AQA GCSE Physics Paper Two. Revision Booklet. Name

AQA GCSE Physics Paper Two Revision Booklet Name

P8 Forces in Balance Test /69 Name weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g) moment of a force = force x distance (normal to the direction of the force) W = m g M = F d 1 For each of the physical quantities indicate whether they are a scalar (S) or a vector (V). [7] mass velocity acceleration speed displacement force distance 2 Add a tick or cross to each box to indicate the difference between vector and scalar quantities. [6] scalar vector unit direction magnitude 3 Complete the table by working out the resultant forces. [10] Force A 7 N right 7 N left 8 N up 120 N left 3 N south Force B 5 N right 5 N right 8 N down 20 N right 4 N east Resultant 4. For each of the following categorise them as either contact or non-contact forces. Use the letter C for a contact force and the letter N for a non-contact force. [6] friction air resistance gravitational tension electrostatic magnetic 5. The diagram shows a person pulling a box but with the person and box drawn separately (A free body diagram) Add arrows to show the interaction pair of equal and opposite forces. Label each arrow using the Force of A on B format. [6] 6. Use the equation W = mg to calculate the following. g (on Earth = 9.8 N/kg) Include the correct units. a) The weight of a 12 kg dog on Earth. [2] b) The mass of a 294 N weight on Earth. [2] c) The gravitation field strength if the 12kg dog weighs 102 N [3]

7. a) What is the resultant force on the car? [2] b) What is the resultant force on the plane? [2] 8. Write a brief description of what is meant by the term centre of mass. [2] 9 Name a school laboratory instrument used to measure forces. [1] 10. The arrow below represents a force vector. Resolve this force into its horizontal and vertical components. Give the magnitude of the vector and the magnitudes of each of the components. The scale is 1cm to 1 N. [6] Magnitude of vector = Vertical component = Horizontal component = 11. Use the equation M = Fd to answer the following questions. a) Calculate the moment produced by a 120 N force acting 0.25 m from the pivot. [2] b) A nut requires a turning force of 60 Nm to loosen it. What force would be needed using a 0.2m long spanner? [2] c) A pirate uses a plank balanced on a log so it acts like a lever to lift a treasure chest full of gold. The pirate has a mass of 85kg and has to stand 2.5m from the log to lift the treasure which is 0.6m on the other side of the log. How much gold has the pirate got? [4] 12. Complete the table by adding missing weights so that the whole mobile will balance. [8] Each column is a different question. a) b) c) d) A 3 N 6 N 12 N B 4 N C 8 N 1 N D 0 N 3 N A C D B

P9 Motion Test /34 Name Q1 a) A ball travels 12m in 3s. Calculate its speed. [1] b) A dog runs at 5.5m/s for 14s. How far does it run? [1] c) A stationary cat pounces reaching 9m/s in 0.4s Calculate the acceleration of the cat. [1] d) A car travelling at 25mph accelerates at 2.22mph/s for 8.0s. Calculate its new speed. [2] Q2 Complete these sentences using the best word below to fill in the gaps. [5] deceleration measured accelerating changes increases force If your speed is increasing you are When you accelerate your velocity When velocity is decreasing it is called To make an object accelerate a is needed. Acceleration is usually in m/s 2 Q3 A train is moving at a steady speed. It travels 140 km in two hours. It then accelerates at 2 m/s 2 for 80 seconds. 1 hour = 3600s a) What does "steady speed" mean? [1] b) What is the speed of the train in km/h? [1] c) What is the speed of the train in m/s [1] c) What does m/s 2 stand for? [1] d) What is the speed of the train after it has accelerated for 80 seconds? [2] Q4 A pack of wolves travel 35 km in 5 hrs before spotting some caribou. During the hunt they then cover 20km in 30min. Calculate their overall average speed. [2]

