, October - 2014; Volume 2(5) ISSN No. 2320 8694 FUNGI OCCURRING ON DIVERSIFIED HABITATS AROUND SOME SANCTUARIES AND WATER-BODIES OF TELANGANA AND ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Nagaraju D 1, *, Suresh Kumar G 2, Kunwar I K 2 and Manoharachary C 2 1 Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Eturnagaram, Warangal, A.P-506165. 2 Mycology & Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007. Received September 02, 2014; Revision October 19, 2014, Accepted October 27, 2014 Available Online November 01, 2014. KEYWORDS Biotechnology Diversity Fungi Habitats Sanctuaries ABSTRACT In the present study 28 localities of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh were surveyed (-) for the occurrence of fungi from various substrates like litter, wood, bark, humid soil, leaves, decaying dead leaves, plant debris, twigs and others. Altogether 66 fungal species were isolated and among these anamorphic fungi formed the bulk of fungal flora. Periconiella cocoes, Pseudobotrytis bisbyi, Ramichloridium musae and Saccardea echinocephala are the new additions to the fungi of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Some fungi like Ganoderma sps. and Memnoniella sps. have already been established for their biotechnological importance. * Corresponding author E-mail: nagaraj.bot9@gmail.com (Nagaraju D) Peer review under responsibility of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. Production and Hosting by Horizon Publisher (www.my-vision.webs.com/horizon.html). All rights reserved.
519 Nagaraju et al 1 Introduction Fungi are ubiquitous and colonize diversified habitats, including micro-ecological niches. Around 1.5 million fungal species are estimated to occur in the world. However, till now mycologists have got limited success and reported the presence of 93843 fungal species from various parts of the world (Kirk et al., 2008). Furthermore, a total of 29000 fungal species are reported from India (Manoharachary et al., 2005). Fungi plays an important role in the agriculture, industry, medicine, waste recycling, environment management, food industry, biofertilizers, biopestisides, paper industry, pharmaceuticals and others such activities of human welfare. Still there is a hidden wealth of fungi which needs to be explored from India (Manoharachary et al., 2009). The habitats/substrates that occur around some sanctuaries and water bodies include litter with high moisture content, humid soils and marginal soils around waterbodies are the important site which needs still lot of attention. An extensive survey of literature (Kaviyarasan et al., 2009, Kshirsagar et al., 2009, Mani & Kumaresan, 2009, Manoharachary et al., 2010, Pratibha, 2008, Patil et al., 2010, Patil et al., 2011, Prasad, 2009, Puja et al., 2010, Sharma et al., 2010, Shrivastava et al., 2009, Sridhar et al., 2011, Suresha et al., 2009 and Tiwari et al. 2010) indicates that habitats around water-bodies and sanctuaries have not been explored for fungi. In view of the above the fungi associated with diversified substrates occurring in 22 locations around sanctuaries and water bodies of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have been explored for fungi (-) and the data has been presented. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Topography and Climate Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ranks fifth in terms of area (2, 76,700 sq.km.) in India and lies in between 12⁰40 North latitude and 84⁰40 East longitude. It is divided into three geographical regions viz., Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana for convenience. It has the longest coast line of around 1000 km. and abounds in two large rivers likes the Godavari and the Krishna along with their several tributaries. The climate of Andhra Pradesh is hot and mercury often touching 47⁰C in the peak summer monthos. The state shows an average rainfall between 900mm 1100mm. It receives rainfall mostly from South-West monsoon in between June September besides some amount of rainfall due to North East monsoon between September November. 