A Brif and Elmntary Nt n Rdshift May 26, 2010. Jsé Francisc García Juliá C/ Dr. Marc Mrncian, 65, 5. 46025 Valncia (Spain) E-mail: js.garcia@dival.s Abstract A rasnabl xplanatin f bth rdshifts: csmlgical (withut xpansin f th univrs) and intrinsic, is givn using a singl tird light mchanism. In th first cas, th rdshift is prducd bcaus th light intracts with micrwavs. In th scnd, th intractin is with radi wavs. And all this is cmpatibl with a static univrs with a spac tmpratur f 2.7 ºK. Ky wrds: csmlgical rdshift, intrinsic rdshift, tird light. 1. Intrductin Gnrally, it is cnsidrd that th univrs was riginatd in th Big Bang, and sinc thn it is xpanding. In that thry, th rdshift f th light mittd frm distant galaxis, th s-calld csmlgical rdshift, is intrprtd as a Dpplr ffct and thn cnsidrd as an indicatin f th xpansin f th univrs, fllwing th law f Hubbl. Th light rdshift paramtr is dfind as z = (1.1) bing and th light frquncis mittd and bsrvd, rspctivly; but as c = λ, bing c th light spd in vacuum, λ th wavlngth and th frquncy, thn als z λ λ = (1.2) λ 1
bing λ and λ th light wavlngths mittd and bsrvd, rspctivly. Fr th rlativistic Dpplr ffct [1] (p. 166) 1+ v csθ c 2 2 1 v c (1.3) bing v th spd f th light surc and θ th angl f th mtin. Fr a mtin in th 2 2 lin f sight ( θ = 0 ) and with v << c (which crrspnds t lw rdshift, z << 1) Th Hubbl s law is statd as [1] (p. 486) v (1.4) c v r = Hd (1.5) whr v r is th vlcity f rcssin, namly th spd at which a light surc mvs away frm th bsrvr, du t th xpansin f th spac btwn bth; H is th Hubbl s cnstant, and d is th distanc btwn th bsrvr and th light surc. Fr lw rdshift ( z << 1) [1] (p. 486) vr Hd = (1.6) c c thrfr, th rdshift f th galaxis is prprtinal t thir distancs t th bsrvr. That is, th gratr th distanc, th gratr th rdshift. Frm (1.4) and (1.6) w wuld hav that v r = v. As th distanc frm a galaxy t us, fr a light signal, is bing t th tim, thn d = ct (1.7) Ht (1.8) Hubbl publishd his law in 1929 [2], and in that sam yar and in th sam jurnal [3], Zwicky trid t xplain, withut succss, th rd shift f spctral lins thrugh intrstllar spac by mans f th gravitatinal drag f light. Hwvr, h cind th cncpt, aftr calld tird light, f that th light wuld ls nrgy (by sm typ f mchanical intractin) in thir jurny. W think nw that this cncpt can xplain th csmlgical rdshift in a nn-xpanding univrs, and als th intrinsic rdshift [4], that is, th xcss f rdshift f th quasars. Fr a rviw f rdshift and its intrprtatin in csmlgy and astrphysics s, fr xampl, [5]. Th mchanism suppsd hr is th intractin btwn lctrmagntic wavs. Fr th cas f 2
csmlgical rdshift, th light wavs intract with micrwavs. And, fr th intrinsic rdshift, th light wavs intract with radi wavs. But w giv nly a brif and lmntary xplanatin f th ida. Th phtn-phtn intractin was intrducd by Finlay-Frundlich in 1953 [6]. 