Q5 The velocity-time graph shows the motion of a delivery truck. a) During the 90s shown give the total time that the truck: i) is stationary [1] ii) is not accelerating [1] iii) has a velocity greater than 20m/s [1] velocity / m/s iv) is decelerating [1] b) Calculate the acceleration of the truck: time / s i) between 60s and 90s [2] ii) between 20s and 30s [2] c) Calculate the total distance covered by the truck during the 90s. [3] d) Calculate the average velocity of the truck. [2] Q6 Use the equation v 2 - u 2 = 2as to answer these questions. a) A car covers a distance on 2000m from a standing start with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s 2. Calculate its final velocity. [2] m/s b) A rocket is launched from the underside of an aircraft travelling at 110 m/s. The velocity of the rocket reaches 220m/s by the time it has covered 170m. Calculate its acceleration. [2] m/s 2 Q7 A fox trots up a hill at 4 m/s and then down the same hill at 8 m/s. Calculate the average velocity of the fox. (btw - the answer is not 6m/s) [2] m/s

P10 Forces and Motion Test /60 Name weight = mass x gravitational field strength force applied to a spring = spring constant x extension resultant force = mass x acceleration momentum = mass x velocity force = change in momentum / time taken W = m g F = k e F = m a p = m v F = m v / t 1 Use the words below to complete the paragraph. temperature kinetic friction braking force distance deceleration overheating When a is applied to the brakes of a vehicle, work done by the force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the energy of the vehicle and the of the brakes increases. The greater the speed of a vehicle the greater the force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain. The greater the braking force the greater the of the vehicle. Large decelerations may lead to brakes and loss of control. 2 a) A shopping trolley with a mass of 15 kg is accelerated at 3 m/s 2. What force is needed to do this? N b) A force of 20 N is used to accelerate a 2.5 kg mass. What is its acceleration? m/s 2 c) A water skier accelerates at 1.5 m/s 2 whilst being pulled by a boat. The resultant force on the water skier is 102 N. Calculate the mass of the water skier. kg 3a) Briefly describe Newton s First Law _ b) Briefly describe Newton s Second Law _

4 Write true or false in the table for each of the following statements. Weight is the force of gravity on a mass. Weight is measured in Newtons. Mass is measured in kg. Mass and weight are both scalar quantities. The weight of a body on Earth will be the same as its weight on the Moon. The mass of a body on Earth will be the same as its mass on the Moon. 5 If the value of g on Mars is 3.8 N/kg, then what will be the weight of: a mass of 60 kg a mass of 400 g a mass of 5.2 10 3 kg 6 A rock of mass 2.3 kg has a weight of 460 N on a particular planet. Calculate the value of g on the planet. Give the correct units. 7 The diagram is similar to one in the Highway Code. a) What is the thinking distance for a vehicle travelling at 22 m/s? b) What is the braking distance of a vehicle travelling at 31 m/s? c) What is the stopping distance for a vehicle travelling at 40 mph? d) What is the reaction time used to calculate the 13m/s thinking distance? e) Estimate the thinking distance and breaking distances at 40m/s. thinking distance breaking distance 8 List three factors that affect: a) the thinking distance of a driver b) the braking distance of a car.

c) calculate the thinking distance for a car travelling at 40m/s if the reaction time is of the driver 0.7s m 9 A car of mass 1520 kg is travelling at 20 m/s. The driver then applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in a time of 1.8 s. a) Calculate the acceleration of the car m/s 2 b) Calculate the force exerted on the passengers. N c) Explain how safety features in cars such as seat belts, crumple zones, and airbags can result in less injury to the driver and passengers in a road traffic accident. 10 Calculate the momentum of the following objects. All answers must be given in units of kg m/s. a) A cannonball of mass 8 kg moving at 32 m/s. kg m/s b) A car (with passengers) of mass 1950 kg moving at 40 km/h. 11 a) A melon is thrown from a tower block. It has a mass of 3 kg and falls and hits the ground with a with a velocity of 20 m/s. The impact with the ground lasts for 0.05 s during which time the melon splits apart. i) What is its momentum of the melon just before impact? ii) With what force does it hit the floor? b) A second identical melon is thrown from the same tower. This melon is encased in two cycle helmets which are strapped securely round it. The melon again impacts at 20 m/s but this time the time of the impact is increased to 0.15 s. i) What force does this melon experience? ii) Why is this protected melon more likely to survive the fall intact?