2.2 Sampling Areas The fungi which colonizing on various substrates available in or around the aquatic bodies and sanctuaries were collected from Kawal wild life sanctuary, Sivaram Sanctuary, Pakhal and Eturnagaram Sanctuary, Kinnerasani, Papikondalu, Kolleru Lake, Pocharam Sanctuary, Manjira, Bhadrachalam, Yellandu, Kothagudem, Aswarao peta of Khammam district, Nirmal, Adilabad, Devarakonda, Nalgonda, Medak, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Rangareddy District, Hyderabad of Telangana and Bhimavaram, Papikondalu, Kakinada, Rajmundry, Srisailam, Srikakulam, Visakapatnam, Vijayawada and other places in Andhra Pradesh. The litter samples which include petioles, bark, leaf, dried leaves, twig, damaged leaves etc., were collected and humid soils were also collected in sterile bottles. 2.3 Isolation of Micro-fungi Micro-fungi found colonizing litters, bark, twigs, senescent plant parts, water, etc. The microfungi were isolated from the collected samples by either direct observation from plant litter/other substrates or Moist chamber incubation method or Isolation by particle plating method. 2.3.1 Direct Observation from Plant /Other Substrates The sample, say a decaying leaf, litter, wood and bark was scanned under a stereomicroscope to locate a fungal colony. A small portion of the fungal material was picked by a finetipped needle and placed in distilled water or lactophenol mounting and was examined under the microscope. The detailed study of morpho-taxonomic characteristics of the fungus was done by using a light transmitted microscope. 2.3.2 Moist Chamber Incubation A thin layer of absorbent cotton superimposed by a circular piece of blotting paper was placed in a petri dish (20 cm diameter) and drenched with distilled water. Two slides were placed in crisscross method on the filter paper. The plates were sterilized at 121 C and 15 lbs/cm³ pressure in an autoclave for 20 min. The sample was thoroughly washed in sterile distilled water and placed on the sterile slides in moist plates and incubated at room temperature. From 3rd days of inoculation, the incubated samples were scanned daily under a stereomicroscope for growth of the fungi. The fungal colony was picked up and mounted on a slide containing a drop of distilled water or lactophenol or lactophenol cotton blue for microscopic examination. 2.3.3 Isolation by Particle-Plating Decaying leaves, twigs or bark were cut into small pieces and grounded to fine particles in an electric blender. The particles were filtered through three superimposed metal sieves with mesh size of 1,000, 250 and 100 μm.
Fungi occurring on diversified habitats around some sanctuaries and water-bodies of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India 520 Table.1 List of fungi collected on different substrates around aquatic bodies of Andhra Pradesh, India. Sl. No Name of the Fungal Species Date of Collection Habitat Locality Collected by Accession No. 1 Acremonium chrysogenum Thirum. & Sukap. ) Gams 2 Acremonium apii (Smith & Ramsey ) Gams 3 Acrodontium griseum (Fassatiova) de Hoog 4 Acrogenospora sphaerocephala (Berk. & Br) Ellis 5 Agaricus compestris Linn. Ex Fies 6 Arthrobotrys conoides Dreschler 7 Arthrobotrys folicola Matsushima. 8 Bahugada sundara Reddy & Vasant Rao. 9 Berkleasmium osmaniae Raghuveer Rao, Dev Rao, 10 Cirrenalia indica Vasant Rao & Reddy Un identified leaves Un identified leaves Bhadachalam, Yellandu forest of Khammam district Bhadrachalam Ashwaraopet forests of Khammam district 2 nd Oct, decaying leaves Adialabad, Srikakulam, Khammam district Nov 10 th Dec, NOV, Nov, Nov, wood, bark Wood, humid soil Bhadrachalam,Kothagudem forsts of Khammam district of Khammam dist. Visakapatnam, Srikakulam I.K. Kunwar Suresh Kumar 42,996, 42,997, 302, 214 42, 998 215 dead leaves Medak Adilabad Karimnagar HCIO No.42,999 moist Leaves Medak Adilabad,Nalgonda. HCIO NO.43,000 Hardevikia binate stem, Borassus bark & Acacia arabica bark Devarakonda, Nalgonda, Warangal, Karimnagar 226, 308 Plant debris Bhadrachalam,yellandu 43,001 leaves Medak,Adilabad,Yellendu,Kotha gudem HCIO 43,003 11 Comatricha aequalis Peck 12 Cylindrocladium scopaium Morgan 13 Daldenia concentrica (Both ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not 14 Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) Ellis 15 Dendryphiopsis atra (Corda) Hughes 16 Dictyoarthrinium sacchari Steve ex Johnson & Stevenson 17 Dictyochaeta parva Hughes & Kendrick) Holubova-Jechova, Ceska 22 nd Aug, Bhadrachalam, 43,003 2 nd Oct, Leaves Medak, Adilabad, Khhammam, Srikakulam District 10 th Dec, decaying wood logs Albizzia amara stem Bhadrachalam forests of Khammam District Nalgonda, Warangal, Adilabad Disicts 2 nd Oct, decaying debris Adilabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Bhadrachalam, Yellandu, Aswaraopet of Khammam district 22 nd Sept, 43005, 43,049 156 43,006 A.P 43,007 Adilabad, Karimnagar, Srikakulam Districts 43,008
