Department of Physics, Umeå University October 10, 2008
Contents 1 Introduction History Theory 2 Rockets Plots of orbits 3 Aerobrake 4 References Introduction History Theory
History Theory What is celestial mechanics? Branch of astrophysics that deals with the motions of celestial objects: stars, galaxies, planets, (artificial) satellites, etc.. The field applies principles of physics to produce ephemeris data.
History Theory History Started probably when human discovered movement on the celestial sphere, however, problem of planetary motion has been known to Babylonian astronomers (3000 yrs bp). Notable astronomers in the field Aristarchus of Samos creator of the heliocentric model, proved later by Seleucus of Seleucia; Claudius Ptolemy author of the Almages, explained epicycles; Nicolaus Copernicus ; Galileo Galilei; Johannes Kepler; Isaac Newton; Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
History Theory Newton s cannonball
History Theory Escape velocity E Earth = E p + E k = mgr + mv 2 2, (1) E = mv 2 2, (2) mgr + mv 2 = mv 2 2 2, (3) v = 2gr. (4) [ ] [ ] [ ] m 2 m km 2 9.81 6, 357, 000 s 2 = 11, 356 11.4. s s
History Theory Types of orbits Centric classifications: galactocentric, heliocentric, geocentric, areocentric, lunar... Altitude classifications: LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO... Inclination classifications: polar, equatorial... Eccentricity classifications: circular, elliptic, parabolic, hiperbolic... Synchronous classifications: synchronous, geosynchronous, supersynchronous (disposal/graveyard), heliosynchronous...
History Theory Main types of orbits
History Theory Lagrange points
Introduction Rockets Plots of orbits Rocket... Remigiusz Pospieszyn ski
Rockets Plots of orbits...rocket...
Rockets Plots of orbits...rocket!
Rockets Plots of orbits Space Launch Facilities
Rockets Plots of orbits Hohmann transfer
Rockets Plots of orbits Bi-elliptic transfer
Rockets Plots of orbits Gravitational slingshot
Rockets Plots of orbits
Rockets Plots of orbits Cassini s tour
Rockets Plots of orbits Venus Express
Aerobrake Mars Reconnaissance orbiter
Aerobrake Apollo Command Module
References Conlusions 1 In order to send a spaceship to a celestial body one must know precise locations of all bodies involved. 2 Very precise timing is crucial for the good fortune of any mission. 3 Longer route can take less time than shorter. 4 When the target body has no atmosphere you need to take your fuel with you.
References Thank you for your attention! Presentation available at www.dywanik.eu
References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/newton s cannonball http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/low Earth orbit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lagrange points http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rocket http://www.arianespace.com http://maps.google.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hohmann transfer orbit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bi-elliptic transfer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gravitational slingshot http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
References http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=3649 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mars Reconnaissance Orbiter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interplanetary travel