12 This car of mass 1025 kg has collided with a brick wall travelling at 23 m/s. Accident investigators estimate that the car took 0.08 s to stop. Calculate the average force exerted on the car during this collision. 13 Two ice skaters are practising a lift. They skate directly towards each other. The 60 kg woman has velocity of 3 m/s. The 100kg man a velocity of - 4 m/s. They time it badly and collide and bounce off each other. The woman moves off at a velocity of -5 m/s. With what velocity does the man move off? 14 Spring A has a spring constant of 2 N/cm, and spring B has a spring constant of 20 N/cm. Which spring is stiffer (harder to extend)? Explain your answer. 15 A spring has a spring constant, k, of 3 N/cm. Calculate the force needed to extend it by 8 cm. Write the unit with your answer. 16 A 30cm spring was stretched to a length of 44cm by a force of 125 N. Calculate the spring constant in N/m.

P11 Force and Pressure Test /33 Name pressure = force normal to the surface / area of that surface pressure due to a column of liquid = height of column x density of liquid x gravitational field strength (g) p = F/A p = h g weight = mass x gravitational field strength Gravitational field strength on Earth is 9.8 N/kg W = m g 1 Use the equation for pressure to complete the table. a) b) c) Force/ Newton 12 30 Area / m 2 3 5 Pressure / Pa 25 6 2 A box has a weight of 200 N and measures 0.5 m 1 m 2 m Calculate the smallest pressure the box could exert on the ground. Calculate the largest pressure the box could exert on the ground. 3 The world s largest gold bar is worth 7.2 million, has a mass of 250 kg and a base measuring 45.5 cm 22.5 cm. Calculate the pressure the bar exerts on the ground. 4 A rover has a mass of 1500 kg. On Earth its wheels exert a pressure of 368kPa on the ground. a) Calculate the weight of the rover on Earth N b) Calculate the total area of contact between the wheels and the ground on Earth. c) Calculate the pressure the rover exerts on the ground when on Mars. Gravity on Mars is 3.8 N/kg Assume the contact area remains the same. 6 A drum of height 1.2 m is filled with petrol of density 740 kg/m 3. a) Calculate the pressure in the petrol at the bottom of the drum. b) At what depth in the drum is the pressure one quarter the pressure at the bottom? c) What would be the pressure if the drum was filled with oil of density 850 kg/m 3.

7 Use the equation for pressure in a liquid to complete the table. a) b) c) d) height 120 m 1250 m 3000 km density / kg/m 3 1.2 2.5 4200 gravity / N/kg 9.8 24 9.8 Pressure / Pa 50000 3600 2058 8 a) The pressure in a liquid is 1 kpa and its height is 20 cm. What is the density of the liquid? b) If the density of a liquid is 0.2 kg/m 3 what is the pressure at a depth of 4.0 m? 9 A cube shaped box of sides 0.25m is submerged in a liquid of density 1.2 kg/m 3 so that its upper surface is 1.5 m below the surface of the liquid. Calculate the upthrust experienced by the box. Calculate the mass of the box if it is neutrally buoyant it neither floats or sinks. 10 The graph shows how atmospheric pressure varies with height. The height of two mountains on Earth are shown to give an idea of scale. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m 3 at the surface. a) Describe the relationship between atmospheric pressure and height. b) At what height would the pressure be half the value that it is at the surface? c) What mass of air would be above you for each 1 m 2 of area on: i) Mauna Kea? ii) Mount Everest? d) Use the graph to estimate the percentage of the Earth s atmosphere that would be found in the troposphere (the atmosphere from the surface of the Earth to a height of 17 km).

P12 Wave Properties Test /45 Name 1. What type of wave has oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel? [1] 2. Give one example of a longitudinal wave. [1] 3. What type of waves are the ripples on the surface of some water. [1] 4. What type of wave is composed of compressions and rarefactions. [1] 5. What do waves transfer through the medium through which they are travelling? [1] 6. What name is given to the family of waves that light belongs to? [1] 7. What name is given to the number of waves that pass a point each second? [1] 8. What name is given to the time it takes for one wave to pass a point? [1] 9. What term is the height of a wave as measured from the undisturbed position? [1] 10. What name is given to the distance between similar points on adjacent waves? [1] 11. On the diagram below mark and label the wavelength and amplitude. [2] 12. Give a brief description of how you could measure the speed of a wave. Make clear the measurements you would make and how you would calculate the wave speed. [3] _ 13. a) On the diagram to the right add a line to show the path of a ray of light passing into the block of glass. Draw the normal line and mark on the angle of incidence and angle of refraction. [3] b) The distance from wavefront A to wavefront B is 15 cm and it takes the waves 2s to travel from A to B. Calculate: i) The wavelength cm [1] ii) The wave speed cm/s [1] iii) The frequency Hz [1]