521 Nagaraju et al 18 Diderma globosum Pers. Nense 2 nd Oct, Wood logs Medak, Karimnagar, of Khammam District I.K.Kunwar 43,009 19 Ganoderma applanatum Fries (Karsten) 20 Gonytrichum microcladium (Sacc. ) Hughes 21 Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Raben horst 22 Hansfordia giciella (Sacc.) Hughes 23 Helicocephala proliferans Vasant Rao, Reddy & de 24 Kinnerasaniomyces Hoog elagans GSK & VR 25 Latericonis obscura Vasant Rao 26 Melanocephala cufilifera Hughes Nov, Oct, Nov, Nov, NOV, NOV, NOV, dead leaves rotten leaf Bark decaying Wood Srikakulam, Visakapatnam, Bhadrachlam, Yellandu forests of Khammam District Srikakulam, Visakapatnam, Bhadrachlam, Yellandu forests of Khammam District Nizamabad, Srikakulam, of Khammam Distict of Khammam, Warangal, Nizamabad Districts Nalgonda, karimnagar, Khammam Districts Bhadrachalam forest of Khammam district Nalgonda, Srikakulam, Visakapatnam warangal, Karimnagar, Bhadrachalam, Yellendu Suresh Kumar 43,040 43,010 HCIO No.43, 011 43,012 285 43,031 149 HCIO 43,016 27 Memnoniella echinata (Riv.) Galloway 28 Menisporopsis theobomae Hughes 29 Monacosporium eudermatum (Dreschler) Subram. 30 Moorella speciosa Rao& Rao 31 Olphitrichum patulum (Sacc. And Berl.) Holubova-Jechova NOV, 2 nd Oct, 23 rd Sep. 32 Ophistoma sp. 33 Paathramaya yadgirensis Vasant Rao 34 Periconia atropurpurea (Berk. &Curt.) Litnov 35 Periconia byssoides Pers. ex Schwein 36 Periconia cookei Mason and Ellis 12 th Nov, twigs, Bark Warangal,Ashwaraopet, Bhadrachalam, Yellendu Adilabad, Medak, Nalgonda, Khammam I.K.Kunwar 43,017 HCIO NO. 43,018 water bodies Bhadrachalam, Yellandu I.K.Kunwar 258 Wood, Bark, Plant debries Nizamabad, Adilabad, Warangal Visakapatnam, Kakinada, Rajmundry, Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet Adilabad,Medak, Nalgonda 177 43,020 43,021 Lantana camara stalk Yadgirigutta, Nalgonda 237 Borassus fabellifera twigs, leaf twig, leaf litter Nizamabad, Parkhal,Nirmal,Bhadrachalam, Yellandu, Ashwaraopet of Medak, Khammam Nalgonda, Dist Adilabad, Ashwaraopet Adilabad, Nizamabad, Nalgonda, Ashwaraopet 43, 022 43, 023 43,024
Fungi occurring on diversified habitats around some sanctuaries and water-bodies of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India 522 37 Periconiella cocoes Ellis 38 Pestalotia pezizoides De Not, Mem.R. 39 Phaeoisaria clematidis (Fuckel) Hughes 40 Phaeoisaria caffera Matsushima, Matsush. Nov, decaying leaves of Cocus nucifera and Borassus flabellifera Mango leaves un identified fallen leaves decaying plant debris, twigs Nalgonda,warangal, Bhadrachalam, Kothagudem forests of Khammam Adilabad, Visakapatnam, Medak, Warangal, Ashwaraopet, and Bhadrachalam forests of Nizamabad, Khammam Adilabad, Dist. Kakinada,Sikakulam, Ashwaraopet Karimnagar, of Bhadachalam, Khammam Dist Yellandu forests of Khammam Dist. 43, 025 43,026 43, 027 43, 028 41 Phallus impudicus ex Webster 2 nd Nov, near by water bodies Bhadrachalam, Kothagudem, Adilabad, Sikakulam Dist. 230 42 Pleurotus ostreatus (Fries) Kumarex Soothill and 43 Pithomyces Fairhourst chartaum (Berk. and Curt.) Ellis 44 Pseudobotrytis bisbyi Timonin 45 Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex Ellis) de Hoog 46 Saccardaea echinocephala Cavara 3 rd Dec. 10 th Nov, 13 th Dec. Around water Bodies plant debris, decaying leaf litter decaying leaf litter, plant debris decaying leaves, rotting twigs leaf litter Warangal, Adialabad, of Khammam Dist. Bhadachalam, Yellandu, Ashwaraopet forests of Khammam, Adilabad, Medak Medak, Dist. Srikakulam, Bhadrachalam,Yellandu forests of Khammam dist. Papikondalu, Bhimavaram, Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet forests of Khammam dist. Bhadrachalam, Kothagudem forests of Khammam dist. 43, 050 43, 029 43, 030 43, 015 43, 014 47 Scleroderma citrinum Persoon ex Soothill and Fairhurst Dipterocarp-aceae member Bhadrachalam, Adilabad, & R. R district 179 48 Scolecobasidium variabile Barron & Bush decaying leaves,bark Bhadachalam, Ashwaraopet forests of Khammam, Visakapatnam district 43, 013 49 Spegazzinia intermedia Ellis leaf litter, decaying