \-Ωp-sS- B-kq- {X-W- hn-z-kv- - C-Xv- ti- n-cn- m - C-Sbn-.- A-Xn-s - ^e-w- ]m-hw- P-\-ßƒ- A- \p-`-hn- p- p.-

19 C -twm-aniv t{]m{kkv dnt m v hf - a-ßp p HmKÃv amk-øn kº-zvl-s-\-bn \n p ]pd-øp-h dnt m p-iƒ Bcnepw Bi Db Øp- -h-bm-wv. cq]-bpss aqey-tim-j-w-am-is Hcp sr Xs - D m- p-ibpw snbvxp. hymh-km-bni hf, ImX taj-ebnse DXv]m-Z-\-h-f, ]W-s -cp w XpS-ßn-bh kw_- n ]pd-øp-h IW- p-iƒ kmº-øni hf -bnse {]Xo- -Isf XInSw adn p h-bm-wv. CtX-Øp-S v ss{]h v C -twman-ãp-ifpw A\-en-Ãp-Ifpw cmpy-øns \S- p-h jsø hf m {]Xo- -Iƒ ]pxp n IW- m- p sxc- n-em-wv. F n\v Kh-s pw dnk hv _m pw hsc Ah-cp-sS-Xs ap Ime FÃn-ta- p-iƒ Xncp- Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-w. \S- ph jsø hf 5.5 ix-am- \-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv dnk hv _m ns G hpw HSp-hnesØ FÃn-ta v ]d-bp- -Xv. Kh-s m-is _P- n IW- m- n-bn-cp 6.5 ixam\w {]Xo- nxhf bn \n v 6 ix-am-\-øntebv v XmgvØnbn- p- v. C y hf \S- ph jw 6 ix-am-\ambn-cn- psa v BtKm-f-[-\-Im-cy-tkh\ Iº-\n-bmb s{iun n kpkn Ah-cpsS hnen-b-cp-øen ]d-bp- p. t\c-sø 6.5 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa- mbn-cp p CXn-\p-ap-ºp-ff dnt m n ]d- n-cp- -Xv. 2014-15 hf 7 ix-am-\- am-bn-cn- p-sa pw dnt m v ]d-bp- p. Ign h jsø At]- n v C y- kº-zvl-s-\-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ i n {]m]n- n- p-s v s{iun v kpkn dnt m v ]bp p. cq]-bpss aqey-ø-i cq]-bpss hogvn cq] AXns bym hne-bpss ASptØbv v FØn-bn-cn- p- p-sh- -XmWv hkvxp-x. HmKÃv 21- \v tumf-dn\v 64.62 cq] hsc FØn-b-tijw 64.11 cq]-bn Ivtfmkv snbvxn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. tumf-dp-am-bp-ff cq]-bpss Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw Xmgv hn\n-a-b-\n-c- m-w-xv. Ct m-gsø \nebn tumf-dpam-bp-ff hn\n-a-b-\n-c v 70 cq]-bn-tebv vxmgp-sa- mwv hne-bncp-øp- -Xv. cq]-bpss aqey-ø-i C y kº-zvls-\-bpss hf m-km-[y-xsb h msx _m[n- -cn- p-i-bmwv. cq]-bpss aqey-tim-jww cmpy-tø-bv p-ff hntzi-\mwv \nt -]-sam-gp v Ipd-bv p-ibm-wv. CXv Id v A u v IΩn Dbcp-hm CS-bm- p- p. am{x-hpa Khs ns sne-h-gn- m-\p-ff tijntbbpw _m[n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w kº-z-l-s-\-bpss hf -bn 37.5 ix-am-\-tømfw shbn-td-d-pp-ff hymhkm-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ taje PqWn 2.2 ix-am\w Npcp-ßn-bn-cn- p-i-bmwv. PqWn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w hf Nqcp-ßn. 2.2 ix-am\w Npcp- amwv ImWn- -Xv. sabvam-k-øn 1.6 ixam\w Npcp-ßn-bn-cp- p. \S- p-h j-øn XpS -bmb c m-asø amk-amwv hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ hf Npcp-ßp- -Xv. kqnn-i-bn 76 ix-am\w hnln-xap-ff