14. The table below shows values for wavelength, frequency, time period, and wave speed. Fill in the missing values in the table and identify what the wave might be. [9] Wavelength in m Frequency in Hz 5.0 2.0 Time period in s Wave speed in m/s 6.0 10 7 3.0 10 8 26 000 1570 3.3 10 7 15. An ultrasound signal is sent out by a ship to detect how far beneath the surface the sea bed is. The process is called echo-ranging. The ultrasound signal has a frequency of 24000 Hz and a wavelength of 0.63 m. The time between sending the signal and detecting the reflected wave is 0.42 s. Calculate: a) The wave speed m/s [1] b) The depth of the water m [1] 16. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences below. [6] drum frequency 20 sound khz vibrations Sound waves can travel through solids causing in the solid. Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of. The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited range from Hz to 20. 17. Calculate the distance to an earthquake if P-waves (speed 8500 m/s) and S-waves (speed 5500 m/s) are detected at a time interval of 120 s apart by a seismometer. [2] 18. This question is about a planet similar to Earth. a) What type of material must be between the epicentre and seismic station B? [1] b) What type of material must be between the epicentre and seismic stations C? [1] c) On the diagram, mark on and label the internal structure of planet using this data (information). [3]

P13 Electromagnetic Waves Test /65 Name wave speed = frequency wavelength. period = 1 / frequency distance travelled = speed x time v = f T = 1 / f s = v t The speed of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is 300,000,000 m/s or 3 x 10 8 m/s n m k M G nano micro milli kilo mega giga 10-9 10-6 10-3 10 3 10 6 10 9 The speed in air is usually taken to be the same. 1. a) Complete the table showing the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency. [5] Radio Gamma b) Which electromagnetic waves has the lowest frequency? [1] c) Which electromagnetic wave travels at the highest speed? [1] 2. Use the words below to complete the paragraph about electromagnetic waves. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. [8] speed absorb transmit refract reflect same emit disperse vacuum A source of electromagnetic waves such as a lamp is said to electromagnetic waves. If the electromagnetic waves pass through a material it is said to the electromagnetic waves. When electromagnetic waves bounce off the surface of a material is said to the waves. If a material that can electromagnetic waves causes them to change direction we say the waves because of a change in their. In a all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed. 3. For each of the following uses of electromagnetic waves state the type of wave used write your answer in the top box. Below each of your answers give one reason why the electromagnetic wave you have chosen is suitable for the application. [8] medical imaging satellite communication thermal imaging camera fibre optic communication

4. a) A radio wave with a frequency measured as 22,000 Hz was measured to have a wavelength of 15,000 m. Calculate the speed of the waves based on these measurements. [2] m/s b) Use your answer to comment on the likely error in the two measurements. [2] 5. Complete the table below for electromagnetic waves travelling in a vacuum. [10] Period /s frequency / Hz wavelength / m a) 500, 000 b) 0.25 c) 0.003 d) 4.55 x 10 14 e) 6.00 x 10-7 6. Complete the table below for electromagnetic waves travelling through a range of different materials. Include units in your answers. You may use standard form or decimal multipliers (k, M, etc) in your answers. Give all your answers to a sensible number of significant figures. [10] period frequency wavelength wave speed distance travelled time travelling a) 300 MHz 3.0 x 10 8 m/s 10 s b) 200 ns 50 m 1000 m c) 800 nm 2.4 x 10 8 m/s 200 s 7. Complete the diagram to show the path of a laser beam, into, through and out the other side of a block of glass. For the point where the beam enters the glass add the normal line and mark on the angle of incidence with the letter, i and angle of refraction with the letter r. [5]