bark, twigs Warangal, adilabad, Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet forests of Khammam distict 43, 032 50 Sporoschisma nigroseptata Rao and Rao leaf litter, decaying plant debris Nizamabad, Adilabad, Medak, Bhadrachalam, Kothagudem forests of Khammam Dist 43, 033 51 Stachybotrys nilagirica Subramanian leaf litter, decaying plant bark, twigs Medak, Nizamabad, Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet 29, 131 52 Stachybotrys pulchra Spegazzini leaf litter, decaying bark, twigs Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet, Yellandu of Khammam district HCIO No.43, 034 53 Stachylidium bicolor Link ex S. F. Gray, Link, Mag. 54 Tetraploa aristata Berkeley and Broome decaying leaf litter, barks, twigs Leaf litter, plant debris Nizamabad, Srikakulam, Bhadrachalam, Ashwaraopet, Yellandu forests of Khammam Bhadrachalam, district Yellandu, Medak & RangaReddy District 43, 036 43, 037
523 Nagaraju et al 55 Tharoopama trina Subramanian 56 Tolypocladium geodes Gams 57 Torula herbarum Pers ex Link 58 Tretepileus sphaerophorus (Berk & Curt.) Hughes & 59 Trichoderma Deighton viride Pers ex. Fr. 60 Trichoderma koningii Oudem in Oudemanus & Koning 61 Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 62 Trimmatostroma indica Manoharachary & RamaRao 63 Raghuveer Tritirachium Rao dependens Limber 64 Verticillium theobromae (Durc) Mason. Hughes 65 Wesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) Kirk. 66 Xylaria hypoxylon Hill ex Grev. Nov, Nov, leaf litter, decaying plant debris leaf, debris of Khammam Dist. of Khammam ist. 43, 038 43, 039 decaying plant debris All over A.P 43, 040 2 nd Oct, Delonix elata bark Khammam, Adilabad, Medak, Srisailam, Nalgonda 10 th Nov, Nov, 3 rd Dec, 12 th Nov, 12 th Nov, 10 th Dec. dead leaves, bark Plant debris decaying debris decaying leaves Leaves near water bodies HCIO-Herbarium cryptogamie Indiae Orientalis, IARI, New Delhi, OUFH-Osmania University Fungal Herbarium, Hyderabad. Ashwaaopet forests of Khammam Dist Bhadachalam, Yellandu Ashwaraopet of Khammam Dist, Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Bhadrachalam, Adilabad, Yellandu Warangal of Khammam Dist. Hyderabad, Medak Bhadrachalam, Ashwaropet, Nalgonda, Nizamabad Papikondalu, Bhadrachalam, Yellandu, Ashwaraopet Warangal, Nizamabad, Bhadachalam, Yellandu, Ashwaaopet of Khammam Dindi, Nalgonda, Khammam, Vijayawada, Kakinada Manoharabad, Ibrahimpatnam, Bhadachalam, Kothagudem and Ashwaraopet, Nalgonda, Medak 180 43,041 43, 042 43, 043 43,044 43,045 43,046 272 43,047 Fine particles of size between 100 and 250 μm, trapped in the lower sieve were repeatedly washed in sterile distilled water, diluted to suitable concentration and plated onto malt extract agar (MEA) medium incorporated with a mixture of antibiotics (Bacitracin 0.02 g, Neomycin 0.02 g, Penicillin G 0.02 g, Polymyxin 0.02 g, streptomycin 0.02 g and tetramycin 0.04 g dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water and added to 1 L of MEA medium).the fungal hyphae arising from the particles were aseptically and individually transferred to fresh MEA slants (Bills and Polishook 1994).Some fungi sporulated in culture after several days/weeks of incubation. These were examined under the microscope, isolated and identified (Kirby et al. 1990). 2.4 Drying and Preservation The materials brought to the laboratory were taken out of the package and necessary drying was done. The materials were then fumigated with the help of 01 % mercuric chloride, 1 % silver nitrate or 4 % formalin vapour (Domsch et al. 1980) to prevent contamination by other microorganisms. The materials were trimmed properly to have only the parts where suspected colonies of fungi could be found, and then colonies were marked with indelible ink after being observed under the low power of a binocular dissection microscope. Stiff and quality paper folders of standard size (15 10.5 cm) were used for the preservation of the trimmed material. Before preservation, each material was wrapped in a clean and soft tissue paper. Labels of CABI standard size (12.6 7.69 cm) with relevant details, such as: name of the collector, date of collection and accession number, etc. were prepared before affixing them to the folder accession number given in abbreviation being OUFH/DNR/No (OUFH standing for Osmania University Fungal Herbarium and DNR for collector s name in abbreviation). Each of the paper packets or folder was placed in a polythene cover to prevent desiccation and a piece of naphthalene ball was placed inside the polythene cover to prevent infestation of mites/insects, etc. All these folders were arranged