am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taj-ebpw 2.2 ix-am\w \yq\ hf- -bmwv ImWn- - Xv. cmpysø \nt -]-Øns _mtcmao- -dmbn IW- m- p Im n- KpUvkv taj-e- 6.6 ix-am\w \yq\ hf -bmwv ImWn- -Xv. G{]n Pq Ime-b-f-hnse hf 1.1 ix-am-\-am-wv. BZy Izm ^ew {]Jym-]n 1961 Iº-\n-I-fpsS ( _m v, _mt -Xc ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mxp-ta-jse FÆ- - º-\n-Iƒ F nh Hgn-sI) hn p-h-chn 3.6 ix-am\w hf -bmwv D m-bn- p-f-f- Xv. Ign 13 Izm -dp-i-fnse G hpw Ipd hf -bm-wn-xv. Ch-bpsS A m- Zm-b-Ønse hf 5.4 ix-am-\-hpw. {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn 15.7 ix-am-\- ambn XpS -t mƒ snehv 3.8 ix-am\w Db ImWn- p. ]eni _m[yx Cu Ime-b-f-hn 19 ix-am\w h [n- p. 5 6 ix-am\w ]W-s -cp w IW- n-se-sp- ptºmƒ hnev]-\-bnse hf s\k- o-hm- Wv. Iº-\n-I-fpsS hn p-h-chv Ipd-bp- Ibpw ]eni _m[yx h [n- p-i-bp-am- Wv. CtXm-sSm- -amwv Unam- nse hf - p-d-hpw. Iº-\n-I-fpsS tamiw {]I-S\w \nipxn ]ncn-hn-t\bpw _m[n p XpS-ßn. G{]n Pqsse Ime-b-f-hn \nipxn hcp-am-\-øn 10 ix-am\w hf -bm-wp- m-b-xv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse hf 17.5 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. hml\ hnev]\ Pqsse-bn 6.7 ix-am\w CSnhp ImWn- p. G{]n Pqsse Ime-b-fhnepw hnev]\ ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn-te-Xn-t\- mƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. G{]n Pqsse-bn _m v hmbv]-bnse hf 1 ix-am-\-øn Xmsg-bm-Wv. CsX mw ImWn- p- Xv [\-IΩn e y-an- n-cn- p 4.8 ix-am-\-øn HXp n \n Øp-hm Kh-s v hf-sctbsd _p n-ap-t n hcp-sa- m-wv. hpcam\w Ipd-bp kml-n-cy-øn snehp-iƒ Ipd-bv p-isb am Kta Khs ns ap n-ep-f-f. CXv Kh-s v kvs] UnwKv Ipd-bv p-ibpw kmº- ØnI hf sb _m[n- p-ibpw snøpw. Pqsse-bnse F v Fkv _n kn ] t -knwkv amt\-tpgvkv kqnni 50.1 t]mbn n-tebv v Xmgv p. PqWn-enXv 50.3 t]mbn m-bn-cp- p. 50 t]mbn n\p Xmtgbv p \oßn-bm DXv]m-Z\w Npcpßp-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. 2009 am n-\p-ti-j-ap-ff G hpw Ipd kqnn-i-bmwv Pqsse-bn-te-Xv. CXn-\ Yw Pqsse-bn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m- Z\Ønse hf s\k- o-hmbn XpS-cpsa- m-wv. ]W-s -cp w dos -bn ]W-s -cp w Pqssebn 9.64 ix-am-\-am-wv. CXn Pq amk-ønse 9.87 ix-am-\-tø- mƒ Aev]w Ipd-hm-sW p am{xw. ` y-hkvxp- -fpss hne- -b- -Øn\pw t\cnb ia-\-ap- m-bn- p- v. Pqsse-bn CXv 11.24 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. PqWn 11.84 ix-am-\-hpw. F m samø-hn-e-kq- NnI sas Db p XpS-ßn. Pqssebnse ]W-s -cp w A p amk-øn-\pf-fnse G hpw Db 5.79 ix-am-\-am- Wv. ap h jw Pqsse-bnse 7.52 ix-am- \-tø- mƒ hfsc Xmgv \ne-bn-emsw- nepw C -gn PqWn-enXv 4.86 ix-am-\-tø