8. a) State how radio waves can be produced. [1] b) What type of process generates gamma rays? [1] 9 a) In addition to any heating effects, which three electromagnetic rays can have a hazardous effect on human body tissue. [3] b) What term is used to describe these three particularly harmful types of electromagnetic wave. [1] c) What effect can these types of electromagnetic wave have on: i) skin [1] ii) genes [1] iii) human cells [1] d) What are the two factors that determine the size of the effect that these types of radiation have on human body tissue. [2] 10 Which of the following are acceptable definitions of the term; Sievert. [1] 1 A measure of the risk of harm resulting from exposure to radiation. 2 The standard unit of dose for ionising radiation. 3 A measure of the strength of radiation being emitted by a source. A 1 only B 2 only C 3 only D 1 and 2 E 2 and 3 F 1, 2 and 3 11 Give the number of msv in 2.5 Sv [1]

P14 Light Test /57 Name 1 The diagram shows three rays of light hitting the boundary between two different materials. Write in the term that describes that is happening. Choose from the following terms. [3] transmission reflection absorption diffraction refraction a) b) c) 2 Use a straight edge / ruler to complete the path of the following rays of light as they hit a shiny metal surface. [3] 3 What term is used to describe a reflection from: a) a smooth surface b) a rough surface [2] 4 Complete the diagram to show the path of a ray of light, into, through and out the other side of a block of glass. For the point where the beam enters the glass add the normal line and mark on the angle of incidence with the letter, i and angle of refraction with the letter r. [5] 5 The diagram below shows the refraction of a ray of red light as it leaves a water droplet. Add to the diagram a possible path for a ray of blue light initially following the same path as the red ray. Blue light is slower than red light in water. [2]

6 Complete the diagram to show the refraction of wave fronts as they enter a material where the wave speed is lower. [3] 7 Complete the table to indicate the appearance of the following materials. For each box in the table give two terms from the following list. [10] black white red green blue transparent opaque colourless A material that Looking at the material in white light. Looking through the material at a white light. a) absorbs all wavelengths black, opaque black, opaque b) reflects all wavelengths white, opaque black, opaque c) transmits all wavelengths colourless, transparent colourless, transparent d) e) reflects red, absorbs green and transmits blue wavelengths reflects and transmits red equally and absorbs green and blue wavelengths. red, transparent red, transparent blue, transparent red, transparent 8 Complete the diagram to indicate the appearance of different coloured objects observed through filters of different colours. [5] 9 a) Complete the ray diagram to show a convex lens brining rays of light from a distant object to a focus. [2] b) Mark on the focal length of the lens. [1] Object colour Filter colour Observed colour a) White Blue b) Black Red c) Red Blue d) Green Green e) Red White c) State what type of image is formed in this situation. [1]

10 A bird is observed through a pair of binoculars with a magnification of 8x. It appears to be 1.2m tall. a) Calculate the actual size of the bird. [2] magnification = image height / object height b) Calculate the size the bird will appear through binoculars with a magnification of 10x [2] 11 a) Complete the ray diagram to show the formation of an image of a distant object by the lens. [3] b) What term is used to describe the type of lens in the ray diagram. [1] c) What term is used to describe the type of image produced in the diagram. [1] 12 [2]

13 (a) The diagram shows a converging lens being used as a magnifying glass. (i) On the diagram, use a ruler to draw two rays from the top of the object which show how and where the image is formed. Represent the image by an arrow drawn at the correct position. [3] (ii) Calculate the magnification produced by the lens. [2] 14 Use a ruler to complete a ray diagram to show how the image of the object is formed. [3] 15 A camera was used to take a photograph. The camera contains a convex lens. Complete the ray diagram to show how the lens produces an image of the object. [2]

P15 Electromagnetism Test /94 Name 1) The of a magnet are the places where the forces are strongest. When two magnets are brought close together they exert a on each other. Two like poles each other. Two unlike poles each other. Attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles are examples of a force. A magnet produces its own magnetic field. An magnet is a material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field. Induced magnetism always causes a force of. When removed from the magnetic field an induced magnet loses its. 2) Circle the magnetic materials in the list below. [4] iron copper steel zinc cobalt magnesium nickel [10] 3) Draw the magnetic field pattern around the bar magnet. Make sure you indicate the direction of the field. The circles show two plotting compasses. Add an arrow to each to show the direction of the needle of the compass. Use the arrow head to represent the north-seeking pole of the compass. [5] N S 4) Explain what a compass is and why compasses point to the North? [3] A magnetic compass contains a small bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field generated in its core. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth s magnetic field. 5) The diagram below shows a wire carrying an electric current passing through a piece of card. Draw on the card the shape and direction of the magnetic field produced by the current. [2] Give two factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field around the wire. [2] 6 a) The diagram shows the magnetic field pattern around a coil of current carrying wire The direction of the current is shown. The large boxes hide some of the magnetic field lines and the small boxes the poles. In the two large boxes complete the magnetic field lines indicating the direction of the magnetic field. In the two small boxes indicate which is N and which is S [4] b) What name is given to this type of coil? [1]