Fungi occurring on diversified habitats around some sanctuaries and water-bodies of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India 524 alphabetically, taxa wise in suitable containers.2.5 Mountant and Stains Aman s lactophenol (Dade & Gunnel 1969) (Phenol crystals 20 g, lactic acid 20 g, glycerol 40 g, water 20 g) was prepared for microscopic study. For the observation of hyaline fungal material, 0.05 g of cotton blue was added to the preparation. To observe dematiaceous nature of the material, mounts were also prepared in distilled water. 2.6 Identification and Deposition of Fungal Herbaria Identification of fungi was done with the help of available manuals such as Subramanian (1971); Ellis (1971) Ellis (1976); Matsushima (1975); Booth (1971); Domsch et al. (1980); Ellis & Ellis (1998); Hawksworth (1974); Ingold (1975); Nagamani et al. (2006) etc. besides taking help from relevant mycological papers from CABI, UK and other taxonomic literature published in different national and international journals. Some novel and interesting taxa were deposited in HCIO, IARI, New Delhi and received the accession numbers. 2.7 Study of Macrofungi The methods given by Kaviyarasan et al. (2009) have been used in the present study. Fresh materials were collected in polythene bags and subjected for further study on the day of collection. Field data, viz. shape, size, colour, texture were recorded besides taking field photograph. The laboratory observations included morphology and thin sections of gill tissue, vegetative mycelia, pileus, annulus, sporeprint, basidospores etc. The collected material was dried and packed. All the isolated fungal strain were described and identified as per the procedures of Kaviyarasan et al. (2009). Photographs of macrofungi were taken and photomicrographs were taken with the help of Leica microscope with attached camera. The soils were brought to laboratory and analyzed for fungi using dilution plate method (Waksman 1916), soil plate method (Warcup 1950). Only higher fungi were collected from humid soils these macro fungi were collected from fields, photographed, preserved and identified as for the details given by Kaviyarasan et al. (2009). The Myxomycetes were collected in small boxes or empty match boxes giving a support of tissue paper in order to keep the fruit bodies intact. These were also subsequently preserved as per IMI pattern. Packets were given the accession numbers. 3 Results Altogether 66 fungal species have been collected and identified (table 1). From the table it is evident that most of the fungi wre represented by single species only. Among the areas investigated more fungi were confined to Khammam district followed by Adilabad and others (figure 1). From the data it is evident that major bulk of fungal wealth belongs to Anamarphic fungi (figure 2). Figure 1 Fungal distribution in district wise.
525 Nagaraju et al Figure 2 Fungi distribution in group wise. Among collected 66 species, Comatricha qequalis and Diderma globosum belong to Myxomycotina, while class Basidiomycotina was represented by a single species of Agaricus, Ganoderma, Phallus, Polyporus, and Scleroderma. Scleroderma citrinum has been recorded for the first time as ectomycorrhizal fungus on the member of Depterocarpaceae. Ascomycotina has been represented by three genera and each genus has single species. The remaining 55 species belong to anamorphic fungi, the asexual phases of Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina. Periconiella cocoes, Pseudobotrytis bisbyi, Ramichloridium musae and Saccardea echinocephala are the new additions to the fungi of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The most common habitats on which many fungi were found colonizing has been litter followed by wood, bark, and others (figure 3). This mycofloristic study has not only strengthened fungal data base but also indicated that forest localities of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India are rich in fungi besides adding new information to biodiversity, taxonomy and conservation of fungi. Figure 3 Fungi and Substrate relation.