2. A tird light mchanism Th csmic surcs f thrmal radiatin mit (fllwing th law f Stfan-Bltzmann) and absrb thrmal radiatin prducing a thrmal quilibrium at a tmpratur f 2.7 ºK [6], which crrspnds t th tmpratur f th s-calld csmic micrwav backgrund radiatin (CMBR). Thn, th intrgalactic spac (IGS) is nt a vid, it cntains at last lctrmagntic micrwavs. Nw, w supps that th light mittd by th csmic light surcs (stars, quasars, galaxis) whn travls in th IGS intracts with th CMBR lsing nrgy fllwing a tird light mchanism qual t E t τ ( t) E( ) = 0 (2.1) bing E th nrgy f th phtn and τ a tim cnstant. Thr is a transfrnc (r discharg) f nrgy frm th phtn t th micrwav. It is similar t th discharg f an lctric capacitr. As E = h, whr h is th Planck s cnstant, thn Fr t τ << 1 t τ ( t) ( ) = 0 (2.2) ( 0) ( t) ( t) (and z << 1) which is th sam as (1.8) with Thrfr, in th IGS (as ( 0 ) = and ( t) t τ = (2.3) t τ (2.4) τ = 1 H (2.5) = ) = Ht (2.6) and substituting (1.7) int (2.6) = ( H c) d (2.7) 3
and th rdshift incrass xpnntially with th distanc. Fr th intrinsic rdshift, w knw that a quasar (quasi-stllar radi surc) r a radi galaxy, ar surcs f lctrmagntic radi wavs, hnc insid f a quasar th light intracts with ths radi wavs lsing nrgy fllwing (2.1), but with τ << 1 H (2.8) bcaus th dnsity f radi wavs insid f th quasar is much gratr than th dnsity f micrwavs in th IGS. This wuld xplain th xcss f rdshift f th quasars and radi galaxis. Thus, fr xampl, in th cas f th pair quasar-galaxy NGC 7319 [7], whr th galaxy has a lw rdshift, 0. 0225, and th quasar (which is in frnt f G th galaxy) a high rdshift, 2. 114 (which is cntrary t th xpansin f th univrs); w wuld hav Q z 0.0225 (2.9) G = IGS z z + 2.0915+ 0.0225 = 2.1140 (2.10) Q = InsidQ IGS whr bth z IGS and z InsidQ wuld b btaind with (2.3) but with (2.5) and (2.8) rspctivly. 3. Cnclusin W hav givn, in a vry simpl way, using a singl tird light mchanism, a rasnabl xplanatin f bth rdshifts: csmlgical (withut xpansin f th univrs) and intrinsic. In th first cas, th rdshift is prducd bcaus th light intracts with micrwavs. In th scnd, th intractin is with radi wavs. And all this is cmpatibl with a static univrs with a spac tmpratur f 2.7 ºK. As using this singl tird light mchanism, anthr xplanatin f th rdshift is pssibl and a simpl altrnativ intrprtatin can b gnratd, w think that ur hypthsis shuld b cnsidrd plausibl. Rfrncs [1] L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Tría clásica d ls camps, in Spanish, scnd ditin, Editrial Rvrté, S. A., Barclna (1973). Original ditin by Nauka, Mscw. [2] E. Hubbl, Prc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1929, 15, 168. [3] F. Zwicky, Prc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1929, 15, 773. http://www.pnas.rg/cntnt/15/10/773.full.pdf 4
[4] G. Burbidg, E.M. Burbidg, H.C. Arp and W.M. Napir, Ultraluminus x-ray surcs, high rdshift QSOs and activ galaxis, arxiv: astr-ph/0605140v1 (2006). http://arxiv.rg/ps_cach/astr-ph/pdf/0605/0605140v1.pdf [5] R. Gray and J. Dunning-Davis, A rviw f rdshift and its intrprtatin in csmlgy and astrphysics, arxiv: 0806.4085v1 [physics.gn-ph] (2008). http://arxiv.rg/ftp/arxiv/paprs/0806/0806.4085.pdf [6] A. K. T. Assis and M. C. D. Nvs, Histry f th 2.7 K Tmpratur Prir t Pnzias and Wilsn, Apirn Vl. 2 Nr. 3 July 1995, 79-87. http://rdshift.vif.cm/jurnalfils/pr2001/v02n3pdf/v02n3ass.pdf [7] Pasqual Galianni, E. M. Burbidg, H. Arp, V. Junkkarinn, G. Burbidg and Stfan Zibtti, Th Discvry f a High Rdshift X-Ray Emitting QSO Vry Cls t th Nuclus f NGC 7319, arxiv: astr-ph/0409215v1 (2004). http://arxiv.rg/ps_cach/astr-ph/pdf/0409/0409215v1.pdf 5