c) What is used to increase the field around a coil to make an electromagnet? [1] 7 The diagrams below show a wire carrying a current in a magnetic field. Add arrows to the wire to show the direction of the force on the wire. [2] N S S N Give the three factors that affect the size of the force on the wire. [3] 8 A wire of carrying a current of 3A passes through a magnetic field of length 0.2m with a field strength of 0.25 T Calculate the force on the wire. N [2] 9 Complete the table below. Include the correct units in your answer. [6] Force acting on the conductor Magnetic Flux Density Current in the conductor 2.5 T 0.125 A 25 cm 0.18 N 1.25 A 2.5 m 2.0 N 120 mt 300 mm 10 a) Describe how the motor produces rotary motion. Length of conductor in the magnetic field [4]

11) Use the diagram to explain how a loudspeaker works. [3] 12 a) Use the diagram to complete the missing words in the paragraph. [6] If a moves relative to a coil of wire a potential difference is across the ends of the coil. If the coil is part of a complete circuit, a is induced in the coil. This is called the effect. The current produces a magnetic field that the original change in the magnetic field. b) Give three factors that affect the size of the potential difference produced in the process above. [3] Give two changes that will reverse the current [2] 13) Use the diagrams to help you describe the differences between an alternator and a dynamo. [4] alternator dynamo

14) Circle any of the following devices that rely on the generator effect to work. [3] microphone power station electric motor headphones solar panel 15) This question is about an electric train set. The electric train set is plugged into the mains electricity, but uses a transformer to reduce the voltage to a safer level. a) The transformer is made up of two coils of wire, the primary coil and the secondary coil, and an iron core. Draw a labelled diagram to show the construction of a step-down transformer. It has been started for you. [4] b) The statements explain how the transformer works. Put the statements into the correct order. [3] A. The primary coil is connected to an a.c. supply. B. This induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. C. This induces an alternating current in the circuit connected to the secondary coil D. An alternating current passes through a primary coil wrapped around a soft iron core. E. The changing current produces a changing magnetic field. c) The mains electricity has voltage of 230 V. The output from the train set transformer is 11.5V The primary coil of the transformer has 600 turns. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil. [2] d) The train has a maximum power rating of 17.25 W. Calculate the maximum current in the train tracks. [2] 16) Use the two transformer equations to calculate the missing values in the table. [8] Turns, N p Primary Potential Difference V p / V Current I p / A Turns, N s a) 120 500 4 240 Secondary Potential Difference V s / V Current I s/ A b) 200 40 800 12 c) 0.25 60 1200 0.75 d) 180 500 36 1.5 Calculate the power of the transformer in part a) above [2] Why transformers are used by the National Grid. [3]

P16 Space Exam Style Questions /63 Name 1) In 1929, the astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that the light from galaxies moving away from the Earth had longer wavelengths than expected. a) What name is given to this effect? [1] From his observations, Hubble was able to calculate the speed of a galaxy and the distance of the galaxy from the Earth. The graph shows the results of Hubble s calculations. b) What relationship between the speed of a galaxy and the distance is suggested by Hubble s results? [1] The observations made by Hubble support the idea that the Universe is expanding. This means that galaxies are continually moving away from each other and from the Earth. The picture shows a student using a balloon to model the idea of an expanding Universe. Some dots, which represent galaxies, were marked on the balloon. The balloon was then inflated. c) Give one strength and one weakness of this model in representing the idea of an expanding Universe. Strength [1] Weakness [1] In the 1950s there were two main theories to explain how the Universe began. Theory 1: The Universe has always existed, it is continually expanding. New galaxies are formed as older galaxies die out. Theory 2: The Universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense. The Universe has been expanding ever since. d) In what way do the observations made by Hubble support both Theory 1 and Theory 2? [1] Most scientists now believe that Theory 2 is correct. Suggest what is likely to have caused scientists to start thinking Theory 1 is wrong. [1] 2) Describe our solar system. Include the objects that make it up and how they move relative to each other. [4]