Fungi occurring on diversified habitats around some sanctuaries and water-bodies of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India 526 Discussions The fungal flora of diversified habitats occurring around the sanctuaries and water bodies has been neglected in India as per the earlier records of literature (Butler & Bisby, 1960; Tilak & Rao, 1968; Rangaswami et al., 1970; Kamat et al., 1971; Sarbhoy et al., 1975; Bilgrami et al., 1979; Madhusudhan Rao, 1980; Sarbhoy et al., 1980; Sutton, 1980; Bilgrami et al., 1981; Galaiah, 1985; Bilgrami et al., 1991; Galaiah, 1987; Sarbhoy et al., 1996; Jamaluddin et al., 2004). Therefore, the present survey forms an important contribution in these neglected habitats. Data clearly indicates that the fungi isolated and identified belongs to Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Myxomycotina and Celeomycetes. Majority of the isolated anamarphic fungi are the conidial states of Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina. The interesting point is that the different substrates which are there around aquatic habitats get submerged during monsoon and gets dried up during summer. Thus the monsoon fungi get replaced by cold tolerant fungi followed by drought tolerant fungi. From the table-1 it is evident that fungi like Arthrobotrys folicola, Helicocephala proliferans, Monacosporium eudermatum, Phaeoisaria caffera, Scolecobasidium variabile and Tritirachium defendens are the monsoon indicators. Fungi like Acrogenospora sphaerocephala, Diderma globosum, Moorella speciosa, Periconia atropurpurea, Scleroderma citrinum and others have been collected during summer season indicates their tolerance for high temperatures. Agaricus compestris, Phallus impudicus and Pleurotus ostreatus were growing in the humid soils, while Ganoderma applanatum was growing on the heaps of litter. Thus the data clearly indicates that the fungi have specific association to the substrate due to the availability of required nutrients for their growth, multiplication and survival (Manoharachary et al., 2005). It is also clear from the data that four fungi form new additions to fungi of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly a species of Verticillium has been isolated from decaying leaves which has been considered as wilt pathogen (Mehrothra, 2003). Another important result being that two important species of Trichoderma which are antagonistic to higher fungi have been reported during the study ( Nagamani et al., 2009). Ganoderma has been also collected during the study, uses of Ganoderma in cosmetics industry and as a medicine to cure some health disorders by tribal are well documented by Manoharachary et al. (2009). Agaricus compestris and Pleurotus ostreatus were collected from humid soils and form the edible fungi (Kaviyarasan et al. 2009). In conclusion, the paper presents a huge wealth of fungal flora (66 fungi) of different groups from diversified habitats/substrates bearing biotechnological importance. India has got 1/3 of global biodiversity and this data adds strength to the existing data base of mycofloristics, taxonomy, conservation and utilization. Acknowledgement One of the authors (CMC) is thankful to the National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad for awarding NASI senior scientist fellowship. References Bilgrami KS, Jamaluddin Rizvi MA (1979) The fungi of India Part I (List and reference). Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publication New Delhi, pp. 467. Bilgrami KS, Jamaluddin Rizvi MA (1981) The fungi of India Part II (Host Index and Addenda). Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publication New Delhi. pp. 128. Bilgrami KS, Jamaluddin, Rizvi MA (1991) The fungi of India Part III (List and References). Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publication New Delhi. pp. 798. Bills GF, Polishook JD (1994) Abundance and diversity of micro fungi in leaf litter of a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Mycologia 86:187 198. Booth C (1971) Introduction to general methods. In: Booth C (ed.) Methods in Microbiology London and New York, Academic Press, 4: 1-47. Butler EJ, Bisby G (1960) The Fungi of India. Revised by Vasudeva RS, ICAR Publication, New Delhi, Pp. 552. Dade HA, Gunnel J (1969) Class work with fungi. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, England, Kew Surrey Pp. 64. Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (1980) Compendium of Soil fungi Vol. I, II. Academic Press, London, New York. Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous Fungi. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, Pp. 608. Ellis MB (1976) More Dematiaceous Fungi. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, Pp. 507. Ellis MB, Ellis JP (1998) Microfungi on Miscellaneous substrates; An Identification Hand Book. The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., Pp. 246. Galaiah K (1985) Taxo-Ecological Studies on Fungi of Submerged leaves and forest soil profiles from Ananthagiri hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Osmania University, Hyderabad, Pp. 84. Galiah K, Manoharachary C (1987) Studies on conidial fungi of a stream from Andhra Pradesh. Indian Phytopathology 40: 466.
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