mƒ Db-c-Øn-em-Wv. F nepw sa -s a kq e`n- Xv hcpw-am-k-ß-fnepw ]W-s -cp w XmgvØn \ndp-øp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Cu kok-wn km[m-c-w-tb- mƒ 14 ix-am\w A[nIw ag In n-bn- p- v. F p am{x-a IqSp-X ÿeøv Irjn Cd- p-hm\pw km[n- n- p- v. CXv Im jni hf sa -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pn Un ]n hf sb Xmßn \n Øp-sa pw {]Xo- n- p- p. dm_n kok-wnepw Irjn v A\p-Iq-e-amb A -co w sa -s a kq Hcp- n-bn- p- v. F m {IqtUm-bn hne-bnse Db- bpw cq]-bpss CSnhpw Cd- p-axn snøp {IqtUm-bn-ens hne _mcen\v 109.81 tumf-dn-em-wv. ]W-s -cp w 5 ix-am-\-øn-\- SpØv ÿncx t\sn-bm dnk hv _m n\v Ah-cpsS ]W-\-b-Øn Abhpw hcp-øp-hm-\p-ff A -co w D m-ipw. Ib- p-axn sa -s -Sp p cq]-bpss aqey-tim-jww Ib- p-axn hcp-am-\-øn {]Xn- ^-en p XpS-ßn. CXv \S- ph jw hym]m-c-iωn Ipd-bv p- Ibpw Id v A u v IΩn Ipd-bv p-hm\pw klm-bn- pw. Pqsse-bn Ib- p-axn hcpam\w 11.64 ix-am\w hf tbmss 2583 timsn tumf-dn-se- Øn. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm p amksø G hpw Db Ib- p-axn hcp-am\am-wn-xv. Cd- paxn 6.2 ix-am\w XmgvN-tbmsS 3810 timsn tumf-dp-am-bn. CtXmsS hym]m-c-iωn 1227 timsn tumf-dm-bn. ap h jantx Ime-b-e-hn-enXv 1747 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. G{]n - -Pqsse Izm dn Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse 9663 timsn tumf-dn \n v 1.72 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 9829 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn-bn- p- v. F m hym]m-c-iωn 5970 timsn tumf-dn \n v 6245 timsn tumf-dn-tebv v Db-cp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. Cd- p-a-xn v G s -Sp-Ønb \nb-{ - W-ßfpw bp Fkv, bqtdm- v, XpS-ßnb cmpy-ßƒ hf -bn-tebv v Xncn- p-hcp- Xpw hcpw amk-ß-fn Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w sa -s -Sp-Øp-sa- mwv {]Xo-. bp Fkv, bqtdm Xncn- p-h-cp p temi-øn-\msi {]Xo- -bp- W Øn bp Fkv, bqtdm kº-zvl-s-\- Iƒ ( bqtdm taje G{]n Pq Izm -dn 0.3 ix-am\w hf ImWn- p) \ne sa -s -Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. hntzi-\m-wy-øn\v hfsc Zmln- p C ysb kw_-\v[n- n-s-tømfw Cu cmpy-ß-fpss Xncn- p-h-chv hfsc \n Wm-b-I-am-Wv. cmpy-øns Ib- pa-xn-bpss 65 ix-am-\-tømfw Cu c p taj-e-i-fn-te-bv p-am-bm-wv. cq]-bpss aqey-øn KWy-amb CSnhv kw`-hn kml-n-cy-øn Ib p-a-xn v hfsc klm-b-i-amb A -co- -am-wv. Ib- p-a-xn- m-cpss Hm U _p v Pqssebn 20 ix-am\w hf ImWn- n-cn- p-i-bmwv c mw Izm -dn. Pn Un ]nbpss 15 ix-am-\-tømfw Ib- p-a-xnbn \n- m-wv. Ib- p-axn h [n- ptºmƒ Id v A u v IΩn kω ±w Ipd-bpw. hcpw amk-ß-fn Nn{Xw hy -am-ipw.

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