3) The figure below shows what scientists over 1000 years ago thought the solar system was like. a) Give one way that the historical model of the solar system shown in the figure above is different from what we now know about the solar system. [1] b) Give one way that the solar system shown in the figure above is the same as what we now know about the solar system. [1] c) The first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth was launched into space in 1957. Describe the orbit of an artificial satellite. [1] d) What provides the force needed to keep a satellite in its orbit? Circle one answer. [1] friction gravity tension dark energy e) All stars go through a lifecycle. The star Mira will go through a supernova stage in its lifecycle but the Sun will not. How is the star Mira different to the Sun? [1] 4) Astronomers claim that there are about 300 billion stars in the Milky Way. a) Describe how stars are formed. [3] b) Use the correct answer from the list to complete the sentence. decay fission fusion Energy is released in stars by the process of nuclear [1] c) State why a star is stable during the main sequence period of its life cycle. [3] d) The life cycle of a star after the main sequence period depends on the size of the star. A particular star is the same size as the Sun. What are the stages, after the main sequence, in the life cycle of this star? State them in order by writing in the boxes. [3] main sequence 5) The table shows the life cycle of a very large star. a) Use the correct answers from the list to complete the sentences. [2] main sequence star neutron star supernova white dwarf Gas and dust join together to become a protostar. The star is stable as a The star expands to become a red super giant. The outer layers of the star explode as a The core of the star shrinks and a black hole is formed.

6) Complete the following sentence. a) To stay in its present orbit around the Earth, each satellite must move at a particular [1] Thousands of satellites are now in orbit around the Earth. A student used the internet to collect information about some of them. b) The Moon takes a longer time than any of the other satellites to orbit the Earth. Give one other way in which the Moon is different from the other satellites in the table. [1] c) What conclusion on the relationship between the average distance and speed can the student come to on the basis of this data? [1] 7) Starting with the smallest, list the following in order of increasing size. Universe, Earth, Milky Way, Sun [2] 8) During its life cycle, the Sun will never go through a supernova stage but the star Mira will. a) What is a supernova? [1] b) Explain why the Sun will not go through the supernova stage but the star Mira will. [2] c) As part of its life cycle, a star changes from being a protostar to a main sequence star. Explain the difference between a protostar and a main sequence star. [2] d) The early Universe contained only atoms of hydrogen. The Universe now contains atoms of over one hundred different elements. Explain how the different elements now contained in the Universe were formed. [3] 9) a) Choose the best words from the box to complete the following sentences. [4] billions fission friction fusion gases gravity liquids millions thousands Stars form when enough dust and from space are pulled together by. Stars are able to give out energy for millions of years by the process of The Sun is one of many of stars in our galaxy. b) What is the name of our galaxy? [1]

10) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. dwarf giant neutron proton supernova If a red star is large enough, it may eventually blow up in an explosion called a leaving behind a very dense star. [3] 11) The inner planets of the solar system contain atoms of elements heavier than iron. Where did these atoms come from? [1] 12) When observed from the Earth, there is an increase in the wavelength of light from distant galaxies. a) State the name of this effect. [1] b) What does this increase in wavelength tell us about the movement of most galaxies? [1] c) Explain how this observation supports the Big Bang theory of the formation of the Universe. [3] d) There is a pattern linking the size of the observed increase in the wavelengths of light from a galaxy and the distance the galaxy is from the Earth. Which one of the graphs, L, M or N, shows the correct pattern? [1] e) What does the Big Bang theory state? In your answer you may include evidence for the theory. [4] 13) One theory of the origin of the Universe was that billions of years ago all matter was in one place, then it exploded ( big bang ). Describe, in as much detail as you can, how our star (the Sun) formed from the time when there was just dust and gas (mostly hydrogen) up to now when it is in its main stable period. [5]