Homework #6 Chapter 13 Bonding: General Concepts

Homework #6 Chapter 13 Bonding: General Concepts 17. Electronegativity increases from left to right across periods and from low to high along groups. a) C<N<O b) Se<S<Cl c) Sn<Ge< Si d) Tl<Ge<S e) Rb<K<Na f) Ga<B<O 18. The most polar bond will be the bond that will be between elements that have the greatest difference in electronegativity. a) GeF b) PCl c) SF d) TiCl e) SnH f) TlBr. The greater the difference in electronegativity the more polar the bond FH>OH>NH>CH>PH 3. The more polar the bonds the more ionic character the bond has. BrBr<NO<CF<CaO<KF 7. When an element forms an anion ( charged ion) it gains an electron. Since there are more electrons, there is more electronelectron repulsion. In addition, the number of protons does not change, causing the protons to have a greater negative charge to contain, resulting in a larger atomic radius. When an element forms a cation (+ charged ion) it loses an electron. Since there are fewer electrons, there is less electronelectron repulsion. In addition, the number of protons does not change, causing the protons to have a smaller negative charge to contain, resulting in a smaller atomic radius. Isoelectronic: Ions containing the same number of electrons. In isoelectronic ions the ion with the largest atomic number (Z) will have the smallest radius because the ion with the largest Z will have the most protons. The ion with the smallest atomic number (Z) will have the largest radius. 8. Sc 3+ p=1 e =18 Cl p=17 e =18 K + p=19 e =18 Ca + p=0 e =18 S p=16 e =18 From smallest to largest Sc 3+ <Ca + < K + < Cl <S Therefore in the order of the picture K +, Ca +, Sc 3+, S, and Cl 9. a) Cu> Cu + >Cu + b) Pt + >Pd + >Ni + c) O >O >O d)* La 3+ >Eu 3+ >Gd 3+ > Yb 3+ e) Te >I >Cs + >Ba + >La 3+ * La 3+ is probably the smallest ion because it loses its entire 6s shell 1

30. a) Mg + =1s s p 6 b) N 3 =1s s p 6 Sn + =[Kr]5s 4d 10 O =1s s p 6 K + =1s s p 6 3s 3p 6 F =1s s p 6 Al 3+ =1s s p 6 Te =[Kr]5s 4d 10 5p 6 Tl + =[Xe]6s 4f 14 5d 10 As 3+ =[Ar]4s 3d 10 31. Rb + =[Ar]4s 3d 10 4p 6 Ba + =[Kr]5s 4d 10 5p 6 Se =[Ar]4s 3d 10 4p 6 I =[Kr]5s 4d 10 5p 6 3. a) NaF b) CaS c) RbBr d) BaTe 33. a) Cs + =[Xe] b) Sr + =[Kr] c) Ca + =[Ar] d) Al 3+ =[Ne] S =[Ar] F =[Ne] N 3 =[Ne] Br =[Kr] 34. a) Sc 3+ b) Te c) Ti 4+ and Ce 4+ d) Ba + 37. a) Al S 3 aluminum sulfide b) K 3 N potassium nitride c) MgCl magnesium chloride d) CsBr cesium bromide 47. a) 43 39 47 183 b) 3 6 941 3 43 6 391 109 c) 891 43 413 305 391 158 d) 4 4 4 391 160 154 941 4 565 1169 48. a) 9 0 0 184 b) 3 46 0 3 0 9 These values are a little off from the calculated values in number 47 but they are in the same ball park showing the same trend. 49. 305 347 4 5. 4 4

4 413 495 799 4 467 84 63. a) b) HCN H C N Total Valence e 1 4 5 10 Wanted e 8 8 18 18 10 # 4 # # 104 PH 3 P 3(H) Total Valence e 5 3(1) 8 Wanted e 8 3() 14 14 8 # 3 # # 83 c) CHCl 3 C H 3(Cl) Total Valence e 4 1 3(7) 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 34 34 6 # 4 # # 64 18 d) + NH 4 N 4(H) e Total Valence e 5 4(1) 1 8 Wanted e 8 4() 16 16 8 # 4 # # 84 0 e) H CO (H) C O Total Valence e (1) 4 6 1 Wanted e () 8 8 0 3

