US Association for Energy Economics National Capital Area Chapter Petroleum Geology of Shale Gas & Tight Oil and How To Do It: Drill and Frack a Horizontal Well Robert Kleinberg Schlumberger Cambridge, Massachusetts 19 May 2017
Schlumberger Schlumberger is the actual provider of exploration, drilling, and production services to the oil and gas industry. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Schlumberger. Dimmit County, Texas Greene County, Pennsylvania 2
http://ceepr.mit.edu/publications/reprints/648 3
Conventional Oil & Gas is Trapped as a Result of a Lucky Combination of Circumstances Source Rock is Pervasive in Sedimentary Basins Entrapment Gas Cap Oil Water Seal Rock Reservoi r Rock Migration Source Rock Generation Source Rock 120 F 350 F 2480 JMA AAPG, The Quest for Energy http://www.aapg.org/slide_bank/armentrout_john/index.shtml
Why is There Gas in Tarrant County and Oil in Eastland County? Barnett Shale Eastland County Tarrant County 100 miles
Mississippian Earth 340 million years ago Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems http://cpgeosystems.com/340_miss_2globes.jpg
Mississippian Earth 340 million years ago Siberia Siberia Central Asia North America China China South America Africa Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems http://cpgeosystems.com/340_miss_2globes.jpg
Shallow, Anoxic Inland Bays & Seas Initial contact of Africa and Eastern US: Lakawanna phase of Alleghenian orogeny Robert Loucks and Stephen Ruppel, AAPG Bulletin, v. 91, no. 4 (April 2007), pp. 579 601 Blakey, http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/hist_by_period.html
Burial History Diagram, Eastland County, Texas Depth Below Surface Oil Production Oil Production Barnett Shale 100 C = 20 C + (30 C/km x 2.7 km) Ewing, AAPG Bulletin, v. 90, no. 6 (June 2006), pp. 963 966
Burial History Diagram, Tarrant County, Texas Gas Production 152 C = 20 C + (30 C/km x 4.4 km) Ewing, AAPG Bulletin, 90, 963 966 (2006)
Gas Shale Plays Follow the Thrust Belt Credit Suisse Energy Summit, February 2009
EARLY CRETACEOUS MIDDLE CRETACEOUS LATE CRETACEOUS PALEOCENE EOCENE Permian Basin Utica Marcellus Fayetteville Woodford - Marcellus LOW MID DEVONIAN UPPER DEVONIAN MISSISSIPPIAN GEO ExPro RLK Modification Niobrara Monterey
Horizontal Drilling & Hydraulic Fracturing: Why Do It?
Pore Size Controls How Fast Oil or Gas Will Flow to the Well Reservoir Rock Gas Shale 50 m Excellent Conventional Oil Reservoir Rock Source Rock/Gas Shale Passey, SPE 131350 Human Hair Transmits gas 10,000 more slowly than conventional gas reservoir rock.
Well Quality = Rock Permeability x Surface Area Vertical Well -- 100 ft Thick Reservoir 6 inch Diameter Borehole Vertical Well 100 ft Thick Reservoir Single Bi-Wing Fracture, 300 ft/wing 2 surfaces/fracture Requirement 160 sq.ft. 120,000 sq.ft. 1,600,000 sq.ft. Prudential Tower 52 Floors Floor Space: 1,200,000 sq.ft. gas zone 16
Horizontal Drilling + Hydraulic Fracturing Low Permeability Compensated by >10,000x Surface Area Enhancement Vertical depth 5000 11,000 ft Horizontal run 5000 ft Fractures (effective) 60 x 2/3 Effective fracture radius 300 ft Contact area 40 x 2 x 2 x 300 ft x 100 ft = 4.8 million ft 2 http://www.skifergas.dk/en/technical guide/what is hydraulic fracturing.aspx 17
Horizontal Drilling & Hydraulic Fracturing: How To Do It 18
Rotary Steerable Drilling 15 /100 ft
You Can Drill from Anywhere to Anywhere 19 Gas Wells Drilled and Fractured from a Single 5 Acre Well Site University of Texas at Arlington 5 acre well site XTO HOUSTON CHAPTER OF SOCIETY OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL EARTH SCIENTISTS November 2011 20
Typical 5,000 foot Horizontal Well Water: 5 million gallons Sand: 1 lb/gal Chemicals: 1% 200 tons 4000 gal/min @ 10,000 psi 1-2 days/well 24,000 horsepower 21
Stages & Perforation Clusters 6 perforations/foot @ 60 casing V Stress Tensor H h Stage Stage Lecampion, ARMA 14 7110
Robert L. Kleinberg, Ph.D. Unconventional Resources Schlumberger-Doll Research One Hampshire Street Cambridge, MA 02139 Dimmit County, Texas 617-768-2277 kleinberg@slb.com http://www.linkedin.com/pub/robert-kleinberg/19/177/131 Member of the National Academy of Engineering 23