Part I: Review Data Tables & Graphing Part II: Speed Acceleration

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Transcription:

Part I: Review Data Tables & Graphing Part II: Speed Acceleration

A Standard Data table consist of two columns. The left-hand column contains the values for the Independent Variable in numerical order. (Usually lowest to highest.) The right-hand column contains the values for the Dependent Variable. (These are filled in during the experiment.)

1. Line graphs 2. Bar graphs 3. Pie graphs (a.k.a. Circle graph)

To choose the right graph you must: ~Determine the INDEPENDENT variable. Then, look at your data ~ If data is numbers that show a steady progression LINE GRAPH must be used. ~ If data is non-numbered sets and/or do not follow a steady progression BAR GRAPH may be used. ~ If data is percentages or parts of a whole PIE/CIRCLE GRAPH may be used.

1. Use a pencil, ruler, and graph paper!!! 2. Identify the independent and dependent variables. 3. Label each axis with the name of the variable and unit. ~independent variable on horizontal axis (x or abscissa) ~dependent variable on vertical axis (y or ordinate). DRY MIX!!

4. Choose your scale carefully so your graph is readable. 5. Give your graph a descriptive title. Do NOT just title the graph with the name of the lab.

Force (N) Stretch cm) 0 0.0 1 1.5 2 3.0 3 4.5 4 6.0 5 7.5

A. Relationships & trends between variables can be established. B. Extrapolation predicting a data point from beyond the plotted data. C. Interpolation predicting a data point from between two plotted data points.

~ Linear relationship a straight line is able to be drawn on the graph. ~Directly proportional the line slants upwards (positive slope). Both variables increase or decrease. ~Indirectly proportional the line slants downwards (negative slope). One variable increases as the other decreases.

~calculation of the ratio between the y and x variable of a line graph. ~calculated to determine different experimental values such as speed, acceleration, density, etc.

~ RISE OVER RUN. ~ Equation looks like: Slope = y x Or (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )

~To use the formula, we must: 1. Select two different points that lie on the line, (x 1, y 1 ) and (x 2, y 2 ), 2. Plug them into the equation (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )

~ Distance v. Time (a.k.a. Speed) (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 ) ~ Speed v. Time (a.k.a. acceleration) (y 2 y 1 ) (x 2 x 1 )

Motion is the change in position of an object relative to a reference point.

~Distance how far an object has moved. ~Displacement distance and direction of an object s change in position from a starting point. ~Take a look at this example: http://hypertextbook.com/physics/mech anics/displacement/desk-animated.html

~ Speed: distance an object travels per unit of time ~Velocity: speed and direction of an object s motion Note: for the purposes of IPC, we will use speed an velocity interchangeably

~Speed equation: v = d t Where - v = speed (or velocity) d = distance t = time Other forms of the speed equation: Solving for distance d = vt Solving for time t = d v

A rocket travels 4500 meters in 150 seconds. What is its average speed? How long does it take a train moving 100 km/hr to travel 750 km? A regular jet traveling at 710 km/hr goes from New York to London in 7 hours. What is the distance between the two cities?

Average speed = total distance total time. Instantaneous speed the speed at a specific point in your journey (speed you see on your car s speedometer) Constant speed the speed that does not change over time. Zero speed the object is not moving.

Constant Speed Zero Speed Increasing Speed Decreasing Speed

~the rate at which velocity changes ~Positive acceleration: speed is increasing ~Negative acceleration: (deceleration): speed is decreasing. ~Zero acceleration: when an object travels at a constant speed in one direction.

~ due to gravity, objects that are dropped fall at a constant rate of acceleration? ~ known as free fall ~ in a vacuum (no friction) the rate is 9.8 m/s 2

Acceleration formula: Acceleration = change in speed change in time or Acceleration = (v 2 v 1 ) (t 2 t 1 ) **Acceleration is the slope of a speed vs. time graph

Example 1: A toy car is measured by two photo gates. At 0.10 sec., the speed is 50 cm/sec. Then at 0.60 sec., the speed of the car is 150 cm/sec. Calculate the rate of acceleration. Example 2: A bumble bee traveling at 5 m/s comes to a complete stop in 4 sec to smell a rose. What is the bumble bee s rate of deceleration?

These types of graphs tell us: 1. The rate of change in speed. (Slope of the line = acceleration) 2. If the object is speeding up, slowing down or constant speed.

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