0 1 # 4 # # 14 4 f) SeF Se (F) Total Valence e 6 (7) 0 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 0 # # # 0 16 g) CO C (O) Total Valence e 4 (6) 16 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 16 # 4 # # 164 8 h) O (O) Total Valence e (6) 1 Wanted e (8) 16 16 1 # # # 1 8 i) HBr H Br Total Valence e 1 7 8 Wanted e 8 10 10 8 # 1 # # 81 6 64. a) POCl 3 P O 3(Cl) Total Valence e 5 6 3(7) 3 Wanted e 8 8 3(8) 40 4

40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 SO 4 S 4(O) (e) Total Valence e 6 4(6) +(1) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 XeO 4 Xe 4(O) Total Valence e 8 4(6) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 3 PO 4 P 4(O) 3(e ) Total Valence e 5 4(6) +3(1) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 5

ClO 4 Cl 4(O) e Total Valence e 7 4(6) +1 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 b) NF 3 N 3(F) Total Valence e 5 3(7) 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 6 # 3 # # 63 0 SO 3 S 3(O) (e ) Total Valence e 6 3(6) +(1) 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 6 # 3 # # 63 0 PO 3 P 3(O) (e ) Total Valence e 6 3(6) +(1) 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 6 # 3 # # 63 0 6

ClO 3 Cl 3(O) e Total Valence e 7 3(6) +1 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 6 # 3 # # 63 0 c) ClO Cl (O) e Total Valence e 7 (6) +1 0 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 0 # # # 0 16 SCl S (Cl) Total Valence e 6 (7) 0 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 0 # # # 0 16 PCl P (Cl) e Total Valence e 5 (7) +1 0 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 0 # # # 0 16 66. a) NO N (O) e Total Valence e 5 (6) +1 18 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 18 # 3 # # 183 1 7

NO 3 N 3(O) e Total Valence e 5 3(6) +1 4 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 4 # 4 # # 44 16 N O 4 (N) 4(O) Total Valence e (5) 4(6) 34 Wanted e (8) 4(8) 48 48 34 # 7 # # 347 0 b) OCN O C N e Total Valence e 6 4 5 +1 16 Wanted e 8 8 8 4 4 16 # 4 # # 164 8 SCN S C N e Total Valence e 6 4 5 +1 16 Wanted e 8 8 8 4 8

4 16 # 4 # # 164 8 N 3 3(N) e Total Valence e 3(5) +1 16 Wanted e 3(8) 4 4 16 # 4 # # 164 8 67. Ozone O 3 3(O) Total Valence e 3(6) 18 Wanted e 3(8) 4 4 18 # 3 # # 183 1 Sulfur dioxide SO S (O) Total Valence e 6 (6) 18 Wanted e 8 (8) 4 4 18 # 3 # # 183 1 Sulfur Trioxide SO 3 S 3(O) Total Valence e 6 3(6) 4 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 4 # 4 # # 44 16 9

71. C 6 H 6 6(C) 6(H) Total Valence e 6(4) 6(1) 30 Wanted e 6(8) 6() 60 60 30 # 15 # # 3015 0 79. CO 3 C 3(O) (e ) Total Valence e 4 3(6) +(1) 4 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 4 # 4 # # 54 16 The actual structure of CO 3 will be a combination of these 3 structures; therefore, the bond length will be between a carbon oxygen single and double bond. 80. Lewis structures for the carbon/oxygen compounds 10

CH 3 OH has a carbon/oxygen single bond; therefore, it will have the longest carbon/oxygen bond length. CO 3 has carbon/oxygen single bonds and 1 carbon/oxygen double bond. This results in 3 resonance structures. The carbon/oxygen bond lengths of this system will be shorter than single bonds but longer than double bonds. CO has carbon/oxygen double bonds; therefore, it will have the shorter carbon/oxygen bond length than CH 3 OH and CO 3. CO has a carbon/oxygen triple bond; therefore, it will have the shortest carbon/oxygen bond length. Longest to shortest CO bond length CH 3 OH > CO 3 > CO > CO The shorter the bond the stronger the bond. Weakest to strongest CO bond CH 3 OH < CO 3 < CO < CO 84. Formal Charge Formal Charge Formal Charge Structure N 1 N O 1 1 +1 0 0 +1 1 3 +1 +1 Structure 3 can be eliminated based on formal changes. Formal charges need to be as small as possible. This is not the case for structure 3. In addition, the lowest energy structure is the one in which the negative charge sits on the most electronegative atoms. In structure 3 (which also has the highest overall formal charges) the most electronegative atom (oxygen) has a positive formal charge, which is another reason that this structure is highest in energy, less stable, than structures 1 and. The data shows that the nitrogenoxygen bond length is closest to a nitrogenoxygen double bond and that the nitrogennitrogen bond length is closest to a nitrogennitrogen triple bond. Since the bond length are in between structures 1 and this leads to the conclusion that both of these structures must play a role in the overall structure. However, the bond lengths are slightly closer to structure than 1, showing that this resonance structure plays a great role (is lower in energy) than structure 1. 85. All of these structures must obey the octet rule a) POCl 3 P O 3(Cl) Total Valence e 5 6 3(7) 3 Wanted e 8 8 3(8) 40 11

40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 b) Formal Charges: all Cl = 77=0, P = 54 = 1, and O = 67=1 SO 4 S 4(O) (e ) Total Valence e 6 4(6) +(1) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 c) Formal Charges: all O=67=1, and S=64= ClO 4 Cl 4(O) e Total Valence e 7 4(6) +1 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 d) Formal Charge: all O=67=1, and Cl=74=3 3 PO 4 P 4(O) 3(e ) Total Valence e 5 4(6) +3(1) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 1

e) Formal Charge: all O=67=1, and P=54=1 SO Cl S (O) (Cl) Total Valence e 6 (6) (7) 3 Wanted e 8 (8) (8) 40 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 Formal Charge: all O=67=1, all Cl 77=0, and S=64= f) XeO 4 Xe 4(O) Total Valence e 8 4(6) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 g) Formal Charge: all O=67=1, and Xe= 84=4 ClO 3 Cl 3(O) e Total Valence e 7 3(6) +1 6 Wanted e 8 3(8) 3 3 6 # 3 # # 63 0 Formal Charge: all O=67=1, and Cl=75= 13

h) 3 NO 4 N 4(O) 3(e ) Total Valence e 5 4(6) +3(1) 3 40 3 # 4 # # 34 4 Formal Charge: all O=76=1, and N=54=1 86. Minimize the formal charge in these structures a) b) All formal charges equal 0 c) S and the double bonded O s have a formal charges equal 0. The single bonded O s have a formal charges of 1. Note: There are 6 total resonance structures for SO 4 d) Cl and the double bonded O s have a formal charges equal 0. The single bonded O has a formal charge of 1. Note: There are 4 total resonance structures for ClO 4 P and the double bonded O have a formal charges equal 0. The single bonded O s have a formal charges of 1. 14

e) Note: There are 4 total resonance structures for PO 4 3 f) All formal charges equal 0 g) All formal charges equal 0 Cl and the double bonded O s have a formal charges equal 0. The single bonded O has a formal charge of 1. Note: There are 3 total resonance structures for ClO 3 h) Although the following structure can be drawn and all of the formal charges would be 0 this structure is not possible because N cannot expand its octet. Note: If this structure could be drawn there would be a total of 4 resonance structures for